Lives in Tokyo. Communicates everywhere.

オンライン英語個別指導

大学受験英語

学習体制

オリジナル学習サイクル
学習は「授業 ➡ 自習(→質問 → 24時間以内に回答)➡ 次回授業」というサイクルで、市販・オリジナル教材を使用しながら進めていきます。この流れの中で、生徒さんの理解度やペースを細かく確認しながら、年間・月間・日別の学習計画を柔軟に調整いたします。
「365日・24時間以内」サポート
授業日以外でも、ご質問には「365日・24時間以内」に必ず返答いたします。学習のつまずきをそのままにせず、常に安心して次のステップへ進める環境を整えております。
少人数会員制
少人数会員制だからこそ実現できる「寄り添うサポート」で、生徒さんとご家庭に安心と確かな成長をお届けいたします。

学習ステップ

  • 語彙・文法
    • 知識レベル→意識レベル→無意識レベル
  • リスニング・リーディング
    • 精聴→多聴
    • 精読→多読→速読
  • スピーキング・ライティング
    • 瞬間英作文・自由英作文(80~150字)

学習項目

語彙

語彙の重要性
語彙を身につけるには、実際に使いながら覚えることが大切です。しかし、日本では外国人と接する機会が少なく、学習しても英語を使う場面がなかなかありません。そんなときに役立つのが「英語の読書」です

ただし、自分のレベルに合った英語の教材を見つけるのは意外と難しいものです。研究によると、英文をスムーズに理解するには、その中の単語の95%以上を知っている必要があると言われています。逆に、知っている単語が65%程度しかない場合、文章は次のように見えてしまいます。

The world's _____ problem is _____ due to human activities. Many _____ are facing _____ because of deforestation and _____ . The _____ of fossil fuels has also contributed to _____ change. Experts say that if we do not take _____ action, the situation will continue to _____ , leading to more _____ in the future. Governments and _____ organizations are trying to _____ solutions, but progress is still _____. It is important for everyone to _____ steps to _____ the environment for future _____ .

このように、単語が抜けて見えるため、辞書を引きながらでないと読めません。しかし、95%の単語を知っていれば、文章は次のように見えます。

The world's climate problem is worsening due to human activities. Many species are facing _____ because of deforestation and pollution. The burning of fossil fuels has also contributed to climate change. Experts say that if we do not take immediate action, the situation will continue to _____, leading to more natural disasters in the future. Governments and environmental organizations are trying to _____ solutions, but progress is still slow. It is important for everyone to take steps to protect the environment for future _____.

空所extinction/deteriorate/implement/generations

このレベルなら、多少の知らない単語があってもスムーズに読めます。

語彙力を増やすためのポイント
自分のレベルに合った教材を選び、知らない単語が全体の5%程度になるものから始めましょう。そうすることで、無理なく語彙力を増やしながら、英語をスムーズに読めるようになります。
英単語練習
  • 標準
  • 難関
  • 英検準1級
  • 自然科学
  • 社会・人文科学

英単語練習(標準:英検2級・日東駒専レベル)

●●●は単語・例文の日本語意味


1 believe ( I believe everything will turn out fine. ) ●●●
2 consider ( Please consider my proposal carefully. ) ●●●
3 expect ( We expect him to arrive by noon. ) ●●●
4 decide ( She decided to join the music club. ) ●●●
5 allow ( The teacher allowed extra time for the exam. ) ●●●
6 remember ( Remember to bring your umbrella today. ) ●●●
7 worry ( Don’t worry about the small details. ) ●●●
8 concern ( His health is a matter of great concern. ) ●●●
9 suggest ( Can you suggest a good restaurant nearby? ) ●●●
10 explain ( Let me explain how this machine works. ) ●●●
11 describe ( Could you describe the painting in more detail? ) ●●●
12 improve ( Practicing daily will improve your skills. ) ●●●
13 produce ( The factory produces thousands of products annually. ) ●●●
14 create ( Let’s create something unique together. ) ●●●
15 provide ( The hotel provides free breakfast to guests. ) ●●●
16 increase ( We need to increase our efficiency at work. ) ●●●
17 grow ( Tomatoes grow well in sunny areas. ) ●●●
18 develop ( The company plans to develop new software. ) ●●●
19 rise ( The sun rises in the east. ) ●●●
20 raise ( They raised funds for charity through the event. ) ●●●
21 follow ( Please follow the instructions step by step. ) ●●●
22 require ( This task requires a lot of patience. ) ●●●
23 fill ( Could you fill this form for me, please? ) ●●●
24 support ( He always supports his friends during difficult times. ) ●●●
25 share ( We should share ideas to make progress. ) ●●●
26 face ( You must face challenges with courage. ) ●●●
27 touch ( The story touched her deeply. ) ●●●
28 store ( We store extra goods in the warehouse. ) ●●●
29 pay ( I need to pay my bills today. ) ●●●
30 deal ( They struck a deal after long negotiations. ) ●●●
31 save ( Save some money for future emergencies. ) ●●●
32 happen ( What will happen if the project gets delayed? ) ●●●
33 occur ( The accident occurred late last night. ) ●●●
34 work ( She works hard to achieve her dreams. ) ●●●
35 change ( The weather can change quickly in spring. ) ●●●
36 run ( He runs every morning to stay fit. ) ●●●
37 turn ( Turn left at the next intersection. ) ●●●
38 return ( She promised to return the borrowed book. ) ●●●
39 stand ( He stood silently during the ceremony. ) ●●●
40 lie ( The book lies on the table near the window. ) ●●●
41 brain ( Regular exercise is beneficial for the brain. ) ●●●
42 mind ( Her mind was full of creative ideas. ) ●●●
43 language ( Learning a new language can open many doors. ) ●●●
44 thought ( His thoughts on the topic were insightful. ) ●●●
45 knowledge ( Sharing knowledge helps everyone grow. ) ●●●
46 skill ( Cooking is a skill that improves with practice. ) ●●●
47 technology ( Modern technology has revolutionized communication. ) ●●●
48 culture ( Japanese culture fascinates many visitors. ) ●●●
49 experience ( Traveling gives you valuable experience. ) ●●●
50 result ( Hard work often results in success. ) ●●●
51 reason ( What’s the reason for your late arrival? ) ●●●
52 cause ( Smoking is a leading cause of lung diseases. ) ●●●
53 effect ( The effect of the new policy was evident. ) ●●●
54 matter ( It doesn’t matter as long as you’re happy. ) ●●●
55 sense ( I can’t make sense of this puzzle. ) ●●●
56 way ( This is the best way to approach the problem. ) ●●●
57 term ( “On time” is a commonly used term in business. ) ●●●
58 situation ( We’re working on improving the current situation. ) ●●●
59 condition ( The car is in excellent condition. ) ●●●
60 position ( She took a position at a leading firm. ) ●●●
61 environment ( Protecting the environment is everyone’s responsibility. ) ●●●
62 nature ( Spending time in nature is refreshing. ) ●●●
63 research ( Scientific research leads to discoveries. ) ●●●
64 rule ( Always follow the rules to maintain order. ) ●●●
65 interest ( He has a keen interest in astronomy. ) ●●●
66 value ( The value of kindness cannot be overstated. ) ●●●
67 view ( The view from the mountain top is breathtaking. ) ●●●
68 sound ( The sound of the waves was relaxing. ) ●●●
69 form ( Fill out this form for registration, please. ) ●●●
70 case ( This is a unique case worth studying. ) ●●●
71 role ( The actor played a challenging role in the film. ) ●●●
72 age ( At the age of ten, she started learning piano. ) ●●●
73 care ( Take care when handling fragile items. ) ●●●
74 risk ( He took a risk by starting his own business. ) ●●●
75 human ( Understanding human behavior is fascinating. ) ●●●
76 free ( Feel free to reach out for help anytime. ) ●●●
77 sure ( Are you sure about your decision? ) ●●●
78 certain ( I’m certain he’ll succeed in his project. ) ●●●
79 main ( The main goal of the project is to improve safety. ) ●●●
80 major ( This city is a major cultural hub. ) ●●●
81 minor ( There are minor issues that need resolving. ) ●●●
82 clear ( The instructions were clear and easy to follow. ) ●●●
83 likely ( It’s likely to rain later today. ) ●●●
84 possible ( Is it possible to finish the task by tomorrow? ) ●●●
85 similar ( His ideas are similar to mine. ) ●●●
86 close ( We’re very close to completing the project. ) ●●●
87 common ( This is a common method used in engineering. ) ●●●
88 general ( He has a general idea about the topic. ) ●●●
89 ordinary ( She finds joy in ordinary moments. ) ●●●
90 specific ( Could you give me more specific details? ) ●●●
91 particular ( I have a particular interest in modern art. ) ●●●
92 individual ( Each individual brings unique talents to the team. ) ●●●
93 unique ( This antique piece is truly unique. ) ●●●
94 rare ( Sightings of the rare bird have been reported. ) ●●●
95 therefore ( He missed the train; therefore, he’ll be late. ) ●●●
96 thus ( She completed the tasks; thus, she was rewarded. ) ●●●
97 moreover ( He’s kind and smart; moreover, he’s funny. ) ●●●
98 furthermore ( Furthermore, the proposal includes several advantages. ) ●●●
99 besides ( Besides painting, she enjoys playing the violin. ) ●●●
100 nonthless ( It was challenging, but he succeeded nonetheless. ) ●●●
101 notice ( I didn’t notice the mistake until it was too late. ) ●●●
102 note ( Please note that the meeting has been rescheduled. ) ●●●
103 discover ( She discovered a new way to solve the problem. ) ●●●
104 realize ( He realized he left his keys at home. ) ●●●
105 recognize ( I didn’t recognize her after so many years. ) ●●●
106 encourage ( Teachers should encourage their students to ask questions. ) ●●●
107 force ( The storm forced them to stay indoors. ) ●●●
108 order ( They ordered pizza for dinner. ) ●●●
109 affect ( The weather can affect your mood. ) ●●●
110 offer ( He offered to help with the heavy boxes. ) ●●●
111 demand ( The workers demanded better wages. ) ●●●
112 argue ( They argued about the best way to plan the trip. ) ●●●
113 claim ( She claims to have seen a rare bird in the park. ) ●●●
114 object ( Many residents objected to the new building plans. ) ●●●
115 challenge ( He challenged his friend to a game of chess. ) ●●●
116 involve ( The project involves multiple departments. ) ●●●
117 include ( The recipe includes fresh vegetables and spices. ) ●●●
118 contain ( This box contains important documents. ) ●●●
119 relate ( Can you relate this story to your own experiences? ) ●●●
120 connect ( The bridge connects the two islands. ) ●●●
121 refer ( Please refer to the instructions for further details. ) ●●●
122 contact ( You can contact me at this number if needed. ) ●●●
123 compare ( She compared the two products before buying one. ) ●●●
124 measure ( We need to measure the length of the table. ) ●●●
125 mark ( Please mark the items you want to purchase. ) ●●●
126 approach ( He approached the problem in a creative way. ) ●●●
127 reach ( They finally reached the top of the mountain. ) ●●●
128 achieve ( Hard work helps you achieve your goals. ) ●●●
129 receive ( She received a gift from her colleague. ) ●●●
130 complete ( He completed the assignment ahead of the deadline. ) ●●●
131 lead ( She leads the team with confidence and skill. ) ●●●
132 win ( They won the championship after a tough match. ) ●●●
133 lose ( He lost his wallet during the trip. ) ●●●
134 fail ( The project failed due to a lack of resources. ) ●●●
135 miss ( Don’t miss the opportunity to attend the event. ) ●●●
136 lack ( The team lacks experience in this field. ) ●●●
137 reduce ( We need to reduce waste in our daily lives. ) ●●●
138 avoid ( Try to avoid making the same mistake twice. ) ●●●
139 limit ( The government limited access to certain areas. ) ●●●
140 prevent ( Regular exercise can help prevent illnesses. ) ●●●
141 wear ( She wore a beautiful dress for the party. ) ●●●
142 bear ( I can’t bear the noise any longer. ) ●●●
143 focus ( He focused on his studies to pass the exam. ) ●●●
144 author ( The author of this book is very famous. ) ●●●
145 professor ( The professor gave an insightful lecture. ) ●●●
146 sentence ( The sentence was difficult to understand. ) ●●●
147 passage ( Please read this passage carefully before answering. ) ●●●
148 message ( I left a message on her voicemail. ) ●●●
149 statement ( His statement clarified the situation. ) ●●●
150 topic ( The topic of today’s discussion is climate change. ) ●●●
151 article ( I read an interesting article about space exploration. ) ●●●
152 issue ( Environmental pollution is a serious issue we must address. ) ●●●
153 theory ( His theory explains the phenomenon in detail. ) ●●●
154 evidence ( There is no clear evidence to support the claim. ) ●●●
155 experiment ( The scientist conducted an experiment to test the hypothesis. ) ●●●
156 subject ( Mathematics is my favorite school subject. ) ●●●
157 government ( The government announced a new policy on healthcare. ) ●●●
158 policy ( The company has a strict no-smoking policy. ) ●●●
159 education ( Access to quality education is essential for every child. ) ●●●
160 company ( She works for a multinational company in Tokyo. ) ●●●
161 colleague ( My colleagues are supportive and hardworking. ) ●●●
162 industry ( The automobile industry is growing rapidly. ) ●●●
163 trade ( International trade plays a crucial role in the economy. ) ●●●
164 economy ( The country’s economy is recovering steadily. ) ●●●
165 customer ( The store provides excellent service to its customers. ) ●●●
166 benefit ( Regular exercise has many health benefits. ) ●●●
167 figure ( The sales figures for last month were impressive. ) ●●●
168 rate ( The birth rate in this region has declined. ) ●●●
169 chance ( This is your chance to make a great impression. ) ●●●
170 opportunity ( She seized the opportunity to study abroad. ) ●●●
171 project ( The team is working hard to complete the project on time. ) ●●●
172 practice ( Practice makes perfect in any skill. ) ●●●
173 effort ( His efforts to solve the problem were commendable. ) ●●●
174 quality ( The quality of this product is excellent. ) ●●●
175 quantity ( We need a large quantity of materials for the construction. ) ●●●
176 amount ( A small amount of sugar is added to the recipe. ) ●●●
177 scientific ( Scientific discoveries have transformed our lives. ) ●●●
178 political ( The political situation in the country is stable. ) ●●●
179 social ( Social media has changed how people communicate. ) ●●●
180 official ( He received an official invitation to the event. ) ●●●
181 financial ( Financial planning is important for a secure future. ) ●●●
182 expensive ( This car is too expensive for my budget. ) ●●●
183 various ( There are various options available for accommodation. ) ●●●
184 normal ( It’s normal to feel nervous before a big exam. ) ●●●
185 familiar ( This song sounds familiar to me. ) ●●●
186 appropriate ( Please wear appropriate clothing for the interview. ) ●●●
187 necessary ( It’s necessary to have a passport for international travel. ) ●●●
188 correct ( Please ensure that the information is correct before submitting. ) ●●●
189 available ( The book is available at the library. ) ●●●
190 typical ( It was a typical summer day with clear skies. ) ●●●
191 positive ( She always has a positive outlook on life. ) ●●●
192 negative ( He avoided negative thoughts during his recovery. ) ●●●
193 passive ( His response to criticism was quite passive. ) ●●●
194 physical ( Physical exercise is important for maintaining good health. ) ●●●
195 mental ( Mental health should be prioritized just as much as physical health. ) ●●●
196 rather ( I would rather stay home than go out tonight. ) ●●●
197 instead ( He chose tea instead of coffee this morning. ) ●●●
198 otherwise ( Finish your work quickly; otherwise, you may miss the deadline. ) ●●●
199 somehow ( Somehow, he managed to complete the task in time. ) ●●●
200 somewhat ( She looked somewhat tired after the long journey. ) ●●●
201 wonder ( I wonder if he will attend the party. ) ●●●
202 suppose ( Suppose we leave now; will we catch the train? ) ●●●
203 imagine ( Imagine living in a house by the sea. ) ●●●
204 regard ( He is highly regarded for his expertise. ) ●●●
205 wish ( I wish I could visit Paris someday. ) ●●●
206 determine ( The results will help determine the next steps. ) ●●●
207 express ( She expressed her gratitude to everyone. ) ●●●
208 represent ( This logo represents the company’s values. ) ●●●
209 identify ( Can you identify the person in the photo? ) ●●●
210 mention ( Did I mention that the meeting was rescheduled? ) ●●●
211 solve ( We need to solve this problem before it escalates. ) ●●●
212 prove ( He couldn’t prove his argument with solid evidence. ) ●●●
213 communicate ( Good leaders communicate clearly with their teams. ) ●●●
214 respect ( Always respect the opinions of others. ) ●●●
215 prefer ( I prefer quiet evenings to loud parties. ) ●●●
216 design ( She designed the layout for the new website. ) ●●●
217 establish ( The company was established in 1995. ) ●●●
218 found ( He found his lost wallet under the couch. ) ●●●
219 publish ( She plans to publish her first novel next year. ) ●●●
220 serve ( The waiter served us delicious desserts. ) ●●●
221 supply ( The store supplies fresh fruits and vegetables daily. ) ●●●
222 apply ( You should apply for the scholarship before the deadline. ) ●●●
223 treat ( He treated his guests with kindness and hospitality. ) ●●●
224 search ( She searched everywhere for her missing ring. ) ●●●
225 prepare ( We need to prepare for the upcoming presentation. ) ●●●
226 protect ( Sunscreen helps protect your skin from harmful UV rays. ) ●●●
227 pick ( Please pick up the book from the shelf for me. ) ●●●
228 fit ( These shoes fit perfectly and are very comfortable. ) ●●●
229 gain ( He gained valuable experience from his internship. ) ●●●
230 enter ( She entered the room quietly to avoid disturbing anyone. ) ●●●
231 spread ( The news spread quickly across the town. ) ●●●
232 advance ( Technology has advanced significantly in recent years. ) ●●●
233 tend ( Children tend to ask a lot of curious questions. ) ●●●
234 depend ( Success depends on your dedication and hard work. ) ●●●
235 exist ( Evidence shows dinosaurs existed millions of years ago. ) ●●●
236 decline ( The population of the species has declined over time. ) ●●●
237 decrease ( The government aims to decrease the unemployment rate. ) ●●●
238 waste ( Don’t waste your time on unnecessary arguments. ) ●●●
239 damage ( The storm caused significant damage to the buildings. ) ●●●
240 suffer ( Many people suffer from seasonal allergies. ) ●●●
241 act ( He acted bravely to save the child from danger. ) ●●●
242 perform ( The band performed brilliantly at the concert. ) ●●●
243 species ( Tigers are an endangered species. ) ●●●
244 variety ( The store offers a variety of snacks and beverages. ) ●●●
245 degree ( She earned her degree in engineering last year. ) ●●●
246 range ( This course covers a wide range of topics. ) ●●●
247 standard ( These standards ensure the quality of the product. ) ●●●
248 medium ( Watercolor is my favorite artistic medium. ) ●●●
249 advantage ( His height gives him an advantage in basketball. ) ●●●
250 task ( Completing this task on time requires careful planning. ) ●●●
251 rest ( After a long day, he needed a good rest. ) ●●●
252 purpose ( The purpose of this event is to raise awareness. ) ●●●
253 feature ( One unique feature of this phone is its long battery life. ) ●●●
254 factor ( Time management is a key factor for success. ) ●●●
255 shape ( The table has a round shape. ) ●●●
256 image ( The advertisement uses a powerful image to convey its message. ) ●●●
257 detail ( Please share the details of the meeting with me. ) ●●●
258 character ( He is a fictional character in the novel. ) ●●●
259 function ( This button has an important function in the machine. ) ●●●
260 structure ( The building’s structure is both strong and elegant. ) ●●●
261 ground ( The ground was wet after the heavy rain. ) ●●●
262 influence ( Her words had a great influence on my decision. ) ●●●
263 disease ( The doctors are working hard to find a cure for the disease. ) ●●●
264 pain ( He felt a sharp pain in his shoulder. ) ●●●
265 medicine ( Take this medicine twice a day after meals. ) ●●●
266 death ( The news of her death shocked everyone. ) ●●●
267 fear ( He overcame his fear of public speaking. ) ●●●
268 memory ( This place brings back many fond memories. ) ●●●
269 emotion ( Her speech was filled with deep emotion. ) ●●●
270 movement ( The movement for equality is gaining momentum. ) ●●●
271 region ( This region is known for its beautiful landscapes. ) ●●●
272 climate ( The climate in this area is perfect for growing grapes. ) ●●●
273 temperature ( The temperature dropped significantly last night. ) ●●●
274 community ( The local community came together to help those in need. ) ●●●
275 population ( The population of the city has been increasing steadily. ) ●●●
276 generation ( This generation values technology and innovation. ) ●●●
277 present ( He gave her a beautiful present for her birthday. ) ●●●
278 recent ( The recent changes in the policy were well-received. ) ●●●
279 current ( What is the current status of the project? ) ●●●
280 ancient ( The museum has artifacts from ancient civilizations. ) ●●●
281 previous ( His previous job was in the marketing industry. ) ●●●
282 serious ( The team is facing a serious problem that needs to be solved. ) ●●●
283 careful ( Be careful while crossing the busy street. ) ●●●
284 responsible ( She is responsible for managing the team’s budget. ) ●●●
285 active ( He is very active and participates in many sports. ) ●●●
286 afraid ( She is afraid of heights and cannot climb tall buildings. ) ●●●
287 aware ( Are you aware of the new rules at the workplace? ) ●●●
288 patient ( Be patient; everything will work out in time. ) ●●●
289 whole ( He spent the whole day working on the project. ) ●●●
290 low ( The water level in the river is unusually low this year. ) ●●●
291 huge ( The company made a huge profit last year. ) ●●●
292 blank ( She stared at the blank page, searching for inspiration. ) ●●●
293 central ( The park is located in the central area of the city. ) ●●●
294 safe ( Wearing a helmet while biking is a safe practice. ) ●●●
295 wild ( Wild animals should be treated with caution. ) ●●●
296 eventually ( She eventually decided to pursue her dream of becoming a writer. ) ●●●
297 unfortunately ( Unfortunately, the concert was canceled due to bad weather. ) ●●●
298 seemingly ( He is seemingly calm despite the stressful situation. ) ●●●
299 afterward ( Afterward, they went out for dinner to celebrate. ) ●●●
300 altogether ( The plan failed altogether due to unforeseen issues. ) ●●●
301 assume ( I assume you’ve already completed the assignment. ) ●●●
302 guess ( Let me guess what your favorite color is—blue? ) ●●●
303 associate ( Many people associate summer with beach vacations. ) ●●●
304 desire ( His desire to succeed motivates him every day. ) ●●●
305 indicate ( The results indicate progress in the project. ) ●●●
306 respond ( He didn’t respond to my message until the next day. ) ●●●
307 reply ( She replied politely to the email. ) ●●●
308 attempt ( He made several attempts to fix the problem. ) ●●●
309 manage ( She managed to complete the task on time. ) ●●●
310 maintain ( It’s important to maintain a balanced diet and exercise routine. ) ●●●
311 unite ( The group united to work towards a common goal. ) ●●●
312 join ( Would you like to join us for dinner tonight? ) ●●●
313 attract ( The colorful flowers attract butterflies and bees. ) ●●●
314 match ( Her shoes match perfectly with the dress. ) ●●●
315 attack ( The troops launched a surprise attack on the enemy base. ) ●●●
316 seek ( He seeks advice from his mentor for career growth. ) ●●●
317 engage ( The audience engaged actively in the discussion. ) ●●●
318 succeed ( She worked hard and succeeded in achieving her dream. ) ●●●
319 marry ( They decided to marry after dating for several years. ) ●●●
320 attend ( I plan to attend the conference next week. ) ●●●
321 satisfy ( His performance satisfied the expectations of his manager. ) ●●●
322 survive ( The fish can survive in both fresh and salt water. ) ●●●
323 promote ( The organization promotes environmental sustainability. ) ●●●
324 earn ( He earned the respect of his colleagues through hard work. ) ●●●
325 feed ( They feed the stray cats every evening. ) ●●●
326 taste ( The soup tastes delicious with fresh herbs. ) ●●●
327 smell ( The kitchen smells amazing when cookies are baking. ) ●●●
328 adapt ( She adapted quickly to the new environment. ) ●●●
329 adopt ( They adopted a puppy from the animal shelter. ) ●●●
330 adjust ( You need to adjust the settings on the camera for better photos. ) ●●●
331 separate ( The teacher asked the students to separate into groups. ) ●●●
332 exchange ( They exchanged dollars for yen. ) ●●●
333 replace ( The damaged parts need to be replaced immediately. ) ●●●
334 remove ( Please remove your shoes before entering the house. ) ●●●
335 release ( The company will release its latest product next month. ) ●●●
336 disappear ( The magician made the coin disappear with a simple trick. ) ●●●
337 observe ( We observed several rare birds during our hike. ) ●●●
338 estimate ( The contractor estimated the cost of repairs at $5000. ) ●●●
339 reveal ( The artist revealed her new painting at the gallery event. ) ●●●
340 emerge ( A new leader emerged from the group discussions. ) ●●●
341 arise ( Several questions arose during the discussion. ) ●●●
342 citizen ( Every citizen has the right to vote in elections. ) ●●●
343 career ( She pursued a career in architecture. ) ●●●
344 income ( His income has increased steadily over the years. ) ●●●
345 billion ( The company’s annual revenue exceeded a billion dollars. ) ●●●
346 bill ( The waiter handed us the bill after dinner. ) ●●●
347 charge ( How much do they charge for home delivery? ) ●●●
348 item ( This store offers discounts on selected items. ) ●●●
349 scale ( The earthquake was measured at 7.0 on the Richter scale. ) ●●●
350 site ( The ancient ruins are located at this historical site. ) ●●●
351 section ( This book has a detailed section on climate change. ) ●●●
352 crop ( Farmers are expecting a good crop this season. ) ●●●
353 diet ( A balanced diet is essential for good health. ) ●●●
354 source ( The main source of their income is agriculture. ) ●●●
355 resource ( Water is a valuable natural resource. ) ●●●
356 moment ( Please wait a moment while I check the information. ) ●●●
357 decade ( The city has changed a lot in the last decade. ) ●●●
358 stage ( She is at the final stage of her research. ) ●●●
359 aspect ( Every aspect of the project must be reviewed carefully. ) ●●●
360 sort ( What sort of movies do you enjoy watching? ) ●●●
361 instance ( For instance, teamwork is key to success. ) ●●●
362 link ( There is a direct link between exercise and mental health. ) ●●●
363 contrast ( In contrast to his calm demeanor, she seemed very nervous. ) ●●●
364 access ( Students have access to the university library 24/7. ) ●●●
365 device ( This new device helps monitor heart rates accurately. ) ●●●
366 survey ( The survey revealed customer satisfaction was high. ) ●●●
367 technique ( He used a unique technique to solve the puzzle. ) ●●●
368 content ( The content of the book was both educational and engaging. ) ●●●
369 surface ( The surface of the lake was smooth and reflective. ) ●●●
370 concept ( The concept of time travel fascinates many scientists. ) ●●●
371 difficulty ( He had difficulty solving the math problem. ) ●●●
372 trouble ( She is in trouble for missing the deadline. ) ●●●
373 criminal ( The criminal was arrested by the police last night. ) ●●●
374 attitude ( Her positive attitude inspired everyone around her. ) ●●●
375 habit ( It’s important to develop good study habits. ) ●●●
376 whatever ( Do whatever you think is best for the situation. ) ●●●
377 urban ( Urban areas are often bustling with activity. ) ●●●
378 rural ( Life in rural villages is peaceful but challenging. ) ●●●
379 local ( We visited a local market to buy fresh produce. ) ●●●
380 native ( She is a native speaker of French. ) ●●●
381 smart ( He is smart enough to solve even the hardest puzzles. ) ●●●
382 intelligent ( Dolphins are considered highly intelligent animals. ) ●●●
383 intellectual ( The debate was filled with intellectual arguments. ) ●●●
384 potential ( This new technology has great potential for growth. ) ●●●
385 moral ( She stood firm on her moral principles. ) ●●●
386 private ( He prefers to keep his personal life private. ) ●●●
387 equal ( Every individual deserves equal opportunities. ) ●●●
388 fair ( The team agreed on a fair solution to the issue. ) ●●●
389 entire ( She spent the entire weekend finishing the project. ) ●●●
390 initial ( His initial reaction to the news was one of surprise. ) ●●●
391 essential ( Good communication is essential for team success. ) ●●●
392 significant ( This study has produced significant results. ) ●●●
393 terrible ( The weather was terrible during their vacation. ) ●●●
394 digital ( She prefers reading digital books on her tablet. ) ●●●
395 direct ( He gave a direct answer to the question. ) ●●●
396 nearly ( The store is nearly empty after the big sale. ) ●●●
397 merely ( It’s merely a suggestion, not a rule. ) ●●●
398 seldom ( He seldom takes time off from work. ) ●●●
399 lately ( Lately, she has been feeling more energetic. ) ●●●
400 apart ( They were sitting apart from each other at the meeting. ) ●●●
401 trust ( You can trust him to handle the situation responsibly. ) ●●●
402 promise ( I promise to call you as soon as I arrive. ) ●●●
403 predict ( Scientists predict that the weather will improve tomorrow. ) ●●●
404 reflect ( The mirror reflects an image of the room. ) ●●●
405 recall ( I can’t recall where I left my glasses. ) ●●●
406 rely ( He relies on his family for emotional support. ) ●●●
407 commit ( She committed to finishing the project on time. ) ●●●
408 appreciate ( I really appreciate your help with this matter. ) ●●●
409 praise ( The teacher praised her students for their hard work. ) ●●●
410 doubt ( I doubt he will arrive on time. ) ●●●
411 complain ( He complained about the poor service at the restaurant. ) ●●●
412 ignore ( She decided to ignore the negative comments. ) ●●●
413 warn ( The doctor warned him about the dangers of smoking. ) ●●●
414 gather ( The children gathered around the storyteller. ) ●●●
415 acquire ( She acquired a new language skill through online courses. ) ●●●
416 examine ( The mechanic examined the engine for any issues. ) ●●●
417 score ( He scored the winning goal in the final match. ) ●●●
418 judge ( Don’t judge a book by its cover. ) ●●●
419 select ( Please select the options that best suit your needs. ) ●●●
420 divide ( The cake was divided equally among the guests. ) ●●●
421 distinguish ( It’s hard to distinguish between the twins. ) ●●●
422 graduate ( She graduated from university with honors. ) ●●●
423 shift ( There has been a shift in public opinion about the issue. ) ●●●
424 hide ( The cat hid under the sofa during the thunderstorm. ) ●●●
425 mix ( Mix the ingredients thoroughly before baking. ) ●●●
426 fix ( He fixed the broken chair with glue and screws. ) ●●●
427 display ( The art gallery displayed a collection of modern paintings. ) ●●●
428 define ( Can you define the term “sustainability” for me? ) ●●●
429 invent ( Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. ) ●●●
430 vary ( Opinions on this topic vary greatly among experts. ) ●●●
431 expand ( The company plans to expand its operations overseas. ) ●●●
432 evolve ( Languages evolve over time as cultures change. ) ●●●
433 confuse ( The instructions confused some of the participants. ) ●●●
434 consume ( He consumes a lot of energy drinks during work. ) ●●●
435 compete ( Athletes from around the world compete in the Olympics. ) ●●●
436 repeat ( Please repeat the question for clarification. ) ●●●
437 repair ( The plumber repaired the leaking faucet quickly. ) ●●●
438 remind ( Can you remind me to send the email later? ) ●●●
439 refuse ( She refused to accept the gift out of modesty. ) ●●●
440 reject ( The board rejected the proposal after much discussion. ) ●●●
441 deny ( He denied all the accusations made against him. ) ●●●
442 destroy ( The fire destroyed several houses in the village. ) ●●●
443 audience ( The audience clapped enthusiastically after the performance. ) ●●●
444 race ( He won first place in the bike race. ) ●●●
445 conflict ( The story highlights the conflict between tradition and progress. ) ●●●
446 debate ( The candidates engaged in a lively debate on environmental policies. ) ●●●
447 struggle ( She struggled to carry the heavy bag up the stairs. ) ●●●
448 strategy ( A good strategy is essential to win the game. ) ●●●
449 progress ( She has made significant progress in her studies. ) ●●●
450 principle ( He follows the principle of honesty in all his dealings. ) ●●●
451 element ( Water is a crucial element for all living beings. ) ●●●
452 origin ( The origin of this tradition dates back hundreds of years. ) ●●●
453 birth ( The birth of her child was a joyful occasion. ) ●●●
454 ancestor ( He learned about his ancestors through family records. ) ●●●
455 cell ( The human body is made up of millions of cells. ) ●●●
456 gene ( Scientists are studying genes to understand hereditary diseases. ) ●●●
457 scene ( The movie opens with a dramatic scene of a thunderstorm. ) ●●●
458 trend ( Eco-friendly products are becoming a popular trend. ) ●●●
459 traffic ( The heavy traffic delayed their arrival. ) ●●●
460 track ( He keeps track of his expenses using a mobile app. ) ●●●
461 series ( The author released a new book in her popular series. ) ●●●
462 context ( Understanding the context is crucial to interpreting this text. ) ●●●
463 background ( She shared her professional background during the interview. ) ●●●
464 basis ( The basis of their argument was flawed. ) ●●●
465 status ( What is the current status of the application? ) ●●●
466 volunteer ( She volunteers at the local animal shelter every weekend. ) ●●●
467 staff ( The staff at the hotel were very helpful and courteous. ) ●●●
468 duty ( It is our duty to protect the environment. ) ●●●
469 labor ( The labor involved in constructing the bridge was immense. ) ●●●
470 reward ( Hard work brings its own rewards. ) ●●●
471 aim ( The aim of this project is to reduce energy consumption. ) ●●●
472 fun ( We had a lot of fun at the amusement park yesterday. ) ●●●
473 crowd ( A large crowd gathered to watch the street performance. ) ●●●
474 revolution ( The industrial revolution changed the way people lived and worked. ) ●●●
475 poverty ( Many organizations work to combat poverty around the world. ) ●●●
476 consequence ( Every action has its consequences, whether good or bad. ) ●●●
477 sequence ( The sequence of events in the novel was intriguing. ) ●●●
478 complex ( The situation became more complex as new information emerged. ) ●●●
479 complicated ( The instructions for assembling the furniture were complicated. ) ●●●
480 false ( The information turned out to be false. ) ●●●
481 alternative ( We need to find an alternative route to avoid the traffic. ) ●●●
482 extreme ( The athletes pushed themselves to the extreme to win the race. ) ●●●
483 ideal ( This location is ideal for a family picnic. ) ●●●
484 primary ( Her primary goal is to finish her education. ) ●●●
485 worth ( This old painting is worth a lot of money. ) ●●●
486 obvious ( It was obvious that he was nervous about the presentation. ) ●●●
487 legal ( The company ensures that all its operations are legal. ) ●●●
488 commercial ( The building is used for both residential and commercial purposes. ) ●●●
489 artificial ( Artificial intelligence is transforming various industries. ) ●●●
490 chemical ( This experiment involves mixing different chemicals. ) ●●●
491 biological ( Biological studies focus on living organisms and their processes. ) ●●●
492 former ( He met a former classmate at the reunion. ) ●●●
493 mobile ( Mobile phones have become an essential part of daily life. ) ●●●
494 straight ( Go straight ahead, and you’ll find the museum on the right. ) ●●●
495 regular ( Regular exercise is key to maintaining good health. ) ●●●
496 independent ( She became independent after moving out of her parents’ house. ) ●●●
497 overseas ( He plans to study overseas after graduating. ) ●●●
498 unlike ( Unlike her brother, she prefers quiet places. ) ●●●
499 via ( We traveled to Kyoto via the Shinkansen. ) ●●●
500 whereas ( He likes coffee, whereas she prefers tea. ) ●●●
501 perceive ( He perceived a slight change in her tone of voice. ) ●●●
502 fascinate ( The intricate patterns of the painting fascinated the visitors. ) ●●●
503 bore ( His repetitive stories began to bore the audience. ) ●●●
504 disappoint ( I didn’t want to disappoint my parents by failing the test. ) ●●●
505 imply ( His comment seemed to imply that he didn’t trust her. ) ●●●
506 recommend ( I highly recommend trying the new Italian restaurant downtown. ) ●●●
507 demonstrate ( The teacher demonstrated how to solve the math problem on the board. ) ●●●
508 conclude ( After reviewing the evidence, they concluded that the experiment was a success. ) ●●●
509 announce ( The company announced the launch of its new product yesterday. ) ●●●
510 appeal ( The charity appealed to the public for donations. ) ●●●
511 address ( He addressed the audience confidently during the presentation. ) ●●●
512 advertise ( They advertised the event on social media to attract more participants. ) ●●●
513 invite ( She invited her friends over for a dinner party. ) ●●●
514 afford ( I can’t afford to buy a new car right now. ) ●●●
515 purchase ( She purchased a new laptop for her online classes. ) ●●●
516 participate ( Many students participated in the science fair. ) ●●●
517 belong ( These books belong to the school library. ) ●●●
518 conduct ( The professor conducted an interesting experiment in class. ) ●●●
519 behave ( Please behave politely when meeting new people. ) ●●●
520 operate ( The factory operates 24 hours a day to meet the high demand. ) ●●●
521 organize ( The committee organized a charity event for the community. ) ●●●
522 host ( She hosted a wonderful dinner for her colleagues. ) ●●●
523 combine ( You should combine your efforts to achieve the best results. ) ●●●
524 deliver ( The package was delivered to my house this morning. ) ●●●
525 locate ( The map helped us locate the nearest gas station. ) ●●●
526 encounter ( During the hike, we encountered a group of deer in the forest. ) ●●●
527 surround ( Beautiful mountains surround the peaceful village. ) ●●●
528 explore ( The children love to explore the woods near their home. ) ●●●
529 stick ( He used tape to stick the poster to the wall. ) ●●●
530 strike ( The workers went on strike to demand better working conditions. ) ●●●
531 hurt ( She hurt her ankle while running on the track. ) ●●●
532 bite ( The dog bit into the juicy piece of meat eagerly. ) ●●●
533 tear ( She accidentally tore the paper while trying to remove it from the notebook. ) ●●●
534 aid ( The volunteers provided aid to the victims of the flood. ) ●●●
535 press ( He pressed the button to start the elevator. ) ●●●
536 burn ( Be careful not to burn yourself while cooking. ) ●●●
537 flow ( The river flows gently through the lush green valley. ) ●●●
538 preserve ( It’s important to preserve historical landmarks for future generations. ) ●●●
539 borrow ( Can I borrow your notes to study for the exam? ) ●●●
540 steal ( Someone stole my wallet while I was shopping. ) ●●●
541 escape ( The prisoners tried to escape but were caught by the guards. ) ●●●
542 neighbor ( Our neighbor helped us carry the heavy furniture inside. ) ●●●
543 household ( This household recycles all its waste to help the environment. ) ●●●
544 resident ( The residents of the building were evacuated during the fire drill. ) ●●●
545 vehicle ( His vehicle broke down on the way to work. ) ●●●
546 wheel ( The car’s wheel got stuck in the mud. ) ●●●
547 delay ( The flight was delayed due to bad weather conditions. ) ●●●
548 fuel ( The storm caused a power outage, leaving the area without electricity. ) ●●●
549 pollution ( Air pollution is a major concern in urban areas due to increased vehicle emissions. ) ●●●
550 atmosphere ( The cozy atmosphere of the café made it a perfect spot for reading. ) ●●●
551 electricity ( The invention of electricity revolutionized the way we live and work. ) ●●●
552 cancer ( Early detection of cancer can significantly improve treatment outcomes. ) ●●●
553 plague ( The plague spread rapidly through the city in the 14th century. ) ●●●
554 threat ( Climate change poses a significant threat to coastal regions. ) ●●●
555 flood ( The flood damaged many homes and displaced thousands of residents. ) ●●●
556 earthquake ( The earthquake shook the city and caused widespread destruction. ) ●●●
557 disaster ( The disaster relief team arrived quickly to assist the survivors. ) ●●●
558 crisis ( The financial crisis affected economies around the world. ) ●●●
559 victim ( The victims of the fire received support from the community. ) ●●●
560 wealth ( He used his wealth to fund educational programs for underprivileged children. ) ●●●
561 fund ( They set up a fund to support scientific research. ) ●●●
562 capital ( Tokyo serves as the capital city of Japan. ) ●●●
563 profit ( The company made a substantial profit from its new product. ) ●●●
564 talent ( She has a natural talent for playing the piano. ) ●●●
565 capacity ( The hall has a seating capacity of 500 people. ) ●●●
566 scholar ( He is a scholar specializing in ancient languages. ) ●●●
567 tradition ( It’s a tradition to visit family during the New Year in many cultures. ) ●●●
568 literature ( She majored in English literature at university. ) ●●●
569 lecture ( The professor’s lecture on quantum physics was both informative and engaging. ) ●●●
570 manner ( His polite manner left a good impression on everyone. ) ●●●
571 symbol ( The dove is a universal symbol of peace. ) ●●●
572 analysis ( The analysis of the data revealed some interesting trends. ) ●●●
573 version ( This is the updated version of the software with new features. ) ●●●
574 perspective ( The book offers a unique perspective on historical events. ) ●●●
575 vision ( His vision for the future includes renewable energy for all. ) ●●●
576 sight ( The sight of the sunset over the ocean took her breath away. ) ●●●
577 insight ( His insight into the issue helped us find a solution. ) ●●●
578 bilingual ( Being bilingual is an advantage in many international careers. ) ●●●
579 capable ( She is capable of handling multiple projects at once. ) ●●●
580 willing ( He is willing to volunteer for the community event this weekend. ) ●●●
581 eager ( The children were eager to start their summer vacation. ) ●●●
582 amazing ( The view from the mountaintop was absolutely amazing. ) ●●●
583 calm ( She remained calm under pressure and handled the situation well. ) ●●●
584 quiet ( The library was so quiet that you could hear a pin drop. ) ●●●
585 senior ( As a senior member of the team, he mentored the younger staff. ) ●●●
586 elderly ( The program offers assistance to elderly individuals living alone. ) ●●●
587 firm ( She gave a firm handshake to show her confidence. ) ●●●
588 severe ( The severe weather conditions forced schools to close. ) ●●●
589 tough ( The tough leather jacket lasted for many years. ) ●●●
590 rapid ( The company experienced rapid growth in its early years. ) ●●●
591 immediate ( Immediate action is necessary to address the urgent situation. ) ●●●
592 vast ( The vast desert stretched out as far as the eye could see. ) ●●●
593 enormous ( The elephant is an enormous animal compared to others. ) ●●●
594 broad ( The museum’s collection covers a broad range of art styles. ) ●●●
595 narrow ( The narrow street made it difficult for cars to pass. ) ●●●
596 tiny ( The baby held a tiny flower in her hand. ) ●●●
597 efficient ( The new system is highly efficient and saves a lot of time. ) ●●●
598 constant ( The constant noise from the construction site was annoying. ) ●●●
599 nearby ( They went to a nearby café for a quick coffee break. ) ●●●
600 distant ( The distant mountains looked beautiful in the early morning light. ) ●●●
601 insist ( She insists on paying for dinner every time. ) ●●●
602 intend ( He intends to finish the project by next week. ) ●●●
603 inspire ( Her speech inspired me to follow my dreams. ) ●●●
604 emphasize ( The teacher emphasized the importance of teamwork. ) ●●●
605 propose ( I propose we start the meeting at 10 a.m. ) ●●●
606 persuade ( She persuaded her parents to let her travel abroad. ) ●●●
607 convince ( He convinced me to try the new restaurant. ) ●●●
608 admit ( She admitted that she had made a mistake. ) ●●●
609 favor ( I favor going to the park over staying indoors. ) ●●●
610 excuse ( Please excuse my late arrival; the train was delayed. ) ●●●
611 interpret ( Can you interpret the meaning of this symbol? ) ●●●
612 translate ( He translated the letter into English. ) ●●●
613 concentrate ( It’s hard to concentrate with all this noise. ) ●●●
614 criticize ( The reviewer criticized the movie for its weak plot. ) ●●●
615 blame ( Don’t blame others for your own mistakes. ) ●●●
616 oppose ( Many people oppose the construction of the new factory. ) ●●●
617 inform ( Please inform me if there are any changes to the schedule. ) ●●●
618 grant ( The committee granted her permission to present her findings. ) ●●●
619 obtain ( She obtained the necessary documents for her application. ) ●●●
620 transform ( The old warehouse was transformed into a modern art gallery. ) ●●●
621 alter ( You can alter the size of the text in the settings. ) ●●●
622 arrange ( He arranged the chairs in a circle for the group discussion. ) ●●●
623 interact ( The kids interacted well with each other during the activity. ) ●●●
624 handle ( She handled the situation with great professionalism. ) ●●●
625 extend ( They extended their trip by two days to explore more. ) ●●●
626 settle ( The dispute was settled after long negotiations. ) ●●●
627 contribute ( Everyone contributed ideas to improve the project. ) ●●●
628 construct ( The company constructed a new bridge over the river. ) ●●●
629 consist ( The dish consists of rice, chicken, and vegetables. ) ●●●
630 suit ( This jacket suits you perfectly; the color matches your eyes. ) ●●●
631 tie ( He tied the shoelaces tightly before running. ) ●●●
632 differ ( Their opinions differ on how to solve the issue. ) ●●●
633 hate ( I hate getting stuck in traffic during rush hour. ) ●●●
634 dislike ( She dislikes spicy food and always avoids it. ) ●●●
635 disagree ( I disagree with his decision to cancel the event. ) ●●●
636 regret ( I regret not taking the opportunity to study abroad. ) ●●●
637 employ ( The company employs over 500 people worldwide. ) ●●●
638 hire ( They hired a professional photographer for the event. ) ●●●
639 absorb ( Plants absorb sunlight to produce energy through photosynthesis. ) ●●●
640 expose ( The documentary exposed the truth about illegal practices. ) ●●●
641 breathe ( She breathed deeply to calm herself before the speech. ) ●●●
642 root ( The tree’s roots spread deep into the soil. ) ●●●
643 immigration ( The government introduced new immigration policies. ) ●●●
644 tribe ( The tribe has preserved its traditions for centuries. ) ●●●
645 landscape ( The landscape was breathtaking with its rolling hills and clear skies. ) ●●●
646 agriculture ( Agriculture is the backbone of this country’s economy. ) ●●●
647 soil ( The soil in this region is perfect for growing crops. ) ●●●
648 mine ( They explored the abandoned mine for hidden treasures. ) ●●●
649 mass ( The mass of the earth attracts objects towards its surface. ) ●●●
650 quarter ( The team completed the project in the first quarter of the year. ) ●●●
651 era ( The invention of the internet marked the beginning of a new era. ) ●●●
652 circumstance ( Under these circumstances, we have no choice but to postpone the event. ) ●●●
653 phenomenon ( The northern lights are a fascinating natural phenomenon. ) ●●●
654 custom ( It’s a custom in Japan to bow when greeting someone. ) ●●●
655 religion ( Religion plays a significant role in many people’s lives. ) ●●●
656 civilization ( Ancient civilizations built impressive structures like pyramids. ) ●●●
657 universe ( The universe is constantly expanding, according to scientists. ) ●●●
658 diversity ( Cultural diversity enriches our lives and fosters understanding. ) ●●●
659 trait ( Kindness is a trait that everyone admires. ) ●●●
660 review ( She wrote a detailed review of the new restaurant. ) ●●●
661 occasion ( Her wedding was a joyful occasion celebrated by friends and family. ) ●●●
662 campaign ( The charity campaign successfully raised funds for the hospital. ) ●●●
663 board ( The board of directors decided to implement new policies. ) ●●●
664 facility ( The sports facility includes a swimming pool and tennis courts. ) ●●●
665 court ( The court ruled in favor of the defendant. ) ●●●
666 trial ( The new drug is undergoing clinical trials to ensure its safety. ) ●●●
667 laboratory ( Scientists conducted experiments in the laboratory to test their theories. ) ●●●
668 instrument ( The guitar is his favorite musical instrument. ) ●●●
669 instruction ( Follow the instructions carefully to assemble the furniture. ) ●●●
670 document ( She signed the document to finalize the agreement. ) ●●●
671 target ( The company set a target of increasing sales by 20%. ) ●●●
672 outcome ( The outcome of the experiment exceeded expectations. ) ●●●
673 muscle ( Regular exercise helps strengthen your muscles. ) ●●●
674 wage ( The workers demanded higher wages for their efforts. ) ●●●
675 gender ( Gender equality is an important issue in modern society. ) ●●●
676 confidence ( She spoke with confidence during the presentation. ) ●●●
677 credit ( He received credit for his contribution to the team’s success. ) ●●●
678 conscious ( She is conscious of the impact her actions have on the environment. ) ●●●
679 anxious ( He felt anxious before the big exam. ) ●●●
680 asleep ( The baby fell asleep shortly after drinking milk. ) ●●●
681 alive ( The flowers made her feel alive and joyful. ) ●●●
682 alike ( They look alike but have very different personalities. ) ●●●
683 excellent ( His excellent performance earned him a promotion. ) ●●●
684 odd ( She had an odd feeling that she was being watched. ) ●●●
685 sensitive ( He is very sensitive to criticism and takes it personally. ) ●●●
686 sensible ( Choosing a sensible solution is often the best approach. ) ●●●
687 violent ( The violent storm caused widespread damage to the region. ) ●●●
688 military ( He served in the military for five years. ) ●●●
689 nuclear ( The nuclear power plant provides energy to thousands of homes. ) ●●●
690 contemporary ( This contemporary art exhibition showcases innovative works. ) ●●●
691 elementary ( She teaches elementary school students basic math and science. ) ●●●
692 annual ( The annual festival attracts thousands of visitors. ) ●●●
693 chief ( The chief engineer oversaw the entire construction project. ) ●●●
694 actual ( The actual cost of the project was higher than estimated. ) ●●●
695 virtual ( Virtual reality offers immersive gaming experiences. ) ●●●
696 numerous ( He made numerous attempts to solve the challenging puzzle. ) ●●●
697 multiple ( The system experienced multiple failures during the test. ) ●●●
698 widespread ( The news of the discovery gained widespread attention. ) ●●●
699 sufficient ( There is sufficient evidence to support the claim. ) ●●●
700 empty ( The room was empty except for a single chair. ) ●●●
701 confirm ( Could you confirm the date of the meeting? ) ●●●
702 illustrate ( This graph illustrates the growth in sales over the past year. ) ●●●
703 spell ( Can you spell your name for me, please? ) ●●●
704 bother ( I don’t want to bother you, but could you help me with this? ) ●●●
705 annoy ( His constant interruptions annoyed everyone in the room. ) ●●●
706 disturb ( Please do not disturb the wildlife in this area. ) ●●●
707 discourage ( Negative feedback can discourage people from trying again. ) ●●●
708 embarrass ( She felt embarrassed when she forgot her lines on stage. ) ●●●
709 frighten ( The loud noise frightened the baby. ) ●●●
710 puzzle ( The unexpected result puzzled the researchers. ) ●●●
711 upset ( She was upset when she lost her favorite book. ) ●●●
712 stimulate ( Bright colors can stimulate creativity and imagination. ) ●●●
713 beat ( His team beat their rivals in the final match. ) ●●●
714 blow ( A strong wind blew the papers off the table. ) ●●●
715 injure ( He injured his leg while playing soccer. ) ●●●
716 cure ( Scientists are working to find a cure for the disease. ) ●●●
717 recover ( She recovered quickly after the surgery. ) ●●●
718 overcome ( He overcame his fear of speaking in public. ) ●●●
719 quit ( She decided to quit her job to pursue her passion. ) ●●●
720 transfer ( He was transferred to another branch of the company. ) ●●●
721 transport ( This truck is used to transport goods across the city. ) ●●●
722 export ( Japan exports high-quality cars to many countries. ) ●●●
723 import ( The country imports a large portion of its food. ) ●●●
724 invest ( She invested her savings in the stock market. ) ●●●
725 investigate ( The police are investigating the cause of the fire. ) ●●●
726 manufacture ( This factory manufactures electronic devices. ) ●●●
727 react ( He reacted calmly to the unexpected news. ) ●●●
728 award ( She received an award for her outstanding achievements. ) ●●●
729 ban ( Smoking is banned in most public places. ) ●●●
730 prohibit ( The school prohibits the use of cell phones during class. ) ●●●
731 forbid ( Her parents forbid her from staying out late at night. ) ●●●
732 abandon ( The villagers abandoned their homes due to the flood. ) ●●●
733 freeze ( The water in the lake froze during the winter. ) ●●●
734 lift ( Could you help me lift this heavy box? ) ●●●
735 hang ( She hung her coat on the hook by the door. ) ●●●
736 shake ( He shook hands with his new business partner. ) ●●●
737 stretch ( She stretched her arms after sitting for a long time. ) ●●●
738 lay ( He laid the book on the table and started reading. ) ●●●
739 stare ( He stared at the painting, admiring its beauty. ) ●●●
740 gaze ( They gazed at the stars on a clear night. ) ●●●
741 capture ( The photographer captured a perfect moment during the event. ) ●●●
742 breed ( Farmers breed animals to improve their livestock. ) ●●●
743 mammal ( Whales are the largest mammals in the ocean. ) ●●●
744 ape ( Apes share many similarities with humans in behavior. ) ●●●
745 insect ( The garden is full of beautiful flowers and buzzing insects. ) ●●●
746 infant ( The infant slept peacefully in her mother’s arms. ) ●●●
747 organ ( The heart is an essential organ in the human body. ) ●●●
748 web ( The spider spun a delicate web in the corner. ) ●●●
749 fossil ( Paleontologists discovered a dinosaur fossil in the desert. ) ●●●
750 battle ( The soldiers fought bravely in the historic battle. ) ●●●
751 enemy ( The soldiers were prepared to face their enemy in battle. ) ●●●
752 weapon ( Advanced weapons were used in the military exercise. ) ●●●
753 arm ( She raised her arm to signal for help. ) ●●●
754 army ( The army protected the country during the crisis. ) ●●●
755 navy ( The navy launched a rescue operation in the sea. ) ●●●
756 border ( The town is located near the border between two countries. ) ●●●
757 barrier ( Language barriers can make communication difficult. ) ●●●
758 philosophy ( His philosophy emphasizes the value of simplicity in life. ) ●●●
759 psychology ( Psychology helps us understand human behavior and emotions. ) ●●●
760 alarm ( The alarm woke him up early in the morning. ) ●●●
761 harm ( Excessive sun exposure can harm your skin. ) ●●●
762 depression ( Regular exercise can help alleviate symptoms of depression. ) ●●●
763 disadvantage ( One disadvantage of living in the countryside is limited access to public transportation. ) ●●●
764 shortage ( There was a shortage of water due to the drought. ) ●●●
765 stock ( The store is running low on stock during the holiday season. ) ●●●
766 loan ( He applied for a loan to buy his first car. ) ●●●
767 budget ( The government introduced a budget plan for the next fiscal year. ) ●●●
768 innovation ( Technological innovation drives progress in various industries. ) ●●●
769 union ( The workers’ union negotiated better salaries for its members. ) ●●●
770 unit ( The new unit of measurement will be implemented nationwide. ) ●●●
771 material ( This material is ideal for building sturdy furniture. ) ●●●
772 substance ( Scientists are studying the substance’s properties in the lab. ) ●●●
773 stuff ( He packed his stuff and moved to a new apartment. ) ●●●
774 proportion ( The proportion of women in the workforce has increased. ) ●●●
775 edge ( She stood at the edge of the cliff and admired the view. ) ●●●
776 code ( The programmer wrote a complex code for the new software. ) ●●●
777 mystery ( The disappearance of the ship remains a mystery. ) ●●●
778 curious ( I am curious to know more about the latest developments. ) ●●●
779 strict ( My teacher is strict about turning in assignments on time. ) ●●●
780 frank ( To be frank, I think the presentation could have been better. ) ●●●
781 polite ( He is always polite when speaking to his elders. ) ●●●
782 aggressive ( His aggressive approach to sales led to an increase in profits. ) ●●●
783 accurate ( The weather forecast was accurate for the entire week. ) ●●●
784 exact ( Can you tell me the exact time of the meeting? ) ●●●
785 proper ( Proper care is essential for maintaining good health. ) ●●●
786 blief ( She gave a brief summary of her research findings. ) ●●●
787 extraordinary ( The view from the mountaintop was extraordinary. ) ●●●
788 flexible ( A flexible schedule allows employees to balance work and life. ) ●●●
789 pleasant ( We had a pleasant conversation during the train ride. ) ●●●
790 comfortable ( This chair is incredibly comfortable to sit in. ) ●●●
791 stable ( The ladder must be stable before you climb it. ) ●●●
792 thick ( The forest was so thick that little sunlight reached the ground. ) ●●●
793 thin ( She sliced the bread into thin pieces for sandwiches. ) ●●●
794 abstract ( The artist’s abstract paintings were difficult to interpret. ) ●●●
795 concrete ( He provided concrete evidence to support his claims. ) ●●●
796 absolute ( Absolute honesty is critical in building trust. ) ●●●
797 prime ( The prime minister addressed the nation in a televised speech. ) ●●●
798 vital ( Drinking water is vital for survival. ) ●●●
799 contrary ( Contrary to popular belief, he enjoys solitude. ) ●●●
800 regardless ( Regardless of the challenges, she remained determined to succeed. ) ●●●
801 permit ( The school does not permit the use of mobile phones during classes. ) ●●●
802 suspect ( I suspect that the train will be delayed due to the weather. ) ●●●
803 pursue ( She decided to pursue a career in engineering. ) ●●●
804 pretend ( The children pretended to be astronauts during their playtime. ) ●●●
805 calculate ( He calculated the total cost of the trip, including flights and hotels. ) ●●●
806 guarantee ( This product comes with a one-year guarantee. ) ●●●
807 acknowledge ( She acknowledged the hard work of her team during the meeting. ) ●●●
808 impress ( His speech impressed everyone at the conference. ) ●●●
809 urge ( The doctor urged him to exercise more regularly. ) ●●●
810 convey ( The letter conveyed her deep gratitude to the team. ) ●●●
811 celebrate ( We celebrated her graduation with a big party. ) ●●●
812 admire ( I admire her dedication to helping those in need. ) ●●●
813 devote ( He devoted his life to advancing medical research. ) ●●●
814 dominate ( The company dominates the market with its innovative products. ) ●●●
815 eliminate ( Regular exercise can help eliminate stress. ) ●●●
816 restrict ( The new policy restricts the use of plastic bags in the city. ) ●●●
817 isolate ( The patient was isolated to prevent the spread of the disease. ) ●●●
818 endanger ( Deforestation endangers many wildlife species. ) ●●●
819 secure ( They secured funding for their new project. ) ●●●
820 reserve ( We reserved a table at the restaurant for dinner. ) ●●●
821 possess ( He possesses excellent leadership skills. ) ●●●
822 launch ( The company launched its new smartphone last week. ) ●●●
823 detect ( The sensors can detect even the slightest movement. ) ●●●
824 reverse ( He reversed his car into the parking space. ) ●●●
825 convert ( You can convert this file into a PDF format. ) ●●●
826 hurry ( Hurry up, or we’ll miss the train! ) ●●●
827 rush ( The ambulance rushed to the scene of the accident. ) ●●●
828 roll ( The ball rolled down the hill and into the stream. ) ●●●
829 crash ( The car crashed into the wall, but fortunately, no one was injured. ) ●●●
830 bury ( They buried the time capsule in the backyard for future generations. ) ●●●
831 dig ( The workers dug a hole to plant the tree. ) ●●●
832 attach ( Please attach your resume to the application form. ) ●●●
833 melt ( The chocolate melted in the hot sun. ) ●●●
834 accompany ( She accompanied her friend to the doctor’s appointment. ) ●●●
835 assist ( The librarian assisted me in finding the right books for my research. ) ●●●
836 cope ( She managed to cope with the stress of her new job. ) ●●●
837 lend ( Can you lend me your notebook for the afternoon? ) ●●●
838 rent ( They rented an apartment near the city center. ) ●●●
839 owe ( I owe you an apology for the misunderstanding. ) ●●●
840 apologize ( He apologized sincerely for his mistake. ) ●●●
841 forgive ( She forgave him for forgetting their anniversary. ) ●●●
842 tongue ( He bit his tongue accidentally while eating. ) ●●●
843 dialect ( This region is known for its unique dialect. ) ●●●
844 accent ( Her British accent is charming and easy to understand. ) ●●●
845 colony ( The ants built a large colony under the tree. ) ●●●
846 grain ( The farmer harvested a good crop of grain this year. ) ●●●
847 harvest ( They celebrate the harvest with a festival every autumn. ) ●●●
848 ingredient ( Fresh ingredients are key to delicious cooking. ) ●●●
849 portion ( He ate only a small portion of the cake. ) ●●●
850 hunger ( Hunger is a pressing issue in many parts of the world. ) ●●●
851 obesity ( People suffering from obesity often lack exercise. ) ●●●
852 burden ( The financial burden was too much for the small family to handle. ) ●●●
853 emergency ( In case of an emergency, dial the local helpline immediately. ) ●●●
854 debt ( He is working hard to pay off his student loan debt. ) ●●●
855 contract ( She signed a contract to join the company for two years. ) ●●●
856 client ( The client was satisfied with the service provided by the firm. ) ●●●
857 therapy ( Therapy can help people recover from emotional trauma. ) ●●●
858 physician ( The physician prescribed medicine to treat her condition. ) ●●●
859 democracy ( Democracy allows citizens to have a voice in their government. ) ●●●
860 election ( The election results will be announced later today. ) ●●●
861 vote ( Every citizen has the right to vote in the election. ) ●●●
862 candidate ( Each candidate presented their plans during the debate. ) ●●●
863 minister ( The prime minister addressed the nation regarding the recent developments. ) ●●●
864 conference ( The international conference focused on climate change. ) ●●●
865 ceremony ( The graduation ceremony was a memorable event for everyone. ) ●●●
866 institution ( This institution is known for its excellent academic programs. ) ●●●
867 corporation ( The corporation expanded its business operations globally. ) ●●●
868 cooperation ( Cooperation among team members is essential for success. ) ●●●
869 authority ( The local authority issued new regulations for construction projects. ) ●●●
870 theme ( The theme of the movie revolves around friendship and courage. ) ●●●
871 notion ( The notion that hard work leads to success is widely accepted. ) ●●●
872 hypothesis ( The scientist tested her hypothesis through multiple experiments. ) ●●●
873 discipline ( Discipline is the key to achieving long-term goals. ) ●●●
874 route ( We took a scenic route to enjoy the countryside views. ) ●●●
875 routine ( Having a daily routine can help manage stress effectively. ) ●●●
876 destination ( Our destination for this trip is a small island off the coast. ) ●●●
877 domestic ( Domestic flights are usually cheaper than international ones. ) ●●●
878 ethnic ( The festival celebrated ethnic diversity and cultural heritage. ) ●●●
879 alien ( In science fiction, alien species often have unique traits. ) ●●●
880 visible ( The mountain was barely visible through the thick fog. ) ●●●
881 verbal ( Verbal communication is essential in expressing ideas clearly. ) ●●●
882 fundamental ( Freedom of speech is a fundamental right. ) ●●●
883 conventional ( The conventional methods of farming are being replaced by modern technology. ) ●●●
884 relevant ( Her suggestions were highly relevant to the topic being discussed. ) ●●●
885 rational ( His rational approach helped resolve the complex issue. ) ●●●
886 precise ( Please give me precise instructions on how to operate this device. ) ●●●
887 principal ( The principal aim of the project is to promote renewable energy. ) ●●●
888 crucial ( It’s crucial to stay informed about the latest developments in the field. ) ●●●
889 permanent ( The artist created a permanent installation for the museum. ) ●●●
890 intense ( The competition was intense, and everyone gave their best effort. ) ●●●
891 equivalent ( This computer’s performance is equivalent to that of a high-end model. ) ●●●
892 frequent ( She made frequent visits to the library to study. ) ●●●
893 sudden ( A sudden change in weather caught everyone off guard. ) ●●●
894 temporary ( The company offered him a temporary position for six months. ) ●●●
895 internal ( The doctor is investigating internal symptoms of the condition. ) ●●●
896 external ( The external design of the building is modern and sleek. ) ●●●
897 distinct ( There is a distinct difference between these two concepts. ) ●●●
898 extinct ( Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years. ) ●●●
899 exhausted ( She felt exhausted after working all day. ) ●●●
900 evil ( The movie’s villain had a truly evil plan. ) ●●●
901 greet ( She greeted her friends with a warm smile. ) ●●●
902 chat ( They enjoyed chatting about their favorite hobbies. ) ●●●
903 remark ( His remark about the weather made everyone laugh. ) ●●●
904 utter ( She couldn’t utter a single word after hearing the news. ) ●●●
905 command ( The officer commanded the troops to move forward. ) ●●●
906 declare ( He declared his intention to run for office. ) ●●●
907 pronounce ( Can you pronounce this difficult word correctly? ) ●●●
908 correspond ( The two colors correspond to different teams. ) ●●●
909 imitate ( Children often imitate their parents’ behavior. ) ●●●
910 resemble ( She closely resembles her mother. ) ●●●
911 exhibit ( The museum is exhibiting rare paintings from the Renaissance. ) ●●●
912 distribute ( The teacher distributed the handouts to all the students. ) ●●●
913 attribute ( He attributes his success to hard work and determination. ) ●●●
914 evaluate ( The manager evaluated the employees’ performance. ) ●●●
915 assess ( We need to assess the risks before starting the project. ) ●●●
916 desearve ( She deserves recognition for her dedication to the team. ) ●●●
917 weigh ( He weighed the pros and cons before making a decision. ) ●●●
918 strengthen ( Daily practice will strengthen your skills. ) ●●●
919 weaken ( The lack of resources weakened their efforts. ) ●●●
920 approve ( The board approved the new policy unanimously. ) ●●●
921 assign ( The teacher assigned each student a specific task. ) ●●●
922 sustain ( They worked hard to sustain the growth of their business. ) ●●●
923 accomplish ( She accomplished her goals through hard work and perseverance. ) ●●●
924 relieve ( The medicine relieved him of his headache. ) ●●●
925 frustrate ( The constant delays frustrated the entire team. ) ●●●
926 scare ( The loud thunder scared the little boy. ) ●●●
927 resist ( It’s hard to resist the temptation of chocolate. ) ●●●
928 protest ( The workers protested against unfair wages. ) ●●●
929 shut ( Please shut the door to keep the noise out. ) ●●●
930 defeat ( Their team defeated the defending champions in the final. ) ●●●
931 neglect ( He neglected his health while focusing on work. ) ●●●
932 retire ( He plans to retire after working for 30 years in the company. ) ●●●
933 reform ( The government promised to reform the outdated policies. ) ●●●
934 collapse ( The building collapsed after the earthquake. ) ●●●
935 ruin ( The unexpected rain ruined their picnic plans. ) ●●●
936 sink ( The ship sank after hitting the iceberg. ) ●●●
937 pile ( She piled the books on the desk neatly. ) ●●●
938 derive ( Many English words are derived from Latin. ) ●●●
939 yield ( The farm yielded a good harvest this year. ) ●●●
940 occupy ( The family occupies a small house on the outskirts of the city. ) ●●●
941 wrap ( She wrapped the gift in colorful paper. ) ●●●
942 embrace ( They embraced each other warmly after a long time apart. ) ●●●
943 length ( The length of the river makes it one of the longest in the world. ) ●●●
944 height ( His height makes him an excellent basketball player. ) ●●●
945 volume ( The volume of the container is measured in liters. ) ●●●
946 sum ( The sum of the two numbers is 15. ) ●●●
947 frame ( He bought a wooden frame for his favorite photo. ) ●●●
948 boundry ( The river serves as a natural boundary between the two countries. ) ●●●
949 district ( This district is known for its historical landmarks. ) ●●●
950 territory ( The animals mark their territory to keep others away. ) ●●●
951 square ( The children played soccer in the town square. ) ●●●
952 empire ( The Roman Empire was one of the greatest civilizations in history. ) ●●●
953 heritage ( Traditional dance is part of the region’s cultural heritage. ) ●●●
954 fee ( There is a small entrance fee to visit the museum. ) ●●●
955 discount ( The store is offering a 20% discount on all items this week. ) ●●●
956 charity ( She donated to the charity to help those in need. ) ●●●
957 mission ( Their mission is to provide clean drinking water to remote areas. ) ●●●
958 profession ( He chose teaching as his profession. ) ●●●
959 slave ( The history of slaves teaches us the importance of human rights. ) ●●●
960 witness ( The witness provided crucial evidence during the trial. ) ●●●
961 incident ( The incident occurred late at night near the park. ) ●●●
962 insurance ( It’s important to have health insurance for emergencies. ) ●●●
963 welfare ( The government introduced new measures to ensure public welfare. ) ●●●
964 treasure ( Pirates are often depicted searching for buried treasure. ) ●●●
965 leisure ( She enjoys reading books during her leisure time. ) ●●●
966 priority ( Safety is our top priority during this operation. ) ●●●
967 reputation ( The company has a reputation for producing high-quality goods. ) ●●●
968 honor ( It was an honor to meet the Nobel Prize winner. ) ●●●
969 statue ( The statue in the square commemorates the war heroes. ) ●●●
970 architecture ( The architecture of the ancient temple is breathtaking. ) ●●●
971 logic ( His argument lacked clear logic and supporting evidence. ) ●●●
972 mechanism ( The mechanism of the clock is complex but fascinating. ) ●●●
973 clue ( The detective found a clue that helped solve the case. ) ●●●
974 means ( Transportation by train is the fastest means to get there. ) ●●●
975 trap ( The hunters set a trap to catch wild animals. ) ●●●
976 trick ( She used a clever trick to win the game. ) ●●●
977 guard ( The guard stood at the entrance to check visitors’ IDs. ) ●●●
978 innocent ( The court declared him innocent after the trial. ) ●●●
979 guilty ( He felt guilty for forgetting his friend’s birthday. ) ●●●
980 rude ( It’s rude to interrupt someone while they’re speaking. ) ●●●
981 shy ( She is too shy to speak in front of a large audience. ) ●●●
982 liberal ( He has a liberal approach to solving problems and values freedom. ) ●●●
983 stupid ( It was a stupid mistake, but he learned from it. ) ●●●
984 reluctant ( She was reluctant to join the discussion due to lack of preparation. ) ●●●
985 generous ( He is generous with his time and often helps others. ) ●●●
986 modest ( She is modest about her achievements and avoids bragging. ) ●●●
987 lonely ( He felt lonely after moving to a new city without friends. ) ●●●
988 pure ( The air in the mountains is fresh and pure. ) ●●●
989 grand ( The grand ceremony was attended by thousands of guests. ) ●●●
990 adequate ( The room was small but adequate for their needs. ) ●●●
991 apparent ( It was apparent that she had put a lot of effort into her project. ) ●●●
992 classic ( This novel is a classic example of 19th-century literature. ) ●●●
993 remote ( The cottage is located in a remote area far from the city. ) ●●●
994 solid ( The table is made of solid wood and is very durable. ) ●●●
995 raw ( Eating raw vegetables can be good for your health. ) ●●●
996 plain ( She prefers plain clothing over fancy outfits. ) ●●●
997 primitive ( The tools used by early humans were quite primitive. ) ●●●
998 steady ( The patient showed steady improvement after the treatment. ) ●●●
999 slight ( There was a slight difference between the two designs. ) ●●●
1000 subtle ( The artist’s use of color added subtle beauty to the painting. ) ●●●
1001 delight ( The children’s laughter brought delight to everyone in the room. ) ●●●
1002 entertain ( The magician entertained the audience with his amazing tricks. ) ●●●
1003 fulfill ( She fulfilled her dream of becoming a successful author. ) ●●●
1004 cheer ( The crowd cheered loudly during the soccer match. ) ●●●
1005 amuse ( His funny stories amused everyone at the party. ) ●●●
1006 anticipate ( We anticipate that the results will be announced tomorrow. ) ●●●
1007 confront ( He confronted his fears and overcame them. ) ●●●
1008 undergo ( The patient will undergo surgery next week. ) ●●●
1009 exceed ( Her performance exceeded everyone’s expectations. ) ●●●
1010 overwhelm ( The beautiful scenery overwhelmed her with joy. ) ●●●
1011 shoot ( The photographer shot stunning pictures of the sunset. ) ●●●
1012 murder ( The detectives investigated the mysterious murder case. ) ●●●
1013 rob ( The thieves robbed the bank during the night. ) ●●●
1014 deprive ( Lack of sleep can deprive you of energy during the day. ) ●●●
1015 rid ( She worked hard to rid her home of clutter. ) ●●●
1016 interrupt ( Please don’t interrupt the speaker during the presentation. ) ●●●
1017 interfere ( His interference caused delays in the project’s completion. ) ●●●
1018 bully ( The teacher addressed the issue of bullying among the students. ) ●●●
1019 defend ( She defended her friend against unfair criticism. ) ●●●
1020 rescue ( The firefighters rescued the family from the burning house. ) ●●●
1021 accuse ( He was accused of breaking the rules during the competition. ) ●●●
1022 sue ( She decided to sue the company for negligence. ) ●●●
1023 wander ( They wandered through the forest, exploring its beauty. ) ●●●
1024 chase ( The dog chased the ball eagerly. ) ●●●
1025 arrest ( The police arrested the suspect after a thorough investigation. ) ●●●
1026 submit ( Please submit your assignment by the end of the day. ) ●●●
1027 punish ( He was punished for arriving late to class repeatedly. ) ●●●
1028 resolve ( They resolved their conflict through open communication. ) ●●●
1029 justify ( Can you justify your reasons for making this decision? ) ●●●
1030 restore ( The old painting was restored to its original glory. ) ●●●
1031 modify ( She modified the recipe to suit her taste. ) ●●●
1032 impose ( The government imposed new taxes to address the economic crisis. ) ●●●
1033 compose ( He composed a beautiful melody for the piano. ) ●●●
1034 classify ( The librarian classified the books into different genres. ) ●●●
1035 substitute ( She used honey as a substitute for sugar in the recipe. ) ●●●
1036 shrink ( The sweater shrank after being washed in hot water. ) ●●●
1037 lean ( She leaned against the wall while waiting for the bus. ) ●●●
1038 fold ( He folded the paper neatly before placing it in the envelope. ) ●●●
1039 load ( They loaded the truck with boxes for delivery. ) ●●●
1040 pour ( Please pour me a glass of water. ) ●●●
1041 float ( The small boat floated gently on the lake. ) ●●●
1042 shine ( The sun shone brightly on the beach. ) ●●●
1043 editor ( The editor reviewed the article for any mistakes. ) ●●●
1044 poetry ( She enjoys writing poetry in her free time. ) ●●●
1045 usage ( The instructions explain the correct usage of the device. ) ●●●
1046 sector ( The technology sector is growing rapidly. ) ●●●
1047 span ( His career spans over three decades in the music industry. ) ●●●
1048 literacy ( Promoting literacy among children is a priority for the program. ) ●●●
1049 symptom ( A headache is often a symptom of stress or fatigue. ) ●●●
1050 phase ( The project is currently in its initial phase of development. ) ●●●
1051 surgery ( The surgery was successful, and the patient is now recovering. ) ●●●
1052 virus ( The doctor explained how the virus spreads in crowded places. ) ●●●
1053 poison ( This plant contains a natural poison that can be dangerous if ingested. ) ●●●
1054 protein ( Protein is an essential nutrient for building muscles. ) ●●●
1055 liquid ( Pour the liquid into the container carefully to avoid spillage. ) ●●●
1056 oxygen ( Plants release oxygen during the process of photosynthesis. ) ●●●
1057 globe ( The globe on his desk shows the countries he has visited. ) ●●●
1058 pole ( The North Pole is covered in ice throughout the year. ) ●●●
1059 valley ( The valley was filled with blooming flowers in the spring. ) ●●●
1060 conservation ( Conservation efforts are crucial for protecting endangered species. ) ●●●
1061 channel ( The television channel broadcasted the news live. ) ●●●
1062 glacier ( The melting glacier is a sign of climate change. ) ●●●
1063 pioneer ( She is a pioneer in the field of renewable energy research. ) ●●●
1064 prospect ( The prospect of a promotion motivated her to work harder. ) ●●●
1065 enthusiasm ( His enthusiasm for the project inspired the entire team. ) ●●●
1066 passion ( She has a passion for painting and spends hours in her studio. ) ●●●
1067 fortune ( He made a fortune by investing in real estate. ) ●●●
1068 obstacle ( They overcame many obstacles to achieve their goal. ) ●●●
1069 prejudice ( Prejudice often arises from a lack of understanding. ) ●●●
1070 justice ( The court’s decision restored a sense of justice to the community. ) ●●●
1071 opponent ( His opponent in the chess tournament was highly skilled. ) ●●●
1072 sacrifice ( Parents often make sacrifices for the well-being of their children. ) ●●●
1073 fault ( It was not her fault that the project was delayed. ) ●●●
1074 prison ( He spent several years in prison for his crimes. ) ●●●
1075 shelter ( The organization provides shelter for homeless individuals. ) ●●●
1076 committee ( The committee will review the proposals and choose the best one. ) ●●●
1077 ritual ( The morning ritual included coffee and a quick read of the newspaper. ) ●●●
1078 mature ( He has become more mature and responsible over the years. ) ●●●
1079 moderate ( She prefers a moderate amount of spice in her food. ) ●●●
1080 neutral ( The referee remained neutral throughout the match. ) ●●●
1081 optimistic ( She is optimistic about the company’s future growth. ) ●●●
1082 pessimistic ( His pessimistic attitude made it difficult to stay motivated. ) ●●●
1083 radical ( The radical reforms changed the entire education system. ) ●●●
1084 rough ( The surface of the road was rough and uneven. ) ●●●
1085 smooth ( The dancer’s movements were smooth and graceful. ) ●●●
1086 fluent ( He is fluent in three languages and works as a translator. ) ●●●
1087 casual ( They had a casual lunch at a nearby café. ) ●●●
1088 instant ( The app provides instant updates on the latest news. ) ●●●
1089 incredible ( The view from the top of the mountain was incredible. ) ●●●
1090 genuine ( Her genuine concern for others made her well-loved by everyone. ) ●●●
1091 precious ( Family memories are precious and should be cherished. ) ●●●
1092 prominent ( He is a prominent figure in the field of technology. ) ●●●
1093 blind ( She has been blind since birth but has achieved so much. ) ●●●
1094 deaf ( The deaf community has its own rich culture and language. ) ●●●
1095 harsh ( The harsh winter weather made travel difficult. ) ●●●
1096 prompt ( He gave a prompt response to the emergency situation. ) ●●●
1097 inevitable ( Change is inevitable in the world of technology. ) ●●●
1098 marine ( Marine life is diverse and includes creatures of all sizes. ) ●●●
1099 tropical ( The tropical rainforest is home to many exotic species. ) ●●●
1100 Arctic ( The Arctic region is known for its extreme cold and ice-covered landscape. ) ●●●
1101 forecast ( The weather forecast predicts rain for the entire weekend. ) ●●●
1102 speculate ( Economists speculate that the market will recover soon. ) ●●●
1103 bet ( I bet he’ll arrive late as usual. ) ●●●
1104 quote ( She quoted a famous line from Shakespeare in her essay. ) ●●●
1105 consult ( You should consult a doctor if the symptoms persist. ) ●●●
1106 dispute ( The two parties are in a legal dispute over the property. ) ●●●
1107 accumulate ( Over time, dust accumulated on the old bookshelf. ) ●●●
1108 grasp ( He finally grasped the concept after several explanations. ) ●●●
1109 grip ( She tightened her grip on the handle as the train moved. ) ●●●
1110 seize ( The police seized illegal items during the raid. ) ●●●
1111 comprehend ( It’s difficult to comprehend the scale of the universe. ) ●●●
1112 constitute ( These factors constitute the main reasons for the project’s delay. ) ●●●
1113 reinforce ( The teacher reinforced the lesson with real-world examples. ) ●●●
1114 resort ( They resorted to using candles when the electricity went out. ) ●●●
1115 donate ( She donated a large sum of money to the children’s hospital. ) ●●●
1116 obey ( The dog obeyed its owner’s commands perfectly. ) ●●●
1117 dedicate ( He dedicated his life to protecting the environment. ) ●●●
1118 transmit ( The radio station transmits signals across the country. ) ●●●
1119 equip ( The soldiers were equipped with the latest technology. ) ●●●
1120 bind ( The contract legally binds both parties to the agreement. ) ●●●
1121 pose ( The question posed by the professor sparked a lively discussion. ) ●●●
1122 pause ( She paused the movie to answer a phone call. ) ●●●
1123 hesitate ( Don’t hesitate to ask questions if you have any doubts. ) ●●●
1124 split ( They decided to split the bill equally among the group. ) ●●●
1125 bend ( He bent down to pick up the coin from the floor. ) ●●●
1126 tap ( She tapped on the window to get my attention. ) ●●●
1127 boil ( Boil the water before adding the pasta. ) ●●●
1128 bow ( The performers bowed to the audience at the end of the show. ) ●●●
1129 conceal ( He tried to conceal his surprise but couldn’t. ) ●●●
1130 dispose ( Please dispose of the trash in the designated bin. ) ●●●
1131 cheat ( Cheating on exams is strictly forbidden. ) ●●●
1132 distract ( The loud music distracted her from her studies. ) ●●●
1133 exclude ( The list excludes items that are no longer available. ) ●●●
1134 astonish ( His sudden announcement astonished everyone in the room. ) ●●●
1135 thrill ( The roller coaster ride thrilled the kids with its speed and turns. ) ●●●
1136 leap ( The cat leaped gracefully onto the roof. ) ●●●
1137 postpone ( They decided to postpone the meeting until next week. ) ●●●
1138 dismiss ( The teacher dismissed the class early due to the heat. ) ●●●
1139 resign ( He resigned from his position to pursue other opportunities. ) ●●●
1140 withdraw ( She withdrew her application after accepting another offer. ) ●●●
1141 fade ( The colors on the old photograph had faded over time. ) ●●●
1142 vanish ( The magician made the coin vanish right before our eyes. ) ●●●
1143 continent ( Asia is the largest continent in terms of landmass. ) ●●●
1144 geography ( She is fascinated by the geography of different countries. ) ●●●
1145 ecology ( Ecology studies how organisms interact with their environment. ) ●●●
1146 inhabitant ( The inhabitants of the village welcomed us warmly. ) ●●●
1147 suburb ( They moved to a quiet suburb to escape the busy city life. ) ●●●
1148 furniture ( The furniture in the living room is both stylish and comfortable. ) ●●●
1149 refrigerator ( The refrigerator keeps our food fresh for longer periods. ) ●●●
1150 garbage ( Please take the garbage out before it starts to smell. ) ●●●
1151 trash ( Please don’t forget to take out the trash tonight. ) ●●●
1152 litter ( People should avoid littering to keep the environment clean. ) ●●●
1153 trace ( The archaeologists found traces of an ancient civilization. ) ●●●
1154 row ( They planted flowers in neat rows along the fence. ) ●●●
1155 core ( Trust is the core of a strong relationship. ) ●●●
1156 orbit ( The satellite remains in orbit around the Earth. ) ●●●
1157 galaxy ( The Milky Way galaxy is home to billions of stars. ) ●●●
1158 myth ( There are many myths surrounding the origins of this ancient temple. ) ●●●
1159 faith ( She has great faith in her abilities to succeed. ) ●●●
1160 wisdom ( His wisdom and experience make him a great mentor. ) ●●●
1161 obligation ( We have a moral obligation to help those in need. ) ●●●
1162 privilege ( It’s a privilege to be part of such an incredible team. ) ●●●
1163 discrimination ( The law aims to eliminate discrimination in the workplace. ) ●●●
1164 ambition ( Her ambition drove her to achieve remarkable success. ) ●●●
1165 illusion ( The magician’s performance created the illusion of floating. ) ●●●
1166 instinct ( His instinct told him to avoid the dangerous path. ) ●●●
1167 shame ( She felt deep shame for breaking her promise. ) ●●●
1168 humor ( His sense of humor lightened the mood during the meeting. ) ●●●
1169 courage ( It takes courage to stand up for what you believe in. ) ●●●
1170 sympathy ( She expressed her sympathy for the family’s loss. ) ●●●
1171 tragedy ( The earthquake was a tragedy that affected many lives. ) ●●●
1172 fate ( They believe their meeting was written in fate. ) ●●●
1173 destiny ( She followed her destiny and achieved her lifelong dreams. ) ●●●
1174 abuse ( The organization works to prevent abuse and support victims. ) ●●●
1175 wound ( He treated the wound with antiseptic and bandages. ) ●●●
1176 fever ( The child was recovering from a high fever. ) ●●●
1177 infection ( Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. ) ●●●
1178 brave ( The brave firefighter saved the cat from the burning house. ) ●●●
1179 brilliant ( Her brilliant idea solved the problem in no time. ) ●●●
1180 gentle ( He spoke in a gentle tone to calm the nervous child. ) ●●●
1181 noble ( Helping others is a noble act that brings joy to everyone. ) ●●●
1182 royal ( The royal family attended the grand ceremony. ) ●●●
1183 sacred ( This forest is sacred to the indigenous people of the region. ) ●●●
1184 holy ( The pilgrimage takes visitors to many holy sites. ) ●●●
1185 decent ( He did a decent job on the presentation, considering the time constraints. ) ●●●
1186 grateful ( She felt grateful for the support from her friends and family. ) ●●●
1187 fond ( He has fond memories of his childhood in the countryside. ) ●●●
1188 selfish ( It’s selfish to always put your own needs first. ) ●●●
1189 awkward ( There was an awkward silence after her unexpected comment. ) ●●●
1190 awful ( The food tasted awful, and we had to throw it away. ) ●●●
1191 ultimate ( Achieving her ultimate goal required years of dedication. ) ●●●
1192 dynamic ( The dynamic performance captivated the audience. ) ●●●
1193 tremendous ( She made a tremendous effort to complete the project on time. ) ●●●
1194 abundant ( This region is abundant in natural resources. ) ●●●
1195 dull ( The lecture was so dull that many students lost interest. ) ●●●
1196 urgent ( It’s urgent to address the issue before it escalates. ) ●●●
1197 spare ( Do you have any spare time to help with this task? ) ●●●
1198 tight ( The schedule was tight, leaving little room for flexibility. ) ●●●
1199 shallow ( The water in the pond is shallow enough to walk through. ) ●●●
1200 superficial ( His comments were superficial and lacked depth. ) ●●●
1201 whisper ( She whispered a secret into her friend’s ear. ) ●●●
1202 yell ( He yelled loudly to catch the attention of the passerby. ) ●●●
1203 scream ( The horror movie made everyone scream in fright. ) ●●●
1204 nod ( She nodded in agreement during the discussion. ) ●●●
1205 swallow ( He swallowed the pill with a glass of water. ) ●●●
1206 yawn ( The long meeting made everyone yawn repeatedly. ) ●●●
1207 cough ( He coughed due to the cold weather outside. ) ●●●
1208 hug ( They hugged each other warmly after years of separation. ) ●●●
1209 sweep ( She swept the floor clean after dinner. ) ●●●
1210 polish ( He polished the silverware until it gleamed. ) ●●●
1211 decorate ( We decorated the room with balloons for the birthday party. ) ●●●
1212 shed ( The tree shed its leaves during autumn. ) ●●●
1213 drag ( He dragged the heavy suitcase across the airport floor. ) ●●●
1214 spoil ( The heat spoiled the fresh vegetables left outside. ) ●●●
1215 burst ( The balloon burst with a loud pop when it hit a sharp edge. ) ●●●
1216 explode ( The fireworks exploded beautifully in the night sky. ) ●●●
1217 compromise ( Both sides agreed to compromise to resolve the disagreement. ) ●●●
1218 exaggerate ( He exaggerated the difficulty of the task to avoid doing it. ) ●●●
1219 exploit ( The company exploited its resources to increase profit. ) ●●●
1220 utilize ( She utilized her skills to successfully manage the project. ) ●●●
1221 irritate ( His constant interruptions irritated everyone in the room. ) ●●●
1222 insult ( She felt insulted by his rude comments during the meeting. ) ●●●
1223 deceive ( He deceived them by pretending to be someone else. ) ●●●
1224 violate ( The new policy aims to protect individuals from violations of their rights. ) ●●●
1225 disgust ( The sight of the polluted river disgusted the visitors. ) ●●●
1226 endure ( She endured many hardships before achieving success. ) ●●●
1227 tolerate ( He tolerates spicy food but prefers milder flavors. ) ●●●
1228 suspend ( The event was suspended due to unforeseen circumstances. ) ●●●
1229 cease ( The company decided to cease operations in the area. ) ●●●
1230 appoint ( She was appointed as the new director of the department. ) ●●●
1231 undertake ( The team decided to undertake the challenge despite the risks. ) ●●●
1232 overtake ( The car overtook the truck on the highway with ease. ) ●●●
1233 proceed ( Please proceed to the next step of the application process. ) ●●●
1234 commute ( She commutes by train every day to work. ) ●●●
1235 flourish ( The company flourished in the competitive market due to its innovative ideas. ) ●●●
1236 thrive ( Plants thrive in environments with proper sunlight and water. ) ●●●
1237 venture ( He decided to venture into a new industry after years in retail. ) ●●●
1238 accustom ( She quickly accustomed herself to the new culture. ) ●●●
1239 rear ( They built a playground at the rear of the school. ) ●●●
1240 inherit ( She inherited her grandmother’s antique jewelry collection. ) ●●●
1241 blossom ( The cherry trees blossom beautifully in spring. ) ●●●
1242 esteem ( He is held in high esteem by his colleagues for his integrity. ) ●●●
1243 merchant ( The merchant sold spices and textiles in the bustling market. ) ●●●
1244 fare ( The taxi fare to the airport was surprisingly reasonable. ) ●●●
1245 voyage ( The voyage across the ocean lasted several weeks. ) ●●●
1246 crew ( The ship’s crew worked tirelessly to navigate through the storm. ) ●●●
1247 luggage ( She packed her luggage for the long journey ahead. ) ●●●
1248 horizon ( The sun set beautifully over the horizon. ) ●●●
1249 lightning ( The sudden lightning lit up the dark sky. ) ●●●
1250 dawn ( He woke up early to enjoy the serenity of dawn. ) ●●●
1251 astronomy ( Astronomy helps us understand the universe and its mysteries. ) ●●●
1252 statistics ( The statistics show a significant rise in employment rates. ) ●●●
1253 dimension ( The building has impressive dimensions and a unique design. ) ●●●
1254 faculty ( The university faculty consists of experienced professors and researchers. ) ●●●
1255 scheme ( The government introduced a new scheme to support small businesses. ) ●●●
1256 viewpoint ( She shared her viewpoint on the environmental impact of the project. ) ●●●
1257 output ( The factory’s output increased significantly after modernization. ) ●●●
1258 outlook ( He has a positive outlook on life despite facing challenges. ) ●●●
1259 tuition ( The tuition for the course was covered by the scholarship. ) ●●●
1260 proverb ( The old proverb says, “A stitch in time saves nine.” ) ●●●
1261 biography ( I recently read a fascinating biography of Albert Einstein. ) ●●●
1262 narrative ( The narrative of the movie was both engaging and emotional. ) ●●●
1263 chapter ( This chapter explains the basic concepts of quantum physics. ) ●●●
1264 string ( He tied the package with a strong string to secure it. ) ●●●
1265 tag ( The price tag on this shirt shows it’s on sale. ) ●●●
1266 peasant ( In medieval times, peasants worked the land for their lords. ) ●●●
1267 livestock ( The farmer raises livestock such as cattle and sheep. ) ●●●
1268 famine ( The famine caused widespread suffering across the region. ) ●●●
1269 fatigue ( After working for hours, he felt extreme fatigue and needed rest. ) ●●●
1270 motive ( The police are investigating the motive behind the crime. ) ●●●
1271 sweat ( Sweat dripped from his forehead after the intense workout. ) ●●●
1272 peer ( She was nervous about presenting her ideas in front of her peers. ) ●●●
1273 glance ( A quick glance at the schedule told her she was running late. ) ●●●
1274 glimpse ( He caught a glimpse of the celebrity walking down the street. ) ●●●
1275 luxury ( Staying at the five-star hotel was a rare luxury for them. ) ●●●
1276 prosperity ( Economic prosperity often leads to improved living standards. ) ●●●
1277 fame ( The artist gained international fame for her unique style. ) ●●●
1278 keen ( She has a keen interest in learning new languages. ) ●●●
1279 inclined ( He was inclined to agree with the new proposal. ) ●●●
1280 competent ( She is highly competent and can handle complex tasks efficiently. ) ●●●
1281 superior ( His performance was far superior to what we had expected. ) ●●●
1282 inferior ( The materials used in this product are inferior to others in the market. ) ●●●
1283 cruel ( The cruel treatment of animals must be stopped immediately. ) ●●●
1284 indifferent ( He seemed indifferent to the outcome of the match. ) ●●●
1285 ashamed ( She felt ashamed of her behavior at the party. ) ●●●
1286 bold ( His bold decision to start his own business paid off. ) ●●●
1287 ridiculous ( The idea of flying cars once seemed ridiculous, but not anymore. ) ●●●
1288 ugly ( The old building had an ugly exterior but a charming interior. ) ●●●
1289 pale ( She turned pale with shock upon hearing the news. ) ●●●
1290 male ( The male lion guards the pride while the females hunt. ) ●●●
1291 manual ( The manual for the new device is easy to understand. ) ●●●
1292 mutual ( They share a mutual respect for each other’s skills. ) ●●●
1293 delicate ( The delicate flowers need extra care to thrive. ) ●●●
1294 deliberate ( His deliberate decision took everyone by surprise. ) ●●●
1295 gradual ( The gradual increase in temperature signals the arrival of spring. ) ●●●
1296 loose ( The shoelaces are loose; let me tie them for you. ) ●●●
1297 bitter ( The coffee tasted bitter, so she added some sugar. ) ●●●
1298 mild ( He prefers mild weather over extreme heat or cold. ) ●●●
1299 dense ( The dense forest was difficult to navigate. ) ●●●
1300 tense ( The atmosphere in the courtroom was extremely tense. ) ●●●
1301 conceive ( She was able to conceive a brilliant idea for the project. ) ●●●
1302 confess ( He confessed that he had forgotten to complete the assignment. ) ●●●
1303 conform ( All employees are required to conform to the company’s rules. ) ●●●
1304 offend ( His comments offended several people in the audience. ) ●●●
1305 envy ( She couldn’t help but envy her friend’s success. ) ●●●
1306 boast ( He boasted about his achievements during the meeting. ) ●●●
1307 dare ( She dared to speak up against unfair treatment. ) ●●●
1308 confine ( The injured bird was confined to a small cage for safety. ) ●●●
1309 contradict ( His actions contradict his previous statements. ) ●●●
1310 compensate ( The company compensated the employees for their overtime work. ) ●●●
1311 coincide ( The festival coincides with the holiday weekend this year. ) ●●●
1312 assure ( I assure you that the project will be completed on time. ) ●●●
1313 attain ( She attained her goal of becoming a professional musician. ) ●●●
1314 inquire ( He inquired about the availability of rooms at the hotel. ) ●●●
1315 invade ( The army invaded the enemy territory during the war. ) ●●●
1316 conquer ( The explorers conquered new lands in search of resources. ) ●●●
1317 persist ( Despite the challenges, she persisted in her efforts. ) ●●●
1318 last ( The storm lasted for several hours, causing widespread damage. ) ●●●
1319 surrender ( The soldiers surrendered when they ran out of supplies. ) ●●●
1320 betray ( He betrayed his friend’s trust by revealing their secret. ) ●●●
1321 strain ( She strained her back while lifting a heavy box. ) ●●●
1322 refrain ( Please refrain from making loud noises during the performance. ) ●●●
1323 scatter ( The wind scattered the leaves across the lawn. ) ●●●
1324 spill ( He accidentally spilled his coffee on the table. ) ●●●
1325 prevail ( Justice prevailed, and the innocent man was set free. ) ●●●
1326 starve ( Many families starved during the famine. ) ●●●
1327 digest ( She took some time to digest the information she had just received. ) ●●●
1328 disguise ( The spy disguised himself as a local worker to gather information. ) ●●●
1329 strip ( They stripped the old paint off the walls before repainting. ) ●●●
1330 scratch ( The cat scratched the sofa while playing. ) ●●●
1331 bathe ( She bathed in the clear, refreshing waters of the stream. ) ●●●
1332 soak ( The laundry soaked in water for an hour before being washed. ) ●●●
1333 stir ( He stirred the soup to mix the ingredients evenly. ) ●●●
1334 wind ( The trail winds through the dense forest for miles. ) ●●●
1335 heal ( The wound will heal over time with proper care. ) ●●●
1336 knit ( She knitted a warm scarf for the winter. ) ●●●
1337 sew ( He learned to sew a button back onto his shirt. ) ●●●
1338 dye ( They dyed the fabric in bright colors for the festival. ) ●●●
1339 beg ( The homeless man begged for food on the street corner. ) ●●●
1340 pray ( She prayed for her family’s safety during the storm. ) ●●●
1341 congratulate ( I’d like to congratulate you on your outstanding performance. ) ●●●
1342 summit ( The climbers reached the summit after days of effort. ) ●●●
1343 mayor ( The mayor attended the opening ceremony of the new park. ) ●●●
1344 secretary ( The secretary prepared the documents for the board meeting. ) ●●●
1345 council ( The council voted to approve the new community project. ) ●●●
1346 panel ( A panel of experts discussed the future of renewable energy. ) ●●●
1347 jury ( The jury deliberated for hours before reaching a verdict. ) ●●●
1348 quarrel ( The siblings often quarrel over trivial matters. ) ●●●
1349 divorce ( They decided to file for divorce after years of unhappiness. ) ●●●
1350 thief ( The thief was caught by the police while attempting to escape. ) ●●●
1351 refuge ( The refugees found refuge in a safe shelter provided by the organization. ) ●●●
1352 mercy ( The judge showed mercy and reduced the defendant’s sentence. ) ●●●
1353 caution ( Proceed with caution when walking on icy roads. ) ●●●
1354 pity ( She felt pity for the stray dog wandering the streets. ) ●●●
1355 sorrow ( The family expressed deep sorrow at the loss of their loved one. ) ●●●
1356 grief ( He struggled to cope with the grief of losing his best friend. ) ●●●
1357 despair ( Despite her despair, she managed to find hope and keep going. ) ●●●
1358 suicide ( The hotline provides support to individuals struggling with thoughts of suicide. ) ●●●
1359 ambulance ( The ambulance arrived quickly to take the injured to the hospital. ) ●●●
1360 funeral ( Many people attended the funeral to pay their respects. ) ●●●
1361 grave ( The grave of the famous poet is visited by admirers from around the world. ) ●●●
1362 virtue ( Patience is a virtue that often leads to success. ) ●●●
1363 legend ( According to the legend, the treasure is hidden on the island. ) ●●●
1364 prestige ( Winning the award brought great prestige to the university. ) ●●●
1365 glory ( The team fought with determination to achieve glory in the final match. ) ●●●
1366 dignity ( She handled the difficult situation with grace and dignity. ) ●●●
1367 worship ( They gathered at the temple to worship and offer prayers. ) ●●●
1368 criterion ( The main criterion for selection is relevant experience. ) ●●●
1369 consent ( The students must obtain parental consent for the field trip. ) ●●●
1370 triumph ( His triumph in the competition was celebrated by the entire town. ) ●●●
1371 circulation ( Good circulation is vital for maintaining a healthy body. ) ●●●
1372 merit ( This proposal has great merit and deserves serious consideration. ) ●●●
1373 appetite ( After the long hike, he had a huge appetite for dinner. ) ●●●
1374 nutrition ( Proper nutrition is essential for a child’s growth and development. ) ●●●
1375 decay ( The old building showed signs of decay after decades of neglect. ) ●●●
1376 atom ( Every object in the universe is made up of atoms. ) ●●●
1377 boom ( The tech industry is experiencing a significant boom in innovation. ) ●●●
1378 valid ( Your passport must be valid for at least six months to travel abroad. ) ●●●
1379 due ( The assignment is due next Friday, so please plan accordingly. ) ●●●
1380 vacant ( The apartment has been vacant since the previous tenants moved out. ) ●●●
1381 bare ( The tree stood bare after all its leaves had fallen. ) ●●●
1382 naked ( The walls looked bare and naked without any paintings. ) ●●●
1383 obscure ( The meaning of the ancient text is obscure and difficult to interpret. ) ●●●
1384 peculiar ( There was something peculiar about the way he acted that day. ) ●●●
1385 tidy ( She keeps her desk neat and tidy at all times. ) ●●●
1386 minute ( He noticed a minute detail that others had overlooked. ) ●●●
1387 vague ( Her answer was vague, leaving us unsure of what she meant. ) ●●●
1388 steep ( The mountain trail was steep and challenging to climb. ) ●●●
1389 humid ( The weather in the rainforest is hot and humid throughout the year. ) ●●●
1390 earnest ( He made an earnest effort to resolve the misunderstanding. ) ●●●
1391 absurd ( The idea seemed absurd at first but turned out to be effective. ) ●●●
1392 hostile ( The hostile tone of the conversation made everyone uncomfortable. ) ●●●
1393 idle ( The factory was idle during the holiday season. ) ●●●
1394 jealous ( She felt jealous of her friend’s recent achievements. ) ●●●
1395 loyal ( Dogs are known to be loyal companions to their owners. ) ●●●
1396 supreme ( He holds a supreme position of authority in the organization. ) ●●●
1397 infinite ( The possibilities for innovation in this field are infinite. ) ●●●
1398 static ( The design remained static despite suggestions for improvement. ) ●●●
1399 thorough ( A thorough review of the data is necessary before making a decision. ) ●●●
1400 immense ( The immense size of the canyon left the tourists in awe. ) ●●●

英単語練習(難関:MARCHレベル)

●●●は単語・例文の日本語意味


1 create ( Technological change will create new ways of living. ) ●●●
2 increase ( Japan’s real GDP increased by 1.9 percent last year. ) ●●●
3 improve ( Light exercise improves thinking ability. ) ●●●
4 mean ( Her silence means that she does not agree with you. ) ●●●
5 own ( A millionaire from China owns this hotel. ) ●●●
6 include ( Jane’s work includes typing letters and making appointments. ) ●●●
7 consider ( She considers herself to be lucky. ) ●●●
8 allow ( The company allows its employees to take long winter vacations. ) ●●●
9 suggest ( The teacher suggested that he study physics in university. ) ●●●
10 produce ( The manufacturer produces home electrical appliances. ) ●●●
11 decide ( She has decided to memorize ten English words a day. ) ●●●
12 offer ( Uncle George offered me an opportunity to work for his company. ) ●●●
13 require ( The Road Traffic Law requires you to wear a seat belt. ) ●●●
14 share ( I share my office space with other people. ) ●●●
15 store ( You should store backups of data on the Internet regularly. ) ●●●
16 tend ( My town tends to get windy. ) ●●●
17 concern ( We are concerned about the negative effect of the new tax law. ) ●●●
18 describe ( She described her physical condition to her doctor. ) ●●●
19 involve ( In Japan, more and more men are involved in raising children. ) ●●●
20 reduce ( Good eating habits can reduce the risk of heart disease. ) ●●●
21 design ( Airbags are designed to protect average-sized adult males. ) ●●●
22 force ( The scandal forced the CEO to resign from his position. ) ●●●
23 limit ( “Tweets” were originally limited to 140 characters. ) ●●●
24 bear ( The man could not bear his stomachache. ) ●●●
25 affect ( Your language can affect your way of thinking. ) ●●●
26 deal ( Our team deals with complaints from our customers. ) ●●●
27 avoid ( She somehow avoided getting involved in the quarrel. ) ●●●
28 relate ( She believes that people’s blood types are related to their personalities. ) ●●●
29 realize ( She realized that she was put in a difficult position. ) ●●●
30 encourage ( Many companies encourage their employees not to work overtime. ) ●●●
31 compare ( She compared the Japanese economy with the U.S. economy. ) ●●●
32 measure ( She measures her temperature every morning. ) ●●●
33 exist ( Some linguists think that about 8,000 languages exist in the world. ) ●●●
34 mark ( During the test, the student marked his answers with a pencil. ) ●●●
35 challenge ( He challenged the common belief that laughter is a unique human feature. ) ●●●
36 depend ( Children depend on their parents for many things. ) ●●●
37 object ( Her parents objected to her marriage. ) ●●●
38 demand ( I demanded that she let me go with her. ) ●●●
39 found ( A thinker in the Meiji Era founded this university. ) ●●●
40 complete ( She completed all the forms for her college application. ) ●●●
41 idea ( He came up with a good idea for the school party. ) ●●●
42 accord ( The research results were in accord with the expectations of the team. ) ●●●
43 company ( He started to work for an insurance company three years ago. ) ●●●
44 interest ( She seems to have a great interest in classical music. ) ●●●
45 research ( The team did research on life on Mars. ) ●●●
46 cause ( Air pollution is a major cause of health problems. ) ●●●
47 reason ( He explained the reason for his absence from school today. ) ●●●
48 effect ( Abnormal weather can have a negative effect on people’s lives. ) ●●●
49 influence ( Exercising has an important influence on one’s health. ) ●●●
50 situation ( The economic situation of the country is gently improving. ) ●●●
51 environment ( Recycling is an effective way to help the environment. ) ●●●
52 skill ( She needs to improve her cooking skills to become a chef. ) ●●●
53 matter ( She is good at handling difficult matters. ) ●●●
54 view ( She often expresses her view on welfare for the elderly. ) ●●●
55 value ( Many societies place a high value on education these days. ) ●●●
56 species ( Biologists think there is a need to protect endangered species. ) ●●●
57 thought ( Bob gave some thought to applying for the big contest. ) ●●●
58 knowledge ( Most young adults these days have a good knowledge of computers. ) ●●●
59 memory ( She has a good memory for people’s faces. ) ●●●
60 practice ( The manager decided to put his new ideas into practice. ) ●●●
61 benefit ( Both nations will enjoy the benefits of a new free-trade agreement. ) ●●●
62 theory ( There are many different theories about how cancers occur. ) ●●●
63 issue ( The city council will discuss the issue of the new airport. ) ●●●
64 experiment ( The scientist carried out various experiments on plants. ) ●●●
65 article ( Researchers often cite articles from this scientific journal. ) ●●●
66 focus ( Reducing poverty is the main focus of the book. ) ●●●
67 subject ( The author’s novels often deal with the subject of space travel. ) ●●●
68 project ( The mayor set up a project to clean up the city. ) ●●●
69 quality ( The company is trying to improve the quality of its products. ) ●●●
70 role ( Laughter plays an important role in strengthening personal relationships. ) ●●●
71 term ( “Hypertension” is a medical term for abnormally high blood pressure. ) ●●●
72 statement ( The politician made a short statement to the press. ) ●●●
73 material ( The company makes its products with only natural materials. ) ●●●
74 evidence ( There is clear evidence that the man did not commit the crime. ) ●●●
75 source ( Solar power is considered to be a clean source of energy. ) ●●●
76 community ( The international community is working towards world peace. ) ●●●
77 technology ( Digital technology has significantly changed people’s ways of living. ) ●●●
78 culture ( Chopsticks are an important part of Asian culture. ) ●●●
79 appropriate ( It is important to wear appropriate clothes for a job interview. ) ●●●
80 likely ( Some people believe that AI robots are likely to replace most workers. ) ●●●
81 possible ( Nowadays, it is possible to buy almost anything on the Internet. ) ●●●
82 individual ( A group is not just a collection of individual talents. ) ●●●
83 public ( Our main concern is to improve public facilities in the city. ) ●●●
84 common ( The team worked towards the common goal of winning the match. ) ●●●
85 certain ( I am certain that she will get a promotion at work. ) ●●●
86 similar ( His car is similar to mine in design and performance. ) ●●●
87 recent ( Research shows that reading habits have declined in recent years. ) ●●●
88 major ( Economic growth is a major concern for the Japanese government. ) ●●●
89 patient ( You should be more patient with your children. ) ●●●
90 particular ( She cannot eat a particular type of nut. ) ●●●
91 physical ( It is a good habit to get physical exercise every day. ) ●●●
92 various ( There are various ways to achieve your goals. ) ●●●
93 available ( Tickets for the concert are available on the Internet. ) ●●●
94 native ( English is a native language for around 400 million people. ) ●●●
95 political ( The political situation of Britain changed after World War I. ) ●●●
96 due ( The train is due to arrive at Nagoya Station in ten minutes. ) ●●●
97 blank ( Write your name in the blank space at the bottom of the paper. ) ●●●
98 ancient ( The Olympic Games originated in ancient times in Greece. ) ●●●
99 correct ( You should always look for correct information before starting a report. ) ●●●
100 despite ( They went hiking despite the fact that a storm was coming. ) ●●●
101 notice ( The doctor quickly noticed a change in the patient’s condition. ) ●●●
102 refer ( The article refers to Darwin’s theory of evolution. ) ●●●
103 approach ( The car slowed down as it approached the curve. ) ●●●
104 wonder ( The teacher wondered why John didn’t attend today’s class. ) ●●●
105 imagine ( Imagine that you won the lottery. ) ●●●
106 recognize ( She immediately recognized the building in the photo. ) ●●●
107 solve ( She can solve any math problem quickly. ) ●●●
108 occur ( Forest fires often occur in California. ) ●●●
109 argue ( He argues that the country needs new energy policies. ) ●●●
110 claim ( Some scientists claim that coffee lowers the risk of heart disease. ) ●●●
111 express ( The politician expressed his opinions on the leak of state secrets. ) ●●●
112 draw ( He drew a conclusion from a series of experiments. ) ●●●
113 waste ( You should not waste too much time on chatting online. ) ●●●
114 advance ( All citizens should advance their knowledge of global ecology. ) ●●●
115 spread ( He spread rumors about Mike on social media. ) ●●●
116 prepare ( He prepared a speech for his friend’s wedding reception. ) ●●●
117 gain ( She gained a lot of experience in the music business. ) ●●●
118 achieve ( You can achieve your goals by making a good plan. ) ●●●
119 establish ( At a party, you can establish friendly relationships with others. ) ●●●
120 supply ( This power plant supplies electricity to the whole city. ) ●●●
121 suppose ( I suppose that his writing shows his true love of nature. ) ●●●
122 perform ( The two researchers decided to work together to perform an experiment. ) ●●●
123 prefer ( Some people prefer e-books to printed books. ) ●●●
124 determine ( It takes time to determine whether something is true or not. ) ●●●
125 treat ( Young people should treat their elders with respect. ) ●●●
126 prove ( Scientists have proven that dinosaurs once existed. ) ●●●
127 apply ( The computer company applied a new theory to its product designs. ) ●●●
128 mention ( The salesperson mentioned the features of his company’s products. ) ●●●
129 communicate ( SNS allow users to communicate with other users. ) ●●●
130 contain ( Junk food usually contains a lot of salt, sugar and fat. ) ●●●
131 contact ( If you need any help, please contact me anytime. ) ●●●
132 regard ( Today, many people regard English language ability as necessary. ) ●●●
133 respect ( I respect the professor because of his unique viewpoints on literature. ) ●●●
134 search ( The police searched for the missing person all night. ) ●●●
135 connect ( Nowadays, many people are connecting their TVs to the Internet. ) ●●●
136 decline ( The crime rate in the U.S. has declined steadily. ) ●●●
137 prevent ( Strict laws may prevent people from committing violent crimes. ) ●●●
138 suffer ( Many countries around the world suffer from natural disasters. ) ●●●
139 survive ( The man survived the traffic accident. ) ●●●
140 publish ( She published a novel about a professional gamer. ) ●●●
141 opportunity ( Most Japanese do not have an opportunity to use English every day. ) ●●●
142 task ( She completed the task of making a sales presentation. ) ●●●
143 industry ( The Japanese auto industry is making big changes in car manufacturing. ) ●●●
144 medium ( People nowadays use social media to share information and ideas. ) ●●●
145 economy ( I wonder if higher wages are good for the Japanese economy. ) ●●●
146 policy ( The government is changing its free-market policy. ) ●●●
147 account ( The patient’s family was given a detailed account of the operation. ) ●●●
148 trade ( There was an increase in wine trade between the two countries. ) ●●●
149 model ( The famous reporter’s work is an ideal model of journalism. ) ●●●
150 figure ( There is room for improvement in the sales figures of our cars. ) ●●●
151 cell ( They discovered a virus that destroys cancer cells. ) ●●●
152 image ( We have a positive image of Olympic athletes. ) ●●●
153 emotion ( Men and women seem to handle emotions quite differently. ) ●●●
154 stress ( A tight work schedule may cause stress. ) ●●●
155 decade ( The country has had fast growth over the last few decades. ) ●●●
156 range ( The company made a plan to expand the range of its products. ) ●●●
157 character ( Many foreigners think Japanese people have a modest character. ) ●●●
158 advantage ( One great advantage of online communities is relationship building. ) ●●●
159 phrase ( A phrase like “it’s similar to” is useful for explaining words. ) ●●●
160 damage ( The hurricane caused great damage to the city. ) ●●●
161 impact ( A wasteful use of resources has a negative impact on the environment. ) ●●●
162 method ( Some methods of dieting face a lot of criticism. ) ●●●
163 resource ( Technology will make the efficient use of natural resources possible. ) ●●●
164 region ( Auroras are visible in the polar regions. ) ●●●
165 medicine ( The doctors tried out a new kind of medicine on the girl. ) ●●●
166 detail ( You should not post too many personal details on your blog. ) ●●●
167 feature ( The most unique feature of the new building is its curved shape. ) ●●●
168 function ( Voice recognition is one of the most useful functions of smartphones. ) ●●●
169 access ( People can easily have access to the Internet these days. ) ●●●
170 item ( The secret behind the popularity of the shop is its wide choice of items. ) ●●●
171 income ( The average annual household income has declined over the past decade. ) ●●●
172 attitude ( Her positive attitude toward the job led to her success. ) ●●●
173 site ( The mayor visited the site of the upcoming new airport. ) ●●●
174 aspect ( Some aspects of language learning become more difficult with age. ) ●●●
175 structure ( The social structure of the country has changed over the years. ) ●●●
176 habit ( He has the habit of checking e-mail messages at meal times. ) ●●●
177 link ( There is a strong link between unusual weather and global warming. ) ●●●
178 instance ( When we read, for instance, we make quick eye movements. ) ●●●
179 positive ( The English word “cool” has a positive meaning. ) ●●●
180 negative ( Loud noises may have a negative effect on studying. ) ●●●
181 complex ( There are many complex theories in physics. ) ●●●
182 current ( The current trend in cars is toward automated driving. ) ●●●
183 mental ( Taking in less sugar may benefit your mental health. ) ●●●
184 specific ( The teacher talked about a specific topic. ) ●●●
185 significant ( There are significant differences between having knowledge and using it. ) ●●●
186 essential ( Friends are essential for our lives. ) ●●●
187 official ( Hebrew is the official language of Israel. ) ●●●
188 financial ( The company received financial support from a bank. ) ●●●
189 academic ( Academic achievement is traditionally measured through examination. ) ●●●
190 aware ( We are aware of the importance of learning a second language. ) ●●●
191 worth ( Organic food is said to be healthy, so it is worth buying. ) ●●●
192 potential ( It is important in business to look for potential customers. ) ●●●
193 active ( Men should play an active role in raising children. ) ●●●
194 digital ( We are now experiencing rapid growth in digital technology. ) ●●●
195 mobile ( Gaming on mobile devices is becoming more popular. ) ●●●
196 novel ( He developed a novel theory concerning the human mind. ) ●●●
197 plastic ( The human brain is very plastic, so adults can adapt. ) ●●●
198 chemical ( Soda water is created by a chemical reaction. ) ●●●
199 necessary ( It is necessary to review English words regularly. ) ●●●
200 eventually ( She eventually earned a Ph.D. in mathematics. ) ●●●
201 identify ( The police officer identified the man as a criminal. ) ●●●
202 represent ( His music represents a new form of rock music. ) ●●●
203 indicate ( The cave paintings indicate that early humans had the idea of time. ) ●●●
204 manage ( The student managed to finish his report before the deadline. ) ●●●
205 attend ( I would like to attend the party because I might meet someone famous. ) ●●●
206 maintain ( Today, Kyoto still maintains a lot of its ancient culture. ) ●●●
207 survey ( One study surveyed 100 cancer patients who tried the new drug. ) ●●●
208 replace ( Machines have replaced human workers in many factories. ) ●●●
209 sort ( People are required to sort household waste into different types. ) ●●●
210 conduct ( The doctor conducted a quick test to measure my blood-sugar level. ) ●●●
211 associate ( Most people associate a lack of sleep with common health problems. ) ●●●
212 attempt ( The little girl attempted to convince her parents to buy her a toy. ) ●●●
213 promote ( Lively discussions may help promote better understanding among people. ) ●●●
214 earn ( She earns enough money to pay for her costs of living. ) ●●●
215 unite ( He united the whole country through his powerful and thoughtful speeches. ) ●●●
216 feed ( The mother feeds her baby every time he cries. ) ●●●
217 seek ( More and more people are seeking better ways to maintain a work-life balance. ) ●●●
218 observe ( I observed that the plant leaves began to turn brown. ) ●●●
219 reveal ( Some websites may reveal their users’ personal information by mistake. ) ●●●
220 estimate ( We estimated our arrival to be 20 minutes late. ) ●●●
221 reflect ( Freud believed that dreams reflected our deepest desires. ) ●●●
222 attract ( The teacher attracted her students’ attention by clapping her hands. ) ●●●
223 decrease ( My salary has gradually decreased over the last few years. ) ●●●
224 ignore ( The sailors ignored the warning about the dangerous currents in the sea. ) ●●●
225 match ( Modern building designs often match the natural surroundings. ) ●●●
226 define ( The dictionary defines happiness as the basic feeling of joy or satisfaction. ) ●●●
227 adapt ( She can adapt to various situations thanks to her positive attitude. ) ●●●
228 contribute ( Carbon dioxide contributes to global climate change. ) ●●●
229 exchange ( Nowadays, we can exchange information easily over the Internet. ) ●●●
230 display ( She sometimes displayed strong emotions while talking about her past. ) ●●●
231 respond ( Babies quickly respond to any sound similar to their mother’s heartbeat. ) ●●●
232 hide ( He hides his true feelings behind his smiles. ) ●●●
233 doubt ( I doubt that she will come on time. ) ●●●
234 remove ( Some plants can remove salt from seawater to produce freshwater. ) ●●●
235 wind ( I learned from my father how to wind this mechanical watch. ) ●●●
236 assume ( We tend to assume that Japanese trains always run on schedule. ) ●●●
237 relax ( Please relax and make yourself at home. ) ●●●
238 satisfy ( The hotel’s high level of service always satisfies its guests. ) ●●●
239 desire ( People who love shopping often desire to buy the latest goods. ) ●●●
240 succeed ( The scientist finally succeeded in developing the new robot. ) ●●●
241 concept ( Einstein’s theory of relativity has changed our understanding of the concept of time. ) ●●●
242 fashion ( People often follow the latest fashion in order to look more attractive. ) ●●●
243 device ( This electronic device can handle many tasks such as storing data. ) ●●●
244 charge ( An extra charge was added when I called for the taxi in advance. ) ●●●
245 contrast ( In contrast to the other leader, he spoke directly to the people. ) ●●●
246 colleague ( I discussed the matter with some of my colleagues at work. ) ●●●
247 pain ( I have terrible pain in my upper right arm. ) ●●●
248 bill ( My wife has a part-time job to help pay some bills. ) ●●●
249 content ( You may remember the content of your dreams as soon as you wake up. ) ●●●
250 section ( I have just recently started in the accounting section. ) ●●●
251 audience ( The audience at the theater was deeply moved by the actors’ performance. ) ●●●
252 surface ( About two thirds of the earth’s surface is covered with water. ) ●●●
253 crop ( Too much rain can be bad for farmers and their crops. ) ●●●
254 topic ( One of the suitable topics for small talk is health. ) ●●●
255 technique ( She developed a new technique for making smartphones easier to use. ) ●●●
256 status ( Women’s status in the Japanese workplace has improved slowly over the decades. ) ●●●
257 option ( She had the option of continuing her career after she got married. ) ●●●
258 reward ( Many people regard wealth as the reward for hard work. ) ●●●
259 race ( The mixing of races may be necessary for allowing Japanese society to function. ) ●●●
260 crime ( Many societies try their best to prevent children from being victims of crime. ) ●●●
261 conflict ( Historically speaking, conflicts over resources often led to war. ) ●●●
262 struggle ( Women’s struggle for equal rights is still an important issue today. ) ●●●
263 context ( The use of proper manners is effective in various business contexts. ) ●●●
264 debate ( In the meeting, there was a heated debate over the issue of gun control. ) ●●●
265 fuel ( The burning of fossil fuels is partly responsible for global warming. ) ●●●
266 pollution ( Tokyo somehow survived serious air pollution in the 1960s. ) ●●●
267 trend ( The current trend is toward getting elderly people to give up driving. ) ●●●
268 balance ( It is difficult to reach a balance between individual freedom and national security. ) ●●●
269 traffic ( There is heavy traffic on the road to the airport. ) ●●●
270 strategy ( The government created a long-term strategy for dealing with the economy. ) ●●●
271 basis ( The recent news story became the basis for the director’s new movie. ) ●●●
272 consequence ( The man often gets worried about the consequences of his actions. ) ●●●
273 aim ( The aim of the meeting is to make a budget for next year. ) ●●●
274 ancestor ( Common ancestors of humans and chimpanzees lived millions of years ago. ) ●●●
275 gene ( Living things receive their genes from their parents. ) ●●●
276 track ( The website is now keeping track of its number of visitors. ) ●●●
277 revolution ( The digital revolution may well change people’s way of reading books. ) ●●●
278 progress ( Medicine has made significant progress in treating serious diseases. ) ●●●
279 cognitive ( The cognitive function of the brain involves mental activities such as memory and thinking. ) ●●●
280 ideal ( The beachside is an ideal place for a daily walk. ) ●●●
281 efficient ( It is important to know the most efficient ways of studying. ) ●●●
282 universal ( Stories about heroes and heroines have universal appeal among children. ) ●●●
283 vast ( He has a vast knowledge of the animal kingdom. ) ●●●
284 extra ( The company asked the staff to work extra hours on Saturday. ) ●●●
285 entire ( He devoted his entire life to helping people in need. ) ●●●
286 familiar ( Taxi drivers are generally familiar with local roads. ) ●●●
287 obvious ( It was obvious that the woman was innocent of the crime. ) ●●●
288 moral ( The man refused to join the fight for moral reasons. ) ●●●
289 ordinary ( New technologies might change the lives of ordinary people. ) ●●●
290 equal ( $1 is almost equal to 100 yen. ) ●●●
291 previous ( His new computer software is far better than any previous version. ) ●●●
292 false ( Government officials are not allowed to issue false information. ) ●●●
293 rare ( The medicine may sometimes make people sleepy in rare cases. ) ●●●
294 legal ( Most legal systems are based on a belief in human rights. ) ●●●
295 independent ( Children should be independent of their parents after a certain age. ) ●●●
296 extreme ( Extreme inequality prevents many people from fulfilling their potential. ) ●●●
297 actual ( Students can learn scientific theories through actual experiences. ) ●●●
298 willing ( My friend was willing to help me move into a new apartment. ) ●●●
299 urban ( Nearly half of the world’s population lives in urban areas. ) ●●●
300 whereas ( He prefers British English, whereas she prefers American English. ) ●●●
301 predict ( The professor predicted that the economy would recover. ) ●●●
302 examine ( The doctor examined the patient’s stomach with a medical device. ) ●●●
303 trust ( I have decided to ignore any advice from others and trust my judgment. ) ●●●
304 stick ( We were stuck in a heavy traffic jam last night. ) ●●●
305 emerge ( His musical talent emerged early in his life. ) ●●●
306 vary ( Communication styles vary from culture to culture. ) ●●●
307 release ( When listening to music, chemicals are released into the brain. ) ●●●
308 divide ( The researchers divided their subjects into two groups. ) ●●●
309 enable ( Her excellent writing skills enabled her to get a good job. ) ●●●
310 judge ( We should not judge people by their appearance. ) ●●●
311 rely ( The country relied on military support from overseas. ) ●●●
312 engage ( He is engaged in teaching the history of Rome at a college. ) ●●●
313 shift ( The company shifted its manufacturing base to India. ) ●●●
314 adopt ( The airline adopted a new cost-saving measure. ) ●●●
315 acquire ( Acquiring knowledge is one thing, but applying it is another. ) ●●●
316 expand ( To improve your reading speed, you need to expand your vocabulary. ) ●●●
317 refuse ( The journalist refused to answer the questions about the source of the information. ) ●●●
318 strike ( Visitors to Florence are struck by its wonderful architecture and artwork. ) ●●●
319 repeat ( Humans tend to repeat their mistakes without much thought. ) ●●●
320 consume ( Eco-friendly cars consume less fuel than traditional gas-based cars. ) ●●●
321 confuse ( People sometimes confuse influenza with the common cold. ) ●●●
322 select ( To select your seat, some airlines require an additional fee. ) ●●●
323 evolve ( Early Indo-European languages evolved into ones such as Greek. ) ●●●
324 convince ( The doctor convinced me that exercising would improve my health. ) ●●●
325 recall ( Much as I tried, I could not recall her physical appearance. ) ●●●
326 destroy ( If we destroy the rainforests, they may never recover. ) ●●●
327 preserve ( Some kinds of food can be preserved for years by canning. ) ●●●
328 organize ( They organized the summer festival effectively. ) ●●●
329 warn ( She warned her little brother not to touch her PC. ) ●●●
330 address ( Many politicians have tried to address the problem of street crime. ) ●●●
331 operate ( The technician received training in order to operate the new machinery. ) ●●●
332 participate ( Robots with AI might one day be able to participate in childcare. ) ●●●
333 surround ( Dubai imports sand even though it is surrounded by desert. ) ●●●
334 flow ( The Thames flows through London and the Seine through Paris. ) ●●●
335 bore ( The film bored me, so I left the theater early. ) ●●●
336 complain ( People often complain about the government’s reaction to natural disasters. ) ●●●
337 host ( Mr. and Mrs. Smith hosted a garden party yesterday. ) ●●●
338 combine ( The book combines facts with fictions. ) ●●●
339 extend ( Stores often extend their business hours for the convenience of customers. ) ●●●
340 appreciate ( He does not think that everyone appreciates his talent. ) ●●●
341 target ( I have set myself a target of walking 10,000 steps a day. ) ●●●
342 element ( Correct grammar is an important element in essay writing. ) ●●●
343 principle ( The principle of first-come-first-served is simple and fair. ) ●●●
344 phenomenon ( The sharp rise of Japanese anime’s popularity is a global phenomenon. ) ●●●
345 atmosphere ( Gases like carbon dioxide increase the temperature in the atmosphere. ) ●●●
346 origin ( There are several theories about the origins of language. ) ●●●
347 personality ( According to a philosopher, one’s house reflects one’s personality. ) ●●●
348 capacity ( You can improve your memory capacity by using a foreign language. ) ●●●
349 profit ( Profits from successful businesses can greatly improve the economy. ) ●●●
350 circumstance ( Under no circumstances should you give anyone your credit card’s PIN. ) ●●●
351 manner ( Giving a smile is good manners when we meet someone. ) ●●●
352 threat ( Air pollution is a serious threat to children’s health. ) ●●●
353 resident ( The residents of the apartment often complain about noise in the building. ) ●●●
354 wealth ( Some say happiness lies in wealth. ) ●●●
355 institution ( Many academic institutions issue their own journals monthly. ) ●●●
356 authority ( In some nations, the government authorities limit the freedom of speech. ) ●●●
357 vote ( The politician received over 50 percent of all votes in the election. ) ●●●
358 sight ( You will be struck by the natural sights on the island. ) ●●●
359 campaign ( The campaign to push recycling has started to spread throughout the country. ) ●●●
360 fund ( The Internet was used to raise huge funds for the development of spacecraft. ) ●●●
361 web ( I read many good comments about the restaurant on the Web. ) ●●●
362 symbol ( People believe that the four-leaf clover is a symbol of good luck. ) ●●●
363 analysis ( A detailed analysis of the DNA shows that the men are brothers. ) ●●●
364 version ( This is a cheap version of the famous brand. ) ●●●
365 perspective ( Immigrants bring fresh perspectives to any society. ) ●●●
366 crisis ( Governments must always be prepared for a national crisis. ) ●●●
367 disaster ( Traditional Japanese architecture can stand firm against natural disasters. ) ●●●
368 lecture ( Professor Foote gave a lecture on economic science. ) ●●●
369 psychology ( She entered the university to study child psychology. ) ●●●
370 gender ( It is said that most languages carry delicate gender biases. ) ●●●
371 custom ( Japanese people have a custom of visiting a shrine on New Year’s Day. ) ●●●
372 court ( The man finally confessed his guilt in court. ) ●●●
373 desert ( Some plants can store water and survive in the desert. ) ●●●
374 soil ( Many farmers are improving their soil using living organisms. ) ●●●
375 agriculture ( Japan has a little land suitable for agriculture. ) ●●●
376 fossil ( Some kinds of scientists are focused on researching the marine fossils. ) ●●●
377 document ( The original role of the library was to store important documents. ) ●●●
378 vocabulary ( People with a large vocabulary may experience more success in the workplace. ) ●●●
379 intelligent ( Many people take pride in being called smart or intelligent. ) ●●●
380 conscious ( They say that more women than men are conscious of their health. ) ●●●
381 capable ( Human brains are capable of processing information faster than computers. ) ●●●
382 accurate ( Accurate weather forecasts are likely to produce huge economic benefits. ) ●●●
383 fundamental ( The ability to vote is considered a fundamental human right. ) ●●●
384 artificial ( Many companies are making advances in artificial intelligence. ) ●●●
385 firm ( He has a firm belief in the existence of aliens. ) ●●●
386 overall ( The overall cost of the project was more than we expected. ) ●●●
387 rural ( Some seniors are enjoying their rural life. ) ●●●
388 military ( One important military use of parachutes is for dropping cargo. ) ●●●
389 nuclear ( Germany decided to gradually stop using nuclear energy. ) ●●●
390 biological ( Generally speaking, every organism has a biological clock. ) ●●●
391 constant ( The constant light in the city is useful for preventing crimes. ) ●●●
392 severe ( Many cities are facing the severe conditions of air pollution. ) ●●●
393 visual ( We process visual information in the back of our brains. ) ●●●
394 enormous ( Human activity has an enormous affect on the natural environment. ) ●●●
395 convenient ( Online shopping is convenient for buying things these days. ) ●●●
396 domestic ( The couple received counseling to deal with their domestic troubles. ) ●●●
397 mass ( The recent economic depression has created mass unemployment. ) ●●●
398 typical ( Typical Hollywood movies feature big name actors. ) ●●●
399 overseas ( Japanese people can easily travel overseas if the yen is strong. ) ●●●
400 nevertheless ( A watch is tiny but nevertheless useful. ) ●●●
401 demonstrate ( The book demonstrates that education shapes the society. ) ●●●
402 behave ( She knows how to behave in a polite manner at a restaurant. ) ●●●
403 educate ( Zoos offer an opportunity to educate children about wild animals. ) ●●●
404 purchase ( You can purchase airline tickets online. ) ●●●
405 recommend ( The doctor recommended that she eat more meat and eggs. ) ●●●
406 admit ( I admitted that I lost my father’s favorite watch. ) ●●●
407 generate ( The manager sold the office building to generate income for the company. ) ●●●
408 explore ( The scientist explored the subject of clean energy in his research. ) ●●●
409 amaze ( The soprano’s beautiful voice amazed the audience. ) ●●●
410 tear ( The baby tore part of the letter he was playing with. ) ●●●
411 settle ( You should find a lawyer to settle the legal problem. ) ●●●
412 afford ( I cannot afford to buy luxurious goods. ) ●●●
413 conclude ( We concluded that our new sales plan is better than our old one. ) ●●●
414 advertise ( They advertise their new computer games online. ) ●●●
415 encounter ( You may encounter unfamiliar things in a new environment. ) ●●●
416 remind ( The song always reminds me of the good old days. ) ●●●
417 locate ( The library is located on the main street. ) ●●●
418 aid ( Many people sent supplies to aid disaster victims. ) ●●●
419 bite ( A big dog bit my leg when I was a child. ) ●●●
420 deliver ( He delivers packages every day regardless of the weather. ) ●●●
421 perceive ( He perceived a slight change in her attitude. ) ●●●
422 distinguish ( We sometimes fail to distinguish the copies from the originals. ) ●●●
423 imply ( The boy’s body language implied that he did not want to go to school today. ) ●●●
424 handle ( The lawyer has handled his difficult court cases properly. ) ●●●
425 praise ( His mother would often praise him for his good school performance. ) ●●●
426 appeal ( Japanese farmers have appealed to the government for protection from free trade. ) ●●●
427 insist ( He insisted on walking to school by himself. ) ●●●
428 compete ( Low-cost airlines in Japan will compete with their rivals in Europe. ) ●●●
429 rank ( A magazine ranked the hotel as the city’s best. ) ●●●
430 deny ( The politician denied having made such a statement. ) ●●●
431 reject ( She rejected the job offer due to its low pay. ) ●●●
432 intend ( She intends to go to bed early tonight. ) ●●●
433 expose ( Exposing your body to sunlight increases the risk of skin cancer. ) ●●●
434 favor ( More than half of the residents favor the plan to rebuild their apartment. ) ●●●
435 inspire ( Doing volunteer activities can inspire people to help others. ) ●●●
436 propose ( He proposed that the company introduce energy-saving equipment to the office. ) ●●●
437 spell ( Spelling a search term wrongly may give you unwanted results. ) ●●●
438 breathe ( Breathe deeply to relax. ) ●●●
439 repair ( I’ll have someone repair my computer as soon as possible. ) ●●●
440 consist ( British society consists of a variety of cultures. ) ●●●
441 comment ( Negative comments on an online review site may hurt businesses’ reputations. ) ●●●
442 instruction ( You don’t always have to follow your boss’s instructions. ) ●●●
443 religion ( More and more people say they do not believe in religion. ) ●●●
444 neighborhood ( Both my parents grew up in a poor neighborhood. ) ●●●
445 laboratory ( The temperature is kept constant inside the biology laboratory. ) ●●●
446 presence ( The presence of friends makes your life more pleasant. ) ●●●
447 confidence ( The teacher’s praise for her schoolwork strengthened her confidence. ) ●●●
448 harm ( The dry weather has caused serious harm to the crops. ) ●●●
449 instrument ( The doctor created a number of useful medical instruments. ) ●●●
450 category ( People in the over-70 age category pay less at the hospital. ) ●●●
451 capital ( Some companies in western countries have foreign capital in Asia. ) ●●●
452 outcome ( Many people watched the news for the outcome of the trial. ) ●●●
453 notion ( He considers the notion of peace as the absence of war. ) ●●●
454 review ( I read his review of the newly published book. ) ●●●
455 trait ( She bears physical traits common to the general Japanese population. ) ●●●
456 diversity ( Racial diversity is a major part of American society. ) ●●●
457 victim ( They have been working to aid victims injured by war. ) ●●●
458 occasion ( I have met him on two separate occasions. ) ●●●
459 facility ( The city has decided to increase the number of its day care facilities. ) ●●●
460 stock ( The store held a clearance sale to reduce their old stock. ) ●●●
461 conference ( I am leaving for Atlanta tomorrow to attend the international conference. ) ●●●
462 humanity ( Humanity is now faced with many environmental problems. ) ●●●
463 dialect ( The man learned a new regional dialect after moving into the countryside. ) ●●●
464 proportion ( A high proportion of the younger population reads no newspapers at all. ) ●●●
465 tip ( I will give you a useful tip: be honest to yourself. ) ●●●
466 lawyer ( He consulted a lawyer to discuss filing a lawsuit. ) ●●●
467 stuff ( She keeps her personal stuff in the cabinet in her office. ) ●●●
468 comfort ( He has been living in comfort and safety since his retirement. ) ●●●
469 philosophy ( The student took the class of modern philosophy just for fun. ) ●●●
470 mammal ( Most mammals including human beings can maintain their body temperature naturally. ) ●●●
471 quantity ( Burning jet fuel releases vast quantities of carbon dioxide. ) ●●●
472 landscape ( The colorful flowers add much beauty to the rural landscape. ) ●●●
473 tribe ( For Native American tribes, lacrosse games are major events. ) ●●●
474 organ ( The brain is the most advanced organ in the known universe. ) ●●●
475 trial ( Singapore has started the world’s first public trial of the robo-taxi service. ) ●●●
476 norm ( You are expected to adapt to changes in social norms. ) ●●●
477 code ( The local restaurant has a formal dress code. ) ●●●
478 substance ( Drinking water must be clean and free from harmful substances. ) ●●●
479 multiple ( The student searched multiple information sources for his project. ) ●●●
480 numerous ( Kyoto is an old capital city with numerous temples and shrines. ) ●●●
481 narrow ( The temperature varies only within a narrow range in a cave. ) ●●●
482 widespread ( My mother had trouble washing out a widespread stain on my T-shirt. ) ●●●
483 sufficient ( My new house doesn’t have the sufficient space to place all my furniture. ) ●●●
484 proper ( We should take proper measures to prevent accidents on highways. ) ●●●
485 linguistic ( Translators apply their general and linguistic knowledge. ) ●●●
486 annual ( My annual medical checkup is coming up soon. ) ●●●
487 contemporary ( If you prefer contemporary art, you should visit Tate Modern. ) ●●●
488 contrary ( Contrary to his expectations, the exam was very hard. ) ●●●
489 strict ( Australia has taken strict measures against illegal imports. ) ●●●
490 civil ( The U.S. Supreme Court often makes decisions concerning civil rights. ) ●●●
491 odd ( The teacher told his students some odd facts about world history. ) ●●●
492 unknown ( The cause of the accident is still unknown. ) ●●●
493 superior ( It is not easy to determine which kinds of art are superior to others. ) ●●●
494 sensitive ( My teeth are extremely sensitive to cold things. ) ●●●
495 violent ( It is said that American football is a violent sport. ) ●●●
496 virtual ( Virtual reality goggles make you unaware of your actual surroundings. ) ●●●
497 regardless ( The opportunity to work in all careers should be equal regardless of gender. ) ●●●
498 immediate ( He gave us an immediate answer on the matter. ) ●●●
499 crucial ( It is crucial that you are very careful when checking documents. ) ●●●
500 somewhat ( I’ll be somewhat late for your birthday party on Friday. ) ●●●
501 interpret ( We often interpret dreams as a reflection of our true thoughts. ) ●●●
502 translate ( She translated an English essay into French with ease. ) ●●●
503 concentrate ( In a quiet library I can concentrate on studying. ) ●●●
504 request ( The flight attendant requested all the passengers to remain seated. ) ●●●
505 criticize ( Employees criticized the company president for poor management. ) ●●●
506 overcome ( He managed to overcome his money problems. ) ●●●
507 obtain ( After graduation, he obtained a position in a large company. ) ●●●
508 inform ( Please inform us of any change in your plan. ) ●●●
509 ensure ( Please ensure that your safety belts are fastened. ) ●●●
510 announce ( The government announced a new policy on agriculture. ) ●●●
511 grant ( A fingerprint scanner can be used to grant employees access to certain areas. ) ●●●
512 freeze ( When water in the ocean freezes, layers of ice may form. ) ●●●
513 oppose ( Many voters opposed the current law. ) ●●●
514 differ ( Humans differ from other animals mostly due to their large brains. ) ●●●
515 hate ( My sister hates to practice the piano every day. ) ●●●
516 emphasize ( Biologists are emphasizing the need to protect the environment. ) ●●●
517 employ ( The research center now employs more than 100 scientists. ) ●●●
518 credit ( Her colleagues credit her success to her skill at blocking computer hackers. ) ●●●
519 transform ( Solar panels transform the sun’s energy into electricity. ) ●●●
520 construct ( The city plans to construct new public transportation facilities. ) ●●●
521 arise ( Social problems may arise from cultural differences. ) ●●●
522 beat ( Tim hopes to beat last year’s champion in the next game. ) ●●●
523 regret ( The lawyer regrets having been unable to help his client. ) ●●●
524 alter ( An increase in foreigners may alter a country’s traditional identity. ) ●●●
525 absorb ( The new T-shirt absorbs sweat and dries fast. ) ●●●
526 disappoint ( They were disappointed with the poor service of the restaurant. ) ●●●
527 cure ( Advanced medical techniques may cure certain types of cancer. ) ●●●
528 transport ( Ships are used to transport most of the world’s commercial goods. ) ●●●
529 rush ( The ambulance rushed to the scene of the accident to help the man. ) ●●●
530 hang ( He hung his jacket on the back of his chair. ) ●●●
531 blame ( We often blame a politician for having made a careless remark. ) ●●●
532 ban ( Today, many restaurants ban smoking inside. ) ●●●
533 fascinate ( Picasso’s paintings have long fascinated people in the world. ) ●●●
534 recover ( John used Chinese medicine to recover from his injuries. ) ●●●
535 celebrate ( My parents celebrated their 25th wedding anniversary in December. ) ●●●
536 manufacture ( The electronics company manufactures large quantities of smartphones. ) ●●●
537 interact ( Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment. ) ●●●
538 arrange ( She arranged a surprise party for her daughter. ) ●●●
539 adjust ( The chef adjusted the seasoning just before serving the soup. ) ●●●
540 confirm ( The postal worker confirmed my identity before handing me the express letter. ) ●●●
541 insight ( The research gave him new insights into human behavior. ) ●●●
542 innovation ( We can use the Internet anywhere thanks to technological innovations. ) ●●●
543 budget ( The public library was closed on account of budget cuts. ) ●●●
544 fee ( On weekends, the City Museum reduces the entrance fee for children. ) ●●●
545 expense ( The manager aims to cut down personnel expenses. ) ●●●
546 debt ( I am 500,000 yen in debt to my parents. ) ●●●
547 loan ( He spent ten years paying back the bank loan. ) ●●●
548 duty ( He was blamed for not doing his duty as a parent. ) ●●●
549 alarm ( When she heard a strange sound, she looked around in alarm. ) ●●●
550 emergency ( You need to know what to do in an emergency. ) ●●●
551 democracy ( Majority rule is the basic principle of democracy. ) ●●●
552 minister ( The Prime Minister’s explanations were sometimes inconsistent. ) ●●●
553 fellow ( You should get along with your fellows at work. ) ●●●
554 candidate ( Today she interviewed four candidates for the new position. ) ●●●
555 corporation ( Giant corporations control the worldwide industry of computer services. ) ●●●
556 stereotype ( Most foreigners have a positive stereotype of Japan. ) ●●●
557 route ( The GPS can plan the best route for the driver. ) ●●●
558 disorder ( Normal human emotions are sometimes treated as mental disorders. ) ●●●
559 depression ( Experts say that aerobic exercise reduces stress and depression. ) ●●●
560 weapon ( Several international treaties ban the use of biological and chemical weapons. ) ●●●
561 immigration ( Labor shortages were the main driving force of immigration from other countries. ) ●●●
562 barrier ( They finally overcame the language barrier against each other. ) ●●●
563 disadvantage ( Poor children tend to suffer educational and social disadvantages. ) ●●●
564 mood ( Today, I am in the mood for an Italian meal. ) ●●●
565 motion ( Exercise may improve your body’s range of motion. ) ●●●
566 routine ( You need an occasional break from your daily routine. ) ●●●
567 discipline ( Teachers often deal with the discipline problems of their students. ) ●●●
568 myth ( It is a total myth that men are better drivers than women. ) ●●●
569 hypothesis ( The scientist developed a logical hypothesis for his next experiment. ) ●●●
570 physician ( The physician at the hospital has special knowledge of food allergies. ) ●●●
571 client ( She had a business meeting with an important client. ) ●●●
572 colony ( In former British colonies such as Australia, they drive on the left. ) ●●●
573 statistics ( Statistics show that school uniforms have positive effects on students’ behavior. ) ●●●
574 grain ( Dr. Willett recommends eating whole grains for breakfast. ) ●●●
575 ingredient ( He wanted to know the calories and the ingredients of the dish. ) ●●●
576 treasure ( The painting of Christ in the museum is a national treasure. ) ●●●
577 contract ( He has made a three-year contract with a professional soccer team. ) ●●●
578 welfare ( The local government in our city is concerned with child welfare. ) ●●●
579 prime ( Blurring at your computer monitor is the prime cause of dry eye. ) ●●●
580 curious ( Students should be curious about the world around them. ) ●●●
581 dramatic ( The IT industry has achieved dramatic growth over the past decade. ) ●●●
582 distinct ( The four distinct seasons in Japan attract many foreign tourists. ) ●●●
583 anxious ( Young people are often anxious about their future. ) ●●●
584 vital ( A long-term defense strategy is vital to national security. ) ●●●
585 conventional ( This product is far superior to conventional models. ) ●●●
586 abstract ( Human language allows us to talk about abstract concepts. ) ●●●
587 minor ( The mechanic found that there were minor problems with the car. ) ●●●
588 extraordinary ( He has extraordinary knowledge in the area of organic chemistry. ) ●●●
589 stable ( Fair-trade helps workers in coffee farms live more stable lives. ) ●●●
590 flexible ( Many IT companies are adopting flexible working hours. ) ●●●
591 brief ( I have tried to keep my explanation brief. ) ●●●
592 aggressive ( She has an aggressive attitude to her junior colleagues. ) ●●●
593 visible ( The shampoo had a clearly visible effect on her hair. ) ●●●
594 unexpected ( There was an unexpected delay in the arrival of my train. ) ●●●
595 ethnic ( Britain is a society with a rich ethnic diversity. ) ●●●
596 alien ( Giving a tip at a restaurant is a habit alien to most Japanese people. ) ●●●
597 initial ( Initial treatment is crucial for those with breast cancer. ) ●●●
598 exact ( She tried to make an exact copy of the Mona Lisa. ) ●●●
599 precise ( The precise height of the tower is 634 meters. ) ●●●
600 latter ( The latter group in the experiment showed better results than the other group. ) ●●●
601 commit ( He is committed to managing her company. ) ●●●
602 stimulate ( A good foreign policy stimulates the economy. ) ●●●
603 enhance ( Some say that traveling abroad will enhance your job opportunities. ) ●●●
604 pursue ( I hope to pursue my own interests at university. ) ●●●
605 react ( Life is decided by how you react to what happens to you. ) ●●●
606 disagree ( Most of the audience disagreed with the speaker’s opinions. ) ●●●
607 stare ( She stared at the unexpected visitor for a while. ) ●●●
608 abandon ( Some of the population is likely to abandon the polluted city. ) ●●●
609 quit ( He had to quit the job due to his poor health. ) ●●●
610 capture ( His approach seems to capture the essential characteristics of visual art. ) ●●●
611 transfer ( The gallery will transfer one item of its collection to a Tokyo art museum. ) ●●●
612 bother ( The high humidity in this country sometimes bothers foreign visitors. ) ●●●
613 persuade ( I managed to persuade her to accept our offer. ) ●●●
614 rent ( I need to rent an apartment in Osaka. ) ●●●
615 breed ( It can be difficult to breed wild animals in a zoo. ) ●●●
616 invest ( He invested some of his money in high-tech stocks. ) ●●●
617 reserve ( She reserved a flight for New York three months ahead of time. ) ●●●
618 trace ( The history of Western theater can be traced back to ancient Greece. ) ●●●
619 illustrate ( The professor illustrated his theory with diagrams. ) ●●●
620 advise ( The doctor advised Ella to avoid eating dairy products. ) ●●●
621 convey ( It is said that smiles convey many different emotions. ) ●●●
622 attach ( To apply for a passport, he attached his photo to the form. ) ●●●
623 stretch ( She stood up and stretched her arms forward. ) ●●●
624 puzzle ( Her strange behavior at the party puzzled us. ) ●●●
625 disturb ( Humans should never disturb the balance of the natural world. ) ●●●
626 crash ( He drove off the road and crashed into a tree. ) ●●●
627 cope ( I have no idea how to cope with this problem. ) ●●●
628 permit ( The guard didn’t permit us to enter the building. ) ●●●
629 impress ( I was impressed by the beautiful view from the top of the mountain. ) ●●●
630 suspect ( I suspect that she told a lie. ) ●●●
631 upset ( Don’t upset yourself over such a tiny mistake. ) ●●●
632 frighten ( The little girl was frightened by the big dog. ) ●●●
633 import ( Japan imports most of its energy resources from other countries. ) ●●●
634 export ( Japan mainly exports cars and electronic components to the world. ) ●●●
635 investigate ( Many scientists have investigated various types of strange phenomena. ) ●●●
636 monitor ( People may be monitored by cameras all around the city. ) ●●●
637 calculate ( I have calculated the remaining amount of my car loan. ) ●●●
638 eliminate ( We must figure out measures to eliminate crime from society. ) ●●●
639 ease ( This medicine is used to ease stomach pain. ) ●●●
640 launch ( We have sufficient financial resources to launch a new business. ) ●●●
641 sequence ( Identical twins have the same gene sequence. ) ●●●
642 therapy ( Music therapy has been used for nearly 2,000 years. ) ●●●
643 symptom ( The symptoms of cholera are similar to those of Ebola fever. ) ●●●
644 incident ( Many strange incidents have happened to me recently. ) ●●●
645 witness ( The police are searching for the witnesses to the accident. ) ●●●
646 sum ( The government spent a large sum of money on energy projects last year. ) ●●●
647 burden ( The government should lighten the tax burden on low-income earners. ) ●●●
648 tone ( You need to use an appropriate tone of voice when you speak. ) ●●●
649 honor ( She considered it an honor to give a speech at the wedding. ) ●●●
650 award ( He won a major award for his painting. ) ●●●
651 priority ( The newspaper gives priority to providing accurate information. ) ●●●
652 logic ( The speaker explained his main point using clear logic. ) ●●●
653 minimum ( People riding trains usually try to keep the noise level to a minimum. ) ●●●
654 exception ( There is no exception to his regular life. ) ●●●
655 clue ( Research in physics may give us clues to understanding the universe. ) ●●●
656 bond ( The bond between the two sisters is very strong. ) ●●●
657 virus ( She might have been infected with the influenza virus ) ●●●
658 surgery ( One’s eyesight might be improved with laser surgery. ) ●●●
659 insurance ( Foreign workers in Japan easily get access to Japanese health insurance. ) ●●●
660 frame ( He put his most recent photo in a frame. ) ●●●
661 shelter ( People took shelter from sudden hard rain in a roofed structure. ) ●●●
662 territory ( Singapore has increased the size of its territory by 20 percent using sand. ) ●●●
663 boundary ( Social media has broken down the boundary between the public and private. ) ●●●
664 habitat ( We have destroyed the natural habitat of animals for human development. ) ●●●
665 district ( Thirty percent of driving in business districts is spent looking for parking. ) ●●●
666 conservation ( We should spend more time and money on nature conservation. ) ●●●
667 harvest ( We expect to have a good harvest of crops this year. ) ●●●
668 predator ( Small animals need to protect themselves from large predators like tigers. ) ●●●
669 trap ( Don’t fall into the trap of buying something just because it is on sale. ) ●●●
670 trick ( I know some tricks for studying effectively before the test. ) ●●●
671 fault ( It is my fault that we are late for the concert. ) ●●●
672 discount ( Customers with store membership can buy books at a 20 percent discount. ) ●●●
673 bias ( She suspects gender bias in the company’s salaries for women. ) ●●●
674 cooperation ( Laughter promotes cooperation and positive communication with one another. ) ●●●
675 patent ( Edison obtained his first patent for his invention in his early twenties. ) ●●●
676 dialogue ( The dialogue between two characters in the play was very funny. ) ●●●
677 component ( Carbon is an essential component of all living cells. ) ●●●
678 reputation ( British food has a reputation for not being tasty. ) ●●●
679 verbal ( To receive verbal messages clearly, you need good listening skills. ) ●●●
680 internal ( Some Japanese firms are making English their internal office language. ) ●●●
681 solid ( At present, we have no solid evidence of life on other planets. ) ●●●
682 remote ( My hometown lies remote from cities. ) ●●●
683 principal ( Computer programming is his principal source of income. ) ●●●
684 sophisticated ( There is a huge demand for sophisticated translation software. ) ●●●
685 equivalent ( The price of this painting is equivalent to his month’s salary. ) ●●●
686 rational ( In decision-making, we should use the rational part of the mind. ) ●●●
687 relevant ( The police are collecting relevant information for solving the case. ) ●●●
688 absolute ( A car is an absolute necessity for people living in the countryside. ) ●●●
689 frequent ( Human brains seem to be changing due to frequent use of the Internet. ) ●●●
690 permanent ( The accident caused permanent damage to the man’s back. ) ●●●
691 intense ( Fear is such an intense emotion that you can feel your heart pumping fast. ) ●●●
692 meaningful ( He started doing volunteer activities to make his life more meaningful. ) ●●●
693 evil ( He believes that no one would willingly commit an evil act. ) ●●●
694 extinct ( Every year an increasing number of animals are becoming extinct. ) ●●●
695 random ( The research team collects their samples using random selection. ) ●●●
696 raw ( She has never eaten raw fish. ) ●●●
697 rude ( To talk without making any eye contact is a rude behavior. ) ●●●
698 mere ( He is a mere child, so he said some silly things. ) ●●●
699 tropical ( She was born and brought up in a tropical country. ) ●●●
700 forth ( When you read, your eyes move back and forth across a sentence. ) ●●●
701 possess ( He possesses the ability to distinguish good wine from bad wine. ) ●●●
702 dominate ( In Italy and Spain, immigration issues have begun to dominate politics. ) ●●●
703 guarantee ( The book’s popularity guaranteed the success of the film version. ) ●●●
704 melt ( Metal melts at a certain temperature. ) ●●●
705 embarrass ( We need not be embarrassed about what we don’t know. ) ●●●
706 discourage ( Low interest rates discourage people from putting money in a bank. ) ●●●
707 detect ( A smoke alarm is used to detect a fire. ) ●●●
708 devote ( She has devoted a lot of her time to the team’s project. ) ●●●
709 urge ( The doctor urged the patient to stop eating sweets. ) ●●●
710 lend ( He was kind enough to lend me some money. ) ●●●
711 restrict ( The Netherlands restricted the use of drugs on farm animals. ) ●●●
712 isolate ( The country has isolated itself from the rest of the world. ) ●●●
713 accompany ( The secretary always accompanies the president on business trips. ) ●●●
714 exhaust ( She was exhausted from walking all day. ) ●●●
715 annoy ( Linda annoys me by telling me her frequent complaints. ) ●●●
716 endanger ( Water pollution can endanger people’s health. ) ●●●
717 acknowledge ( Stephen found it difficult to acknowledge his mistakes. ) ●●●
718 admire ( I admire the poet for his unique description of human existence. ) ●●●
719 evaluate ( Teachers should evaluate a student’s ability from multiple aspects. ) ●●●
720 declare ( The corporation declared that they will enter the space industry. ) ●●●
721 secure ( The government has secured a new source of water for its people. ) ●●●
722 specialize ( His company specializes in the importing of medical equipment. ) ●●●
723 attribute ( He attributed his success in business to good luck. ) ●●●
724 pretend ( She closed her eyes and pretended to be asleep. ) ●●●
725 bury ( The students buried time capsules in a corner of the school grounds. ) ●●●
726 reverse ( He got angry and reversed his attitude completely. ) ●●●
727 resist ( Some countries are resisting the current trend toward free trade. ) ●●●
728 scare ( The nightmares that she has been having lately scared her. ) ●●●
729 imitate ( Children imitate the actions of others. ) ●●●
730 assist ( There are many government programs for assisting the elderly. ) ●●●
731 resemble ( She resembles her mother in appearance. ) ●●●
732 retire ( He retired from his company at the age of 70. ) ●●●
733 neglect ( When we are busy, we tend to neglect our health. ) ●●●
734 collapse ( If selfishness were seen everywhere, public order would collapse. ) ●●●
735 reform ( Japan reformed its educational system after World War II. ) ●●●
736 protest ( He protested against the board’s decision to close the Osaka office. ) ●●●
737 owe ( I know I owe you $30 in total. ) ●●●
738 sustain ( The brain, heart and lungs are the vital organs for sustaining human life. ) ●●●
739 assign ( University professors often assign their students group work activities. ) ●●●
740 accomplish ( The robot accomplished the task without any help from humans. ) ●●●
741 wisdom ( In America, the owl is the symbol of wisdom. ) ●●●
742 literacy ( Literacy rates vary considerably from country to country. ) ●●●
743 heritage ( Mt. Fuji was registered as a World Heritage in 2013. ) ●●●
744 mission ( The research team carried out the mission to discover new plants in the jungle. ) ●●●
745 license ( He had his driver’s license taken away for speeding. ) ●●●
746 elite ( The American economy seems to be dominated by the business elite. ) ●●●
747 layer ( She made the dessert by adding layers of cake and cream. ) ●●●
748 motor ( The automobile industry is developing a new electric motor. ) ●●●
749 protein ( He keeps his muscular body by eating food high in protein. ) ●●●
750 profession ( She decided to make her hobby into her profession. ) ●●●
751 editor ( He is famous as a magazine editor. ) ●●●
752 agent ( The travel agent asked whether I wanted to go by air or by sea. ) ●●●
753 globe ( The news traveled around the globe quickly. ) ●●●
754 haven ( The non-profit shelter provides a safe haven for people in need. ) ●●●
755 row ( Our seats are the third and fourth from the right in the fifth row. ) ●●●
756 sacrifice ( They made a great sacrifice when they came to America. ) ●●●
757 means ( The major means of transportation in California are roads and highways. ) ●●●
758 session ( He explained how useful the workshop sessions were. ) ●●●
759 league ( He joined the major league at the age of 22. ) ●●●
760 contest ( She is going to take part in the coming speech contest. ) ●●●
761 guard ( He learned how to work as a security guard. ) ●●●
762 opponent ( She came up against a strong opponent in the final match. ) ●●●
763 glance ( A quick glance at the map showed that we were on the right road. ) ●●●
764 divorce ( He got a divorce from his wife. ) ●●●
765 tissue ( The stimulus from the body travels through the nervous tissue to the brain. ) ●●●
766 liquid ( Ice turns into liquid when it melts. ) ●●●
767 inequality ( He was born into a time and place with terrible social inequality. ) ●●●
768 prejudice ( Ignorance is one of the main reasons for prejudice against foreigners. ) ●●●
769 justice ( The politician fought for justice for his country. ) ●●●
770 guideline ( Users of this Internet service must follow certain guidelines. ) ●●●
771 platform ( Platforms on social media are useful tools for making friends. ) ●●●
772 sector ( The high-tech sector leads the national economy. ) ●●●
773 channel ( Many people in the U.S. enjoy more than forty TV channels. ) ●●●
774 glacier ( The glaciers near Greenland have been melting rapidly. ) ●●●
775 primate ( In several ways, primates are at the top of the mammal class. ) ●●●
776 usage ( The usage of English grammar is changing with the times. ) ●●●
777 fortune ( He succeeded in making a fortune by investing in oil production. ) ●●●
778 correlation ( Many consumers believe that there is a close correlation between price and quality. ) ●●●
779 artistic ( I envy him for his artistic gift. ) ●●●
780 literary ( The professor published essays of literary criticism of modern novels. ) ●●●
781 classic ( Emily owns a large collection of classic films and novels. ) ●●●
782 liberal ( Everyone knows that he is a liberal thinker. ) ●●●
783 concrete ( You need to provide concrete examples to support your opinion. ) ●●●
784 slight ( I felt a slight pain in my right ankle. ) ●●●
785 federal ( The federal government provides aid to other countries in need. ) ●●●
786 primitive ( Some places in the world have a primitive way of life. ) ●●●
787 unfamiliar ( He was unfamiliar with the technical vocabulary used by the professor. ) ●●●
788 subtle ( The mother detected a subtle change in her daughter’s attitude. ) ●●●
789 plain ( The plain truth is that the Great Barrier Reef is in danger. ) ●●●
790 marine ( The sea areas surrounding the island are full of marine life. ) ●●●
791 apparent ( You should not refuse the invitation for no apparent reason. ) ●●●
792 reluctant ( He seems to be reluctant to go out and try new things. ) ●●●
793 temporary ( Eating salty food may cause a temporary increase in blood pressure. ) ●●●
794 guilty ( Rebecca felt guilty about lying to her friend. ) ●●●
795 royal ( Each member of the royal family has official duties to do. ) ●●●
796 pure ( He gave her a pure gold necklace for her birthday. ) ●●●
797 incredible ( It is incredible that he refused the bank’s financial support. ) ●●●
798 eager ( Many visitors to New York are eager to go to Broadway musicals. ) ●●●
799 adequate ( The school has an adequate number of teachers for the students. ) ●●●
800 via ( The opening ceremony of the Olympics will be broadcast via satellite. ) ●●●
801 assess ( Most high schools use testing to assess their students’ achievements. ) ●●●
802 approve ( Jane’s parents approved of her studying abroad. ) ●●●
803 remark ( My friend remarked that she was amazed by the fireworks. ) ●●●
804 pose ( Heat waves pose a great health risk to elderly people. ) ●●●
805 yield ( The manager’s brave decision yielded unexpected results. ) ●●●
806 exhibit ( Japanese honeybees exhibit a unique defensive behavior. ) ●●●
807 distribute ( Many charities distribute food to victims in disaster areas. ) ●●●
808 command ( The opera conductor commanded the chorus to sing more in harmony. ) ●●●
809 occupy ( New employees tend to occupy the lowest positions in the office. ) ●●●
810 pop ( He popped into a convenience store to buy a cup of coffee. ) ●●●
811 pile ( She piled up the plates and put them on the shelf. ) ●●●
812 greet ( He always greets his neighbors in a friendly way. ) ●●●
813 apologize ( You should apologize to him for what you have done. ) ●●●
814 frustrate ( She was frustrated by people’s selfish behavior on the crowded train. ) ●●●
815 relieve ( She sings her favorite karaoke songs to relieve stress. ) ●●●
816 derive ( I didn’t know that the word derives from Greek. ) ●●●
817 deserve ( She deserves to be praised for trying her best in the competition. ) ●●●
818 peer ( Christine stood on the hilltop and peered into the distance. ) ●●●
819 defeat ( The AI computer defeated the world’s best chess player. ) ●●●
820 convert ( The city plans to convert the library into an art gallery. ) ●●●
821 wed ( Prince William wed Catherine Middleton at Westminster Abbey. ) ●●●
822 delight ( Walt Disney delighted many people with his attractive stories. ) ●●●
823 boost ( Sales of new cars helped boost the nation’s economy. ) ●●●
824 endure ( This submarine can endure very high pressure. ) ●●●
825 correspond ( The number of players on both sides should correspond with the other. ) ●●●
826 impose ( The country wants to impose greater control on immigration. ) ●●●
827 rescue ( During the economic crisis, the government rescued some companies from bankruptcy. ) ●●●
828 resolve ( The two countries found ways to resolve the political conflict. ) ●●●
829 register ( Many parents want to register their children at day care centers. ) ●●●
830 interrupt ( Sarah interrupted my conversation with Jill. ) ●●●
831 rid ( The dentist got rid of the pain in my tooth. ) ●●●
832 prohibit ( The new law prohibits smoking in all restaurants. ) ●●●
833 compose ( The committee is composed of six experts in different fields. ) ●●●
834 misunderstand ( A coworker had misunderstood her instructions and made a mistake. ) ●●●
835 punish ( The student was punished for his poor behavior. ) ●●●
836 ruin ( The long heavy rain completely ruined our holiday. ) ●●●
837 defend ( Every country has the right to defend itself against a military attack. ) ●●●
838 embrace ( Freedom of expression will lead people to embrace diversity. ) ●●●
839 modify ( The man modified the car’s engine to make it go faster. ) ●●●
840 qualify ( His excellent performance in the exams qualified him for a scholarship. ) ●●●
841 passion ( His passion for skateboarding is such that he practices it every day. ) ●●●
842 enthusiasm ( Her enthusiasm for the job made up for her lack of experience. ) ●●●
843 phase ( The discussions are currently entering a new phase. ) ●●●
844 mode ( Young Japanese today are used to Western modes of thought. ) ●●●
845 span ( Good diet is important for lengthening our life span ) ●●●
846 gravity ( Newton’s theory of gravity was greatly influenced by Kepler’s ideas. ) ●●●
847 orbit ( The telecommunications satellite went into orbit around the earth. ) ●●●
848 asteroid ( Scientists are planning to capture an asteroid orbiting around Mars. ) ●●●
849 core ( His speech mentioned the core of the problem. ) ●●●
850 soul ( They say that music is good for the soul. ) ●●●
851 nerve ( She happened to cut a nerve in her finger while cooking. ) ●●●
852 infection ( The area of infection spread all over the patient’s body. ) ●●●
853 mall ( She goes to the shopping mall almost every weekend. ) ●●●
854 grocery ( He drives to discount stores to buy cheap groceries. ) ●●●
855 humor ( He is an American and is new to the British sense of humor. ) ●●●
856 instinct ( Pigeons know by instinct how to return to their places of birth. ) ●●●
857 faith ( The company’s workers all expressed faith in their president. ) ●●●
858 courage ( The key to success lies in the courage of not giving up hope. ) ●●●
859 incentive ( Students need a clear incentive to study. ) ●●●
860 prospect ( There is not much prospect that the world economy will improve this year. ) ●●●
861 obstacle ( Tradition is often an obstacle to development. ) ●●●
862 architecture ( In Prague, you can see various styles of architecture. ) ●●●
863 stem ( Water moves through the stems and leaves of the plants. ) ●●●
864 illusion ( Some people think that freedom may be an illusion. ) ●●●
865 discrimination ( It is necessary to deal with discrimination against women. ) ●●●
866 shame ( Shame is a negative feeling towards oneself. ) ●●●
867 drought ( A drought can destroy crops and damage the livelihoods of farmers. ) ●●●
868 flavor ( Cooking can bring out the natural flavor of vegetables. ) ●●●
869 portion ( A large portion of the United States population reads e-books. ) ●●●
870 recipe ( The recipe for this dish is not easy to prepare at home. ) ●●●
871 luxury ( Many people thought of sugar as a luxury in the 1800s. ) ●●●
872 chip ( The man used wood chips to build a fire. ) ●●●
873 ritual ( Some experts say ancient Egyptian sports were rituals that honored the dead. ) ●●●
874 sake ( I gave up smoking for the sake of my health. ) ●●●
875 prefecture ( We are going to visit all the seven prefectures in Kyushu. ) ●●●
876 council ( The town council decided to cut down the roadside trees. ) ●●●
877 administration ( The university administration has chosen to move into a new building. ) ●●●
878 curriculum ( Under the new elementary school curriculum, students must study English. ) ●●●
879 precious ( Nothing is more precious than life. ) ●●●
880 generous ( The professor was generous enough to extend the deadline for the paper. ) ●●●
881 casual ( His casual remark caused us a lot of trouble. ) ●●●
882 optimistic ( She feels optimistic about her future. ) ●●●
883 rough ( The rough skin on his face is caused by many years of working outdoors. ) ●●●
884 unpleasant ( An unpleasant experience may be caused by your actions. ) ●●●
885 Arctic ( Arctic ice may disappear in the future due to global warming. ) ●●●
886 ultimate ( Having a long life is the ultimate goal for many people. ) ●●●
887 deaf ( She is learning sign language to communicate with deaf people. ) ●●●
888 genuine ( This bag is made from genuine leather. ) ●●●
889 manual ( More manual laborers may be needed in Japan in the future. ) ●●●
890 mechanical ( Our flight to Sydney has been delayed due to mechanical problems. ) ●●●
891 instant ( They can talk to their children via e-mail and instant messaging. ) ●●●
892 spare ( It isn’t always easy to decide how to spend your spare time. ) ●●●
893 immune ( The immune system uses a variety of white blood cells to fight disease. ) ●●●
894 harsh ( Polar bears are perfectly adapted to live in their harsh environment. ) ●●●
895 collective ( Collective and individual thinking are influenced by language. ) ●●●
896 inevitable ( Some people believe that global warming is inevitable. ) ●●●
897 profound ( The poetry she read had a profound impact on her life. ) ●●●
898 steady ( Our economy is recovering at a steady pace. ) ●●●
899 mature ( The child was regarded as mature for his age. ) ●●●
900 likewise ( Other people would do likewise in this kind of situation. ) ●●●
901 chase ( The police chased the criminals running from the bank. ) ●●●
902 sue ( The customer is suing the company for the mistake in the order. ) ●●●
903 gaze ( Deep in thought, he continued to gaze at the ocean. ) ●●●
904 slip ( He got injured when he slipped on ice on the street. ) ●●●
905 load ( He loaded his truck with camping gear. ) ●●●
906 overwhelm ( She was overwhelmed by the beautiful view of the Grand Canyon. ) ●●●
907 wander ( She wandered around the city all day. ) ●●●
908 float ( She saw a few clouds floating across the sky. ) ●●●
909 pour ( He poured some tea into a cup. ) ●●●
910 substitute ( He substituted honey for sugar in the recipe. ) ●●●
911 pronounce ( Learning how to read helps children pronounce words better. ) ●●●
912 shrink ( His wool sweater shrank in the dryer. ) ●●●
913 restore ( The government promised to restore the economy to a healthy state. ) ●●●
914 trigger ( Heavy rain triggered a sudden flood in the village. ) ●●●
915 grab ( She grabbed the handrail to stop herself from falling. ) ●●●
916 retain ( My father has retained the same body strength since his twenties. ) ●●●
917 reproduce ( The museum reproduced some of its famous paintings on postcards for sale. ) ●●●
918 bob ( The little boat bobbed gently up and down on the water. ) ●●●
919 entertain ( Hollywood movies have entertained audiences around the world for years. ) ●●●
920 interfare ( The church should not interfere in politics. ) ●●●
921 cultivate ( Her doctor advised her to cultivate healthier lifestyle habits. ) ●●●
922 underlie ( Economic issues underlie negotiations between the two countries. ) ●●●
923 anticipate ( They anticipate a bright future for their only son. ) ●●●
924 justify ( In the hearing, the politician justified her actions. ) ●●●
925 regulate ( Europe has made efforts to regulate content on the Internet. ) ●●●
926 scan ( The doctor scanned the patient’s body using a machine. ) ●●●
927 classify ( The books are classified according to the authors’ names. ) ●●●
928 submit ( He submitted the paper to his teacher a few days early. ) ●●●
929 pause ( The speaker paused to drink from a glass of water. ) ●●●
930 lean ( After the storm, I saw that my house’s fence was leaning slightly. ) ●●●
931 bump ( He nearly bumped into a man who was walking using a smartphone. ) ●●●
932 fold ( He is very good at folding clothes. ) ●●●
933 hesitate ( Many people hesitate to contact someone by phone these days. ) ●●●
934 pump ( This device is used to pump oxygen into a patient’s body. ) ●●●
935 mount ( He mounted his country’s flag on the wall of his living room. ) ●●●
936 exceed ( His income exceeds ten million yen a year. ) ●●●
937 undergo ( After the war, our country underwent many social changes. ) ●●●
938 confront ( We have to confront the problem of the declining birthrate. ) ●●●
939 consult ( The political candidate consulted his adviser about an election campaign. ) ●●●
940 fulfill ( She was given a chance to fulfill her dream. ) ●●●
941 privilege ( Intelligence is not the privilege of the human species alone. ) ●●●
942 formation ( There are a lot of theories about the formation of the universe. ) ●●●
943 dimension ( The IT revolution has added a new dimension to the collection of data. ) ●●●
944 neuron ( There is a network of neurons in the brain. ) ●●●
945 sensation ( After the traffic accident, he lost all sensation in his fingers. ) ●●●
946 chart ( She uses charts and tables when explaining her projects. ) ●●●
947 geography ( The geography of the country makes it easy to grow grapes. ) ●●●
948 panel ( A panel of computer experts has discussed the government’s proposal. ) ●●●
949 semester ( She is required to take at least six classes every semester. ) ●●●
950 workforce ( In Japan, the number of people entering the workforce has been decreasing. ) ●●●
951 mill ( There are a lot of paper mills in Shizuoka Prefecture. ) ●●●
952 abuse ( We need to control the abuse of drugs. ) ●●●
953 vice ( Smoking in a crowded place is a terrible vice. ) ●●●
954 fate ( He believes it is his fate to marry his girlfriend. ) ●●●
955 tragedy ( Tragedy struck when the hurricane hit the town. ) ●●●
956 scenario ( Getting bad grades at school is the worst scenario for me. ) ●●●
957 allergy ( No one knows why food allergies are on the increase. ) ●●●
958 wound ( His old wounds still ache in cold weather. ) ●●●
959 antibiotic ( Bacteria may sometimes develop resistance to antibiotics. ) ●●●
960 vaccine ( Many research projects are trying to find an effective HIV vaccine. ) ●●●
961 metaphor ( A “salad bowl” is a metaphor often used to describe American society. ) ●●●
962 folk ( Today, young folks are listening to music influenced by classic jazz. ) ●●●
963 fare ( In Japan, you can use IC cards to pay for train and bus fares. ) ●●●
964 transition ( Eventually, there will be a transition to self-driving cars. ) ●●●
965 maximum ( The maximum I can afford for rent is $500 per month. ) ●●●
966 galaxy ( Mars from other galaxies are hard to see with the naked eye. ) ●●●
967 mineral ( Hot spring waters often contain minerals such as iron. ) ●●●
968 skeleton ( The human skeleton is made up of more than 200 bones. ) ●●●
969 counterpart ( The Japanese emperor is the counterpart to the British queen. ) ●●●
970 stroke ( He cannot move his left arm due to a stroke. ) ●●●
971 pedestrian ( A pedestrian was hit by a car when he was crossing the street. ) ●●●
972 trail ( Be sure to stay on the hiking trail for your own safety. ) ●●●
973 ecology ( He is going to study natural science and become an expert on ecology. ) ●●●
974 sibling ( The bond between siblings will likely become stronger in later life. ) ●●●
975 ratio ( The ratio of patients to nurses in this hospital is 7 to 1. ) ●●●
976 mixture ( Japan has a nice mixture of traditional and modern buildings. ) ●●●
977 charm ( Nara, famous for its Great Buddha, still retains its ancient charm. ) ●●●
978 ambition ( He finally achieved his ambition of competing in the Olympic games. ) ●●●
979 prominent ( He is a prominent researcher in the field of science. ) ●●●
980 radical ( Radical candidates can sometimes be elected. ) ●●●
981 prompt ( She surprised us with her prompt response. ) ●●●
982 informal ( At the party, he spoke in a friendly, informal way. ) ●●●
983 mutual ( Mutual respect is the key to a successful relationship. ) ●●●
984 neutral ( She always adopts a neutral position in a debate. ) ●●●
985 alert ( The police officers are now alert to the rising crime in the area. ) ●●●
986 magnetic ( The Earth has a magnetic field which gives it protection. ) ●●●
987 polar ( Penguins are well adapted to the environment in the polar regions. ) ●●●
988 fluent ( Ken is fluent both in English and Japanese. ) ●●●
989 external ( A submarine is designed to resist strong external pressure. ) ●●●
990 passive ( Young children are generally passive receivers of knowledge. ) ●●●
991 awful ( Gradually, I came to realize the awful truth about my boss. ) ●●●
992 unrelated ( His disease is unrelated to his eating habits. ) ●●●
993 cruel ( The guards were cruel to the prisoners during the war. ) ●●●
994 fake ( We should create laws against using fake online accounts. ) ●●●
995 vulnerable ( Some power plants are vulnerable to hacking. ) ●●●
996 urgent ( The aging of the population is an urgent issue for us to tackle. ) ●●●
997 spiritual ( Music brings us a sense of spiritual well-being. ) ●●●
998 modest ( He always shows a modest attitude towards everyone. ) ●●●
999 keen ( He is keen to gather information about the new company. ) ●●●
1000 nonetheless ( She is over sixty but sings beautifully nonetheless. ) ●●●
1001 negotiate ( I will negotiate with the client about the delivery date. ) ●●●
1002 grasp ( The children were able to grasp the new ideas from the lesson. ) ●●●
1003 donate ( People from many countries donate money to UNICEF. ) ●●●
1004 arrest ( The police arrested the suspect on charges of supplying drugs. ) ●●●
1005 crack ( The glass door cracked when the man bumped into it. ) ●●●
1006 tap ( The child was repeatedly tapping the smartphone screen. ) ●●●
1007 split ( The Sudan was split into two republics in 2011. ) ●●●
1008 forecast ( The weather for tomorrow is forecasted to be cloudy. ) ●●●
1009 exclude ( Tax was excluded from the price. ) ●●●
1010 overlook ( He overlooked some important facts during his research. ) ●●●
1011 burst ( The bubble economy in Japan burst in the 1990s. ) ●●●
1012 heal ( The therapist has healed many people with disease. ) ●●●
1013 forbid ( The art museum forbids visitors from taking pictures inside the building. ) ●●●
1014 install ( Yesterday, I installed some new apps on my smartphone. ) ●●●
1015 diminish ( The counselor taught me some ways to diminish anxiety. ) ●●●
1016 cite ( The doctor cited the case of a man who survived five operations. ) ●●●
1017 quote ( She quoted an old Chinese proverb in her speech. ) ●●●
1018 dispute ( I disputed the reviews that said the movie was good. ) ●●●
1019 highlight ( The news story highlights the problems of children using smartphones. ) ●●●
1020 distract ( Loud music always distracts me from reading. ) ●●●
1021 cheat ( The salesperson cheated his customers out of their money. ) ●●●
1022 foster ( Teachers have a good chance to foster their students’ thinking ability. ) ●●●
1023 obey ( We ought to obey traffic rules so we have fewer accidents. ) ●●●
1024 bend ( She cannot bend her right elbow due to her injury. ) ●●●
1025 deprive ( The military deprived the citizens of their liberty. ) ●●●
1026 govern ( The mayor governed our city for over ten years. ) ●●●
1027 log ( Emma logs on to her e-mail account many times a day. ) ●●●
1028 transmit ( During the war, the soldier transmitted messages through radio signals. ) ●●●
1029 bully ( The boy stopped some other boys from bullying a girl. ) ●●●
1030 leap ( When the doorbell rang, he leaped from the bed and rushed to the entrance. ) ●●●
1031 astonish ( We were astonished at the surprise visit of the famous actor. ) ●●●
1032 thrill ( Her violin performance thrilled the audience. ) ●●●
1033 nod ( The patient nodded in agreement with her doctor. ) ●●●
1034 bow ( The actors bowed to the audience after the musical was over. ) ●●●
1035 blend ( The coffee brand blends Ethiopian beans with Brazilian ones. ) ●●●
1036 complicate ( Only Lina disagreed with us, which complicated the situation. ) ●●●
1037 pitch ( He pitched some wood into the fire. ) ●●●
1038 persist ( His sadness persisted for a long time after his mother’s death. ) ●●●
1039 dedicate ( He dedicates his life to the study of insects. ) ●●●
1040 equip ( Robert’s new car is equipped with a great music system. ) ●●●
1041 premise ( All logical arguments have two premises and a conclusion. ) ●●●
1042 input ( The incorrect input of data led to the wrong conclusion. ) ●●●
1043 merit ( The novel has the merit of being informative and entertaining. ) ●●●
1044 sympathy ( I had sympathy for my injured friend. ) ●●●
1045 compliment ( After receiving a compliment from his teacher, he smiled back. ) ●●●
1046 infrastructure ( The typhoon destroyed much of the city’s infrastructure. ) ●●●
1047 ray ( The sun’s rays are strongest in the summer. ) ●●●
1048 distress ( Mary’s poor behavior causes great distress for her mother. ) ●●●
1049 joint ( I twisted one of my knee joints while running. ) ●●●
1050 expedition ( He went on an expedition to the South Pole. ) ●●●
1051 adolescent ( Society must protect adolescents from dangerous websites. ) ●●●
1052 shade ( An elderly woman was sitting under the shade of a big tree. ) ●●●
1053 jury ( A trial by jury is a standard practice in America. ) ●●●
1054 ethic ( The country’s people have a strong work ethic. ) ●●●
1055 penalty ( He faced a heavy penalty for kidnapping. ) ●●●
1056 faculty ( Using your creative faculties might help you solve the problem. ) ●●●
1057 scheme ( The new housing scheme is only made possible by government action. ) ●●●
1058 nutrition ( The child receives balanced nutrition from a variety of foods. ) ●●●
1059 particle ( Cars release various gases and particles into the air. ) ●●●
1060 molecule ( Electron microscopes allow us to investigate organic molecules. ) ●●●
1061 nationality ( People say that her nationality is Japanese. ) ●●●
1062 poll ( An opinion poll asks people about their political preferences. ) ●●●
1063 clinic ( He started a medical clinic after working at a university hospital. ) ●●●
1064 dementia ( Some aging patients with dementia go missing when they are out alone. ) ●●●
1065 fatigue ( The best way to relieve your fatigue is to have sufficient sleep. ) ●●●
1066 dilemma ( He is faced with the dilemma of whether to quit his job. ) ●●●
1067 queue ( He joined the queue of people waiting for the bus. ) ●●●
1068 curve ( He drove through many curves on the mountain roads. ) ●●●
1069 narrative ( He wrote a narrative based on his years living abroad. ) ●●●
1070 fingerprint ( Even a fingerprint left on a glass may cause a complaint from a customer. ) ●●●
1071 file ( Please refer to the attached file for the details. ) ●●●
1072 wilderness ( He is planning to explore the Alaskan wilderness. ) ●●●
1073 pesticide ( Organic foods are produced without chemical pesticides. ) ●●●
1074 panic ( She got into a panic when she couldn’t find her credit card. ) ●●●
1075 fabric ( Using organic cotton as fabric for clothes has become widespread. ) ●●●
1076 fantasy ( The unique feature of this movie is its fusion of reality and fantasy. ) ●●●
1077 fancy ( I took a great fancy to my piano teacher. ) ●●●
1078 virtue ( Most children are taught the virtue of honesty from old stories. ) ●●●
1079 grateful ( I am really grateful to you and your family for your hospitality. ) ●●●
1080 valid ( The conclusion he drew from the evidence was valid. ) ●●●
1081 elaborate ( He made an elaborate plan to climb Mont Blanc. ) ●●●
1082 moderate ( The doctor recommended that my father take moderate exercise every day. ) ●●●
1083 dynamic ( All the audience was touched by the dynamic performance of the actor. ) ●●●
1084 brave ( He was a brave fighter who challenged hundreds of enemies by himself. ) ●●●
1085 brilliant ( She is such a brilliant violinist that she can play any type of music. ) ●●●
1086 tremendous ( Tokyo spent a tremendous amount of money on moving its fish market. ) ●●●
1087 oral ( The student gave an oral report on the subject. ) ●●●
1088 innocent ( The court found her innocent and she was released. ) ●●●
1089 subsequent ( The village was severely damaged by heavy rains and subsequent floods. ) ●●●
1090 shallow ( Children can walk around in the shallow end of the pool. ) ●●●
1091 indifferent ( Many young people are indifferent to politics and the economy. ) ●●●
1092 inferior ( I think this wine is inferior to that wine in flavor. ) ●●●
1093 awkward ( After her remark, there was an awkward silence. ) ●●●
1094 obese ( A survey shows that 30 percent of men are obese. ) ●●●
1095 pregnant ( Pregnant women are advised not to take any medicine. ) ●●●
1096 intimate ( The actress described her intimate relationship with her husband. ) ●●●
1097 medieval ( He has a deep interest in medieval European history. ) ●●●
1098 sacred ( Buddhists in Osaka paid a large sum to maintain their sacred temple. ) ●●●
1099 simultaneously ( Suddenly, heavy rain hit the town simultaneously with lightning. ) ●●●
1100 versus ( A lot of soccer fans watched the Brazil versus Italy game on TV. ) ●●●
1101 proceed ( In case of emergency, please proceed calmly to the nearest exit. ) ●●●
1102 orient ( This event is helpful for orienting new students to our university. ) ●●●
1103 surf ( He surfs the Internet constantly, collecting information about political scandals. ) ●●●
1104 filter ( This device is designed to filter out dirt from the water. ) ●●●
1105 bind ( He bound the sheets of paper together with string. ) ●●●
1106 resort ( If the criminals’ demands are not accepted, they may resort to force. ) ●●●
1107 reinforce ( The student reinforced his knowledge by taking extra lessons online. ) ●●●
1108 accumulate ( The couple accumulated $20,000 to buy a new car. ) ●●●
1109 bet ( If you work hard, I bet you can complete this task in a month. ) ●●●
1110 advocate ( Vegans advocate avoiding all food of animal origin. ) ●●●
1111 constitute ( At our university, women constitute the majority of the psychology majors. ) ●●●
1112 undertake ( She undertook the task of preparing all the necessary materials. ) ●●●
1113 grip ( Scared by the noise, she gripped her father’s arm tightly. ) ●●●
1114 dismiss ( My boss dismissed my opinion as nonsense. ) ●●●
1115 fade ( Many of my memories of my trip to Italy ten years ago have faded. ) ●●●
1116 conceal ( You cannot conceal your true feelings when you speak. ) ●●●
1117 chew ( You should chew your food well when you eat. ) ●●●
1118 swallow ( She swallowed a pill with a glass of water. ) ●●●
1119 seal ( Houses in Hokkaido are sealed to prevent cold winds and snow from getting in. ) ●●●
1120 migrate ( Between 1880 and 1914, nearly three million Italians migrated to the U.S. ) ●●●
1121 exaggerate ( The food company exaggerated the quality of its products. ) ●●●
1122 accuse ( She accused me of having spread rumors about her father. ) ●●●
1123 vanish ( During the show, the magician vanished from sight on the stage. ) ●●●
1124 polish ( He polishes the floors of his apartment once a week. ) ●●●
1125 wipe ( She wiped her hands with a hand towel. ) ●●●
1126 sweep ( It is my job to sweep the path in front of the house every day. ) ●●●
1127 mislead ( The salesperson misled the customer into buying an expensive product. ) ●●●
1128 spoil ( He feels the London Eye spoils the view of London. ) ●●●
1129 compound ( His sudden illness compounded the financial problems of his company. ) ●●●
1130 explode ( If the bomb had exploded, many people would have suffered injuries. ) ●●●
1131 disgust ( The man was disgusted by the inappropriate remark from the politician. ) ●●●
1132 commute ( If mass transit isn’t available, people will commute with cars. ) ●●●
1133 decorate ( The Smiths like to decorate their house with paintings. ) ●●●
1134 postpone ( We have decided to postpone the meeting until Wednesday. ) ●●●
1135 cease ( The small village ceased to exist after the last resident moved away. ) ●●●
1136 compromise ( The salesperson compromised with the buyer on the price. ) ●●●
1137 elect ( The voters were sensible enough to elect him a member of the Diet. ) ●●●
1138 extract ( A juicer is used to extract juice from fruit and vegetables. ) ●●●
1139 inherit ( She inherited her musical talent from her father. ) ●●●
1140 rear ( This is a good place to rear young children. ) ●●●
1141 empathy ( She has great empathy with people in need. ) ●●●
1142 cue ( In face-to-face negotiations, we give off and receive nonverbal cues. ) ●●●
1143 enterprise ( I work for a global enterprise selling cosmetics around the world. ) ●●●
1144 output ( The output of this product has decreased due to the factory closure. ) ●●●
1145 congress ( In 1894, Congress passed a law making Labor Day a federal holiday. ) ●●●
1146 millennium ( Animal species have been breeding with one another for many millennia. ) ●●●
1147 mankind ( Environmental destruction threatens the future of mankind. ) ●●●
1148 Muslim ( Muslims pray in mosques on Friday, their holy day of the week. ) ●●●
1149 estate ( The property is part of my late mother’s estate. ) ●●●
1150 landmine ( The landmine was one of the weapons used in the Vietnam War. ) ●●●
1151 caution ( They are expected to do their job with extra caution. ) ●●●
1152 controversy ( There has been controversy over revisions to the constitution. ) ●●●
1153 consensus ( The consensus of the class is that we will run a café at the school festival. ) ●●●
1154 retail ( The shop sells local farm products at retail prices. ) ●●●
1155 fiber ( Brown rice is rich in dietary fiber and Vitamin B. ) ●●●
1156 scent ( Tea is sometimes combined with the scent of various flowers. ) ●●●
1157 beverage ( Some religions prohibited people from drinking alcoholic beverages. ) ●●●
1158 supplement ( He takes many supplements every day. ) ●●●
1159 diabetes ( There is a close link between obesity and diabetes. ) ●●●
1160 province ( About one-third of the population in Canada lives in the province of Ontario. ) ●●●
1161 reef ( Coral reefs provide us with rich fishing resources. ) ●●●
1162 microbe ( Soil full of microbes can help plants grow strong. ) ●●●
1163 excess ( Drinking in excess will weaken your immune system. ) ●●●
1164 gallery ( I visited a wonderful gallery of modern art in New York. ) ●●●
1165 fame ( He worked for fame, not for the sake of his family. ) ●●●
1166 deadline ( Be sure to submit your report before the deadline. ) ●●●
1167 undergraduate ( As an undergraduate, he studied English grammar. ) ●●●
1168 slavery ( Even before Lincoln, some politicians had tried to abolish slavery. ) ●●●
1169 prey ( Many types of animals hunt prey for food. ) ●●●
1170 mess ( My parents had me clean up the mess in the living room. ) ●●●
1171 recession ( Our country has not recovered from the economic recession yet. ) ●●●
1172 retreat ( The military were forced to make a retreat from the enemy. ) ●●●
1173 grave ( Every time she returns home, she visits her grandmother’s grave. ) ●●●
1174 column ( She writes a newspaper column once a week. ) ●●●
1175 scenery ( They had lunch on the balcony, with a view of the mountain scenery. ) ●●●
1176 plot ( The plot of this detective novel is too complicated to understand. ) ●●●
1177 sculpture ( You can see Michelangelo’s famous sculpture in St. Peter’s in Vatican City. ) ●●●
1178 tablet ( Some think that it is more convenient to read novels on a tablet. ) ●●●
1179 dense ( We had trouble walking through a dense crowd of people. ) ●●●
1180 exotic ( The zoo has an exhibition of rare and exotic animals. ) ●●●
1181 acid ( It is not certain that acid rain is caused by air pollution. ) ●●●
1182 bitter ( He had the bitter experience of fighting in the war. ) ●●●
1183 sensible ( She made the sensible decision of consulting her lawyer. ) ●●●
1184 noble ( He married a woman of a noble family. ) ●●●
1185 vague ( I have a vague memory of my conversation with her on the phone. ) ●●●
1186 parallel ( She drove on a road that is parallel to the main road. ) ●●●
1187 tense ( The goal of this exercise is to relax tense muscles and reduce stress. ) ●●●
1188 vertical ( He placed the ladder in a vertical position. ) ●●●
1189 indigenous ( Pumpkins are vegetables indigenous to Central America. ) ●●●
1190 aboriginal ( Aboriginal art varies across the regions of Australia. ) ●●●
1191 seasonal ( Seasonal discounts have become common in the fashion industry. ) ●●●
1192 abundant ( Thanks to his abundant talents, he succeeded as an entertainer. ) ●●●
1193 hybrid ( Those who drive hybrid cars get the privilege of free parking here. ) ●●●
1194 irrelevant ( He asked the teacher a question irrelevant to the topic. ) ●●●
1195 ridiculous ( The reporter asked him a ridiculous question at the press conference. ) ●●●
1196 fairy ( The queen in that fairy tale was so cruel to Snow White. ) ●●●
1197 sensory ( Sensory information travels throughout the nervous system. ) ●●●
1198 chronic ( Healthy life habits can reduce the risk of chronic diseases. ) ●●●
1199 voluntary ( People often act on the basis of their voluntary will. ) ●●●
1200 inclined ( She is inclined to be very optimistic about her future. ) ●●●
1201 infer ( I inferred that her hometown is London from her words. ) ●●●
1202 esteem ( He is highly esteemed as a genius in mathematics. ) ●●●
1203 tackle ( We must find an effective way to tackle this task. ) ●●●
1204 venture ( The company ventured into an unknown territory. ) ●●●
1205 accelerate ( The new goal of the government is to accelerate economic growth. ) ●●●
1206 accustom ( I am accustomed to hearing criticism from the media. ) ●●●
1207 amuse ( His jokes and funny stories amused us. ) ●●●
1208 flourish ( Renaissance art flourished in Italy between the 14th and 16th century. ) ●●●
1209 thrive ( The local economy is thriving after the new factory was built. ) ●●●
1210 nurture ( She nurtured her talents by painting and writing poems. ) ●●●
1211 click ( To download the file, you need to click on the filename on the screen. ) ●●●
1212 spin ( The earth is spinning around on its axis. ) ●●●
1213 clip ( She clips suitable articles from the newspaper for future use. ) ●●●
1214 drag ( I saw people dragging big bags at the airport. ) ●●●
1215 cast ( His repeated mistakes forced us to cast doubt on his ability. ) ●●●
1216 scatter ( There is litter scattered on the beach. ) ●●●
1217 tempt ( Manufacturers may be tempted to ignore the consumers’ complaints. ) ●●●
1218 withdraw ( She withdrew 20,000 yen from the ATM at a convenience store. ) ●●●
1219 yawn ( I noticed that he was trying hard not to yawn during class. ) ●●●
1220 blink ( He has a habit of blinking whenever he gives a speech. ) ●●●
1221 dye ( The woman decided to dye her hair brown. ) ●●●
1222 spill ( She accidentally spilled red wine on her white dress. ) ●●●
1223 irritate ( Jason’s loud voice irritates her. ) ●●●
1224 insult ( He insulted me by suggesting that I cheated in the exam. ) ●●●
1225 enforce ( The police enforce laws which the government has made. ) ●●●
1226 rob ( Three men robbed a woman of her wallet on a crowded train. ) ●●●
1227 drain ( She forgot to drain water from the bathtub. ) ●●●
1228 suspend ( The athlete has been suspended for not following the rules. ) ●●●
1229 drift ( The sailboat slowly drifted in the sea. ) ●●●
1230 forgive ( Please forgive me for having kept you waiting for such a long time. ) ●●●
1231 revise ( I need to revise my essay draft by next Monday. ) ●●●
1232 recruit ( Some colleges spend a lot of money to recruit talented students. ) ●●●
1233 twist ( While playing tennis, I twisted my ankle. ) ●●●
1234 crush ( Every morning, commuters in Tokyo are crushed on trains. ) ●●●
1235 pin ( She pinned a note onto the bulletin board. ) ●●●
1236 uncover ( The magazine uncovered the actor’s secret. ) ●●●
1237 exploit ( I do not think my company is fully exploiting its human resources. ) ●●●
1238 implement ( Japan implemented its recycling policy in 1991. ) ●●●
1239 integrate ( The students integrated the ideas from their teacher with their own. ) ●●●
1240 incorporate ( Many words have been incorporated into English from Latin and French. ) ●●●
1241 profile ( The reporter was told to write a profile of the new mayor. ) ●●●
1242 appetite ( People tend to have a bigger appetite when they feel a lot of stress. ) ●●●
1243 impulse ( She could not resist the impulse to eat ice cream. ) ●●●
1244 script ( The director insisted that the actors memorize the script. ) ●●●
1245 anniversary ( They celebrated their fifth wedding anniversary last Sunday. ) ●●●
1246 pension ( She started to receive her retirement pension at the age of 65. ) ●●●
1247 temper ( Her temper is sweet and calm, so everyone likes her. ) ●●●
1248 cortex ( The frontal cortex is the most recently evolved part of the brain. ) ●●●
1249 syndrome ( Inborn heart defects are associated with many genetic syndromes. ) ●●●
1250 chamber ( The guide took me through the chambers of the castle. ) ●●●
1251 utility ( Free markets may be replaced with publicly owned utilities someday. ) ●●●
1252 cattle ( He raises cattle and pigs at the foot of the mountain. ) ●●●
1253 herd ( A large herd of elephants have moved into the fields. ) ●●●
1254 fluid ( The patient is only allowed to drink fluids today. ) ●●●
1255 pity ( It is a great pity that you have to leave so quickly. ) ●●●
1256 priest ( He became a Christian priest and a professor at Cambridge University. ) ●●●
1257 acquaintance ( She is just a casual acquaintance. ) ●●●
1258 offspring ( Much of what we pass on to our offspring is cultural. ) ●●●
1259 famine ( People in the past suffered from famine due to crop failure. ) ●●●
1260 deforestation ( Deforestation in the Amazon has accelerated recently. ) ●●●
1261 jail ( The criminal was charged with burglary and taken to jail. ) ●●●
1262 commodity ( Coffee is one of the most valuable commodities in the world. ) ●●●
1263 format ( Many school textbooks are appearing in digital format these days. ) ●●●
1264 recipient ( The author is a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature. ) ●●●
1265 drill ( Factory workers should hold regular fire drills. ) ●●●
1266 inability ( We were shocked at Maria’s inability to use a knife and fork properly. ) ●●●
1267 republic ( The Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic are now two independent nations. ) ●●●
1268 combat ( In the Vietnam War, some photographers joined the soldiers who went into combat. ) ●●●
1269 debris ( They are cleaning up the debris of the collapsed building. ) ●●●
1270 bug ( The school has to get rid of the bugs in the swimming pool. ) ●●●
1271 fraction ( Only a small fraction of the universe is visible to observers on earth. ) ●●●
1272 index ( It is said that one’s home is an index of one’s personality. ) ●●●
1273 intuition ( Scientists often rely on intuition for research ideas. ) ●●●
1274 motive ( Her motive for studying English is to watch American movies. ) ●●●
1275 consent ( He is now old enough to get married without his parents’ consent. ) ●●●
1276 hierarchy ( The company has a complex hierarchy of managers. ) ●●●
1277 monument ( The stone monument honors the people who died in the war. ) ●●●
1278 asset ( The trading company has $500 million in assets. ) ●●●
1279 decent ( The company employs people living nearby and pays them decent wages. ) ●●●
1280 competent ( The president felt lucky to have such a competent secretary. ) ●●●
1281 straightforward ( There is no straightforward answer to the philosophical question. ) ●●●
1282 cosmetic ( The company is famous for its high quality cosmetic products. ) ●●●
1283 delicate ( The mother treats her baby with delicate care. ) ●●●
1284 interior ( The interior walls are made of natural materials. ) ●●●
1285 transparent ( He fixed the split document with transparent tape. ) ●●●
1286 aesthetic ( There is an aesthetic quality to letters written with a brush. ) ●●●
1287 deliberate ( His behavior was a deliberate attempt to offend her. ) ●●●
1288 demographic ( Japan has been going through big demographic changes over the past century. ) ●●●
1289 prehistoric ( People may have cooked food in hot water in prehistoric times. ) ●●●
1290 innate ( The brain loses some of its innate language capabilities when it ages. ) ●●●
1291 mild ( Some foreign visitors are drawn to Florida by its mild winter climate. ) ●●●
1292 toxic ( Toxic chemicals must not be poured down the drain. ) ●●●
1293 ashamed ( I was ashamed of not having been able to answer such an easy question. ) ●●●
1294 humble ( People say that good fortune comes to those humble people who expect it the least. ) ●●●
1295 peculiar ( Some diseases are peculiar to women. ) ●●●
1296 steep ( Every cyclist faces steep hills, strong headwinds and fatigue. ) ●●●
1297 trivial ( The couple often has a quarrel over trivial matters. ) ●●●
1298 magnificent ( The view of the city from Tokyo Skytree is magnificent. ) ●●●
1299 wireless ( A wireless router receives and sends signals. ) ●●●
1300 ongoing ( The success of our ongoing project depends on the people concerned. ) ●●●
1301 assure ( I can assure you that you will never forget your trip abroad. ) ●●●
1302 precede ( In Turkey, small talk precedes any business discussions. ) ●●●
1303 revive ( Now sixty-five, he revived his childhood dream of making a violin. ) ●●●
1304 compel ( The athlete’s injury compelled him to quit professional sports. ) ●●●
1305 blossom ( Most cherry trees blossom in the spring. ) ●●●
1306 terrify ( The horror movie terrified her, so she could not sleep that night. ) ●●●
1307 violate ( Using your smartphone on a flight may violate safety regulations. ) ●●●
1308 suppress ( The company tried to suppress the news story about their illegal deals. ) ●●●
1309 deceive ( He is the last man to deceive other people. ) ●●●
1310 manipulate ( The politician knows how to manipulate public opinion. ) ●●●
1311 starve ( The man did not starve to death while walking through desert to the city. ) ●●●
1312 flee ( The woman tried to flee from the scene of the crime. ) ●●●
1313 whisper ( I whispered in her ear to keep silent. ) ●●●
1314 yell ( The driver yelled at me to stay on the sidewalk. ) ●●●
1315 deposit ( She deposited a pile of documents on her desk and called me. ) ●●●
1316 confine ( They confined the guests to close friends. ) ●●●
1317 swing ( She was walking swinging her bag back and forth. ) ●●●
1318 prolong ( They chose to prolong their stay in Spain. ) ●●●
1319 depict ( The picture depicts the sorrow of the Virgin Mary over Christ’s death. ) ●●●
1320 outline ( This report outlines a strategy for the growth of the city. ) ●●●
1321 shed ( The company was forced to shed a hundred jobs due to low sales. ) ●●●
1322 emit ( Food production emits carbon dioxide. ) ●●●
1323 renew ( I renewed my smartphone contract last month. ) ●●●
1324 utilize ( Local residents can utilize the school gym on the weekends. ) ●●●
1325 assert ( The researcher asserted that her findings were true. ) ●●●
1326 strain ( Increased interest rates will strain our company’s finances. ) ●●●
1327 strive ( The police are striving to solve the problem of street crime. ) ●●●
1328 dare ( He did not dare to tell the truth to anyone. ) ●●●
1329 boast ( Her Twitter account boasts more than 100,000 followers. ) ●●●
1330 startle ( A sudden loud noise of thunder startled us. ) ●●●
1331 offend ( His aunt was deeply offended by his bad language. ) ●●●
1332 compute ( We computed the cost of the big event to be $2 billion. ) ●●●
1333 assemble ( He assembled a team of experts to review the plan. ) ●●●
1334 worsen ( Careless treatment may worsen the patient’s condition. ) ●●●
1335 flip ( He flipped some pancakes over many times while cooking. ) ●●●
1336 rub ( She studied until late at night rubbing her tired eyes. ) ●●●
1337 descend ( I can hear him descending the stairs. ) ●●●
1338 compensate ( Her passion compensates for her lack of knowledge. ) ●●●
1339 comprise ( My apartment comprises three bedrooms, a kitchen, and a living room. ) ●●●
1340 prevail ( The use of AI now widely prevails in many areas. ) ●●●
1341 quest ( In a quest for knowledge, the student read entire books every day. ) ●●●
1342 dignity ( Societies have been discussing the issue of dying with dignity. ) ●●●
1343 criterion ( Doctors use a specific set of criteria for making a diagnosis. ) memorizer基準 ( 医師は診断を下すのに特定の基準一式を用いる。 ) [/memorizer]
1344 paradox ( Fighting a war in order to bring peace is a paradox. ) ●●●
1345 parliament ( The members of Parliament met several times this month. ) memorizer議会 ( 議会のメンバーは今月、数回の会合を持った。 ) [/memorizer]
1346 legislation ( The city adopted new legislation to lower the crime rate. ) ●●●
1347 agenda ( The chairperson briefly mentioned the agenda for tomorrow’s meeting. ) ●●●
1348 mainstream ( His radical views place him outside the mainstream of Japanese politics. ) memorizer主流 ( 彼の急進的な見解は、彼を日本の政治の主流からはずれた立場に置く。 ) [/memorizer]
1349 troop ( The country sent the peacekeeping troops into the conflict area. ) memorizer軍隊;集団 ( その国は紛争地帯に平和維持軍を派遣した。 ) [/memorizer]
1350 epidemic ( The government warned of a possible flu epidemic. ) ●●●
1351 outbreak ( In 2014, an outbreak of Ebola fever killed more than 11,000 people. ) ●●●
1352 chaos ( The high number of people at the festival caused total chaos. ) ●●●
1353 nightmare ( I had a horrible nightmare last night. ) ●●●
1354 horror ( He moved back with horror when he saw the big cockroach. ) ●●●
1355 cluster ( A cluster of young people stood around the famous actor. ) ●●●
1356 pollen ( Hay fever is mainly caused by the pollen from trees and flowers. ) ●●●
1357 hive ( You should not harvest all the honey from the hive. ) ●●●
1358 irrigation ( Today, Japan mainly uses river water for irrigation. ) ●●●
1359 dose ( Mary takes a dose of vitamin C every morning. ) memorizer服用量 ( メアリーは毎朝ビタミンCを1回分服用している。 ) [/memorizer]
1360 suicide ( The old man attempted suicide because of his debts. ) ●●●
1361 feast ( The guests gathered to celebrate the wedding feast. ) ●●●
1362 cuisine ( The cuisine of Taiwan’s native people is increasingly being valued. ) memorizer料理、料理法 ( 台湾の先住民の料理はますます評価されつつある。 ) [/memorizer]
1363 rumor ( I heard a rumor that he is living in Boston now. ) ●●●
1364 proverb ( A famous English proverb says, “Actions speak louder than words.” ) ●●●
1365 signature ( Please put your signature on this form. ) ●●●
1366 formula ( There is no sure formula for a good life. ) ●●●
1367 tuition ( I take on a part-time job to earn my college tuition. ) ●●●
1368 intake ( To protect your heart, cut back on your fat intake. ) ●●●
1369 spectrum ( You can see the full color spectrum in this photo. ) ●●●
1370 kidney ( Some people have decided to donate their kidneys after their death. ) ●●●
1371 gear ( He has the right gear to do the repairs. ) ●●●
1372 aisle ( Flight attendants walk up and down the aisle, serving passengers. ) memorizer通路 ( 客室乗務員は通路を行き来し、乗客に応対する。 ) [/memorizer]
1373 grief ( On hearing the news, she felt terrible grief. ) ●●●
1374 destiny ( She believed that it was her destiny to become a doctor. ) ●●●
1375 skull ( Dinosaur bones and skulls were found in the area. ) ●●●
1376 tomb ( They buried him in the family tomb. ) ●●●
1377 monk ( The Buddhist monks have learned to live with nature. ) ●●●
1378 worship ( Worship of the sun is found in mythologies around the world. ) ●●●
1379 outstanding ( Jason received an award for his outstanding academic achievement. ) ●●●
1380 unprecedented ( Today, we are confronted with an unprecedented economic crisis. ) ●●●
1381 infinite ( The spaceship traveled through infinite space. ) ●●●
1382 worthwhile ( I don’t mind spending money if the purchase is worthwhile. ) ●●●
1383 indispensable ( Computer literacy is indispensable for academic learning. ) ●●●
1384 compulsory ( In a country, children finish compulsory education at 16. ) ●●●
1385 probable ( It is probable that she will be reelected mayor. ) ●●●
1386 ambiguous ( His answer to the question was highly ambiguous. ) ●●●
1387 obscure ( The origin of the ancient custom remains obscure. ) memorizer知られていない ( その古来の習慣の起源は、知られないままである。 ) [/memorizer]
1388 skeptical ( She is skeptical about the possibility of political change. ) ●●●
1389 fragile ( You have to handle fragile glassware with care. ) ●●●
1390 static ( The shock you feel when touching the doorknob is discharged static electricity. ) ●●●
1391 gradual ( There has been a gradual increase in the number of whales in the water. ) ●●●
1392 vocal ( The singer has a vocal range of three octaves. ) ●●●
1393 vivid ( You may have a vivid memory from early childhood. ) ●●●
1394 imperial ( St. Petersburg was once the capital of Imperial Russia. ) ●●●
1395 hostile ( They were hostile to the new executive who joined the company. ) ●●●
1396 superficial ( We are often deceived by superficial resemblance. ) ●●●
1397 scarce ( Japan is a country with scarce energy resources. ) ●●●
1398 gross ( Investments showed a gross profit of $2 million. ) ●●●
1399 inherent ( The Russian language is difficult to learn due to its inherent properties. ) ●●●
1400 notable ( The notable characteristic of the English weather is its changeability. ) ●●●
1401 update ( The store manager updates the sales data once a week. ) ●●●
1402 refresh ( Music helps refresh your mind after a long day at work. ) ●●●
1403 bloom ( I think that these lilies will bloom in a few days. ) ●●●
1404 conquer ( Some people fear that aliens may appear and conquer the Earth. ) ●●●
1405 induce ( The medicine may induce sleep, so don’t take it before driving. ) ●●●
1406 attain ( He attained most of his knowledge at university. ) ●●●
1407 spray ( The man sprayed all the plants with an insecticide. ) ●●●
1408 retrieve ( She successfully retrieved necessary information from the database. ) ●●●
1409 portray ( The detective is portrayed as an intelligent character. ) ●●●
1410 scratch ( The cat scratched me on the arm. ) ●●●
1411 designate ( The wetland was designated as a conservation area. ) ●●●
1412 contradict ( The company’s actual work style contradicted what he learned in training. ) ●●●
1413 sigh ( He sighed with relief to hear that her son was safe. ) ●●●
1414 disrupt ( Climate change could disrupt the agricultural economy. ) ●●●
1415 depart ( In Japan, trains almost always depart on time. ) ●●●
1416 navigate ( She always navigates for her husband when they go for a drive. ) ●●●
1417 beg ( She begged the concert attendant to let her enter the hall. ) ●●●
1418 inhabit ( America is inhabited by many people from all over the world. ) ●●●
1419 diagnose ( The doctor diagnosed the patient with a mild illness. ) ●●●
1420 comprehend ( She could not comprehend what he was saying. ) ●●●
1421 oblige ( We are obliged to educate children, work and pay taxes. ) ●●●
1422 cram ( The boy crammed his mouth with a piece of bread. ) ●●●
1423 flock ( Many people flocked to the new restaurant featured on TV. ) ●●●
1424 underestimate ( We should not underestimate our own talents. ) ●●●
1425 clarify ( The man clarified the main point of his presentation. ) ●●●
1426 spark ( His comments on a review site sparked a flood of protests. ) ●●●
1427 seize ( I failed to seize the opportunity to meet the mayor of our city. ) ●●●
1428 soar ( The stock price of the company has soared. ) ●●●
1429 glow ( The metal glowed in the dark, giving off a soft green light. ) ●●●
1430 disguise ( She disguised herself as a man, so nobody could recognize her. ) ●●●
1431 distort ( He negatively distorted his friend’s message by mistake. ) ●●●
1432 undermine ( The new theory accounts for what undermines health. ) ●●●
1433 abolish ( We should abolish the outdated practice as it is no longer useful. ) ●●●
1434 strip ( First, we need to strip the tape from the package. ) ●●●
1435 dispose ( His will indicated how to dispose of his property. ) ●●●
1436 dump ( It is illegal to dump waste into the river. ) ●●●
1437 weave ( This beautiful scarf is woven from silk thread. ) ●●●
1438 refine ( He greatly refined his manners as he became an adult. ) ●●●
1439 enrich ( The goal of this treatment is to enrich the quality of your life. ) ●●●
1440 coordinate ( The guide coordinated a travel schedule for the people on the tour. ) ●●●
1441 headline ( Their sudden marriage grabbed the newspaper headlines this week. ) ●●●
1442 internship ( He has completed a one-year internship with a law firm in Tokyo. ) ●●●
1443 outlet ( A lot of tourists rushed to the outlets that sell famous brands. ) ●●●
1444 remedy ( He tried some folk remedies for his illness. ) ●●●
1445 pill ( The doctor gave her five days’ worth of pills for her cold. ) ●●●
1446 reception ( Her new novel is getting a good reception from the readers. ) ●●●
1447 transaction ( I am wondering how secure our online transactions are. ) ●●●
1448 mutation ( Some chemicals can cause genetic mutations in humans. ) ●●●
1449 dairy ( I am trying to eat less red meat and dairy. ) ●●●
1450 compassion ( She felt deep compassion for the victims of the accident. ) ●●●
1451 posture ( This chair helps people maintain a good posture. ) ●●●
1452 curse ( Being angry, he released a scream and a curse. ) ●●●
1453 funeral ( She went back to her hometown to attend her grandfather’s funeral. ) ●●●
1454 census ( According to the recent national census, the population is decreasing. ) ●●●
1455 encyclopedia ( This electronic dictionary contains 15 volumes of an encyclopedia. ) ●●●
1456 cereal ( Some people avoid cereals to lose weight. ) ●●●
1457 fragment ( Our solar system is only a fragment of the whole universe. ) ●●●
1458 patch ( Giant pandas have black patches around their eyes. ) ●●●
1459 rubbish ( In this city, most of household rubbish is burned up at a high temperature. ) ●●●
1460 maze ( The new store is like a complicated maze for the shoppers. ) ●●●
1461 outlook ( Her trip to India totally changed her outlook on life. ) ●●●
1462 breakthrough ( The professor finally made a breakthrough in biology. ) ●●●
1463 triumph ( She achieved a great triumph during the tournament. ) ●●●
1464 ally ( Japan is an ally and trade partner of the United States. ) ●●●
1465 spectator ( The spectators of the game were very excited about the victory. ) ●●●
1466 sphere ( After graduation, he and I moved in different social spheres. ) ●●●
1467 county ( A county has its own government to deal with local matters. ) ●●●
1468 behalf ( On behalf of my whole family, I’d like to thank you for all your help. ) ●●●
1469 interval ( The city shuttle bus runs at intervals of five minutes. ) ●●●
1470 circulation ( Good blood circulation helps the brain stay healthy. ) ●●●
1471 blade ( The company has decided to sell ceramic blades instead of metal ones. ) ●●●
1472 theft ( The greatest art theft in history occurred during World War II. ) ●●●
1473 vacuum ( A rocket engine can operate in the vacuum of space. ) ●●●
1474 collision ( There was a collision between two boats last night. ) ●●●
1475 bargain ( She found a good bargain at the market. ) ●●●
1476 landmark ( Tokyo Skytree is one of the newest landmarks in Tokyo. ) ●●●
1477 revenue ( There was an increase of 5.2 percent in tax revenues last year. ) ●●●
1478 treaty ( A lot of international treaties have been signed in Canada. ) ●●●
1479 supreme ( In many countries in the past, the king was the supreme authority. ) ●●●
1480 thorough ( The police’s thorough investigation revealed the cause of the accident. ) ●●●
1481 naked ( The artist won an award for his sculpture of the naked body. ) ●●●
1482 sincere ( They all accepted her sincere apology. ) ●●●
1483 tame ( Our cat is tame, but she is sometimes frightened of strangers. ) ●●●
1484 insufficient ( His salary is an insufficient amount for supporting his family. ) ●●●
1485 dim ( The streetlights near my house are very dim. ) ●●●
1486 acute ( Soon after eating oysters, she had an acute pain in her stomach. ) ●●●
1487 disabled ( There are parking spaces prepared for physically disabled people. ) ●●●
1488 metropolitan ( A metropolitan area typically has a convenient transportation system. ) ●●●
1489 monetary ( He is not interested in objects of little monetary value. ) ●●●
1490 alternate ( The hikers took an alternate route to the top of the mountain. ) ●●●
1491 partial ( Reducing waste is only a partial solution to global warming. ) ●●●
1492 divine ( Sunlight is often used to represent divine grace or revelation. ) ●●●
1493 drastic ( The man made a drastic change in his daily eating habits. ) ●●●
1494 fierce ( Their product survived fierce competition with another company’s. ) ●●●
1495 sole ( Newspapers were the sole source of information for people at that time. ) ●●●
1496 spontaneous ( He received spontaneous applause from the audience after his speech. ) ●●●
1497 spatial ( The man described the spatial layout of the room over the phone. ) ●●●
1498 neat ( Some people are unable to keep their rooms neat and clean. ) ●●●
1499 tidy ( She cannot put up with the house not being tidy. ) ●●●
1500 loyal ( Most of the employees in the company are loyal to their president. ) ●●●
1501 bless ( This area is blessed with natural beauty. ) ●●●
1502 regain ( She fainted, but soon regained consciousness. ) ●●●
1503 conform ( While in Japan, Lucas tried to conform to Japanese customs. ) ●●●
1504 enroll ( He enrolled in a local gym to learn Latin dance. ) ●●●
1505 entitle ( Members of the store are entitled to a five percent discount. ) ●●●
1506 halt ( The specialists were not able to halt the spread of this year’s flu. ) ●●●
1507 provoke ( The topic of immigration usually provokes emotional reactions. ) ●●●
1508 invade ( Animals usually do not invade the territories of other animals. ) ●●●
1509 squeeze ( The cat somehow squeezed through a gap in the fence. ) ●●●
1510 crawl ( The baby crawled across the floor to his mother. ) ●●●
1511 digest ( It takes three to four hours to digest meat and fish. ) ●●●
1512 utter ( She was too shocked to utter a word at all. ) ●●●
1513 refrain ( Politicians should refrain from using bad language. ) ●●●
1514 populate ( Some scholars think the Ainu populated Hokkaido by the 13th century. ) ●●●
1515 accommodate ( The elevator accommodates up to 12 people. ) ●●●
1516 steer ( As an experienced navigator, he steered the boat into the harbor. ) ●●●
1517 drown ( The rowboat turned over and she nearly drowned in the lake. ) ●●●
1518 dip ( She dips biscuits in tea before eating them. ) ●●●
1519 soak ( She made pickles by soaking cucumbers in vinegar. ) ●●●
1520 stir ( She stirred her tea with a spoon. ) ●●●
1521 transplant ( The surgeon successfully transplanted a heart into the child. ) ●●●
1522 reassure ( My mother reassured me that everything should go well. ) ●●●
1523 resume ( She resumed her career after two years of maternity leave. ) ●●●
1524 speculate ( He speculated that life might exist on Mars. ) ●●●
1525 surpass ( Computers have surpassed the human mind in some aspects. ) ●●●
1526 appoint ( We all agreed to appoint Mr. White music director of our orchestra. ) ●●●
1527 intrigue ( She was intrigued by the article about a recently discovered plant. ) ●●●
1528 decay ( Fresh food easily decays in the summer. ) ●●●
1529 contaminate ( The oil spill from the ship contaminated the sea. ) ●●●
1530 swell ( He noticed that his twisted wrist swelled greatly. ) ●●●
1531 delete ( You should delete spam messages right away. ) ●●●
1532 tolerate ( I just cannot tolerate his selfishness. ) ●●●
1533 envy ( Many writers envy her talent for literature. ) ●●●
1534 pray ( She prayed that her son might recover from his illness. ) ●●●
1535 confess ( He confessed to the judge that he did the crime. ) ●●●
1536 resign ( The minister resigned from his post due to his misuse of political funds. ) ●●●
1537 dissolve ( She dissolved a vitamin C tablet in water. ) ●●●
1538 unfold ( She unfolded the letter inside the envelope. ) ●●●
1539 awaken ( He is often awakened by nightmares. ) ●●●
1540 conceive ( He conceived a new business plan while taking a bath. ) ●●●
1541 entrepreneur ( Japan has produced many young entrepreneurs in the IT field. ) ●●●
1542 stake ( The company has a major stake in the project. ) ●●●
1543 surplus ( A surplus of apartment buildings has lowered the cost of rent. ) ●●●
1544 inflation ( Pension payments should be increased in line with inflation. ) ●●●
1545 sweatshop ( Workers in sweatshops earn less than the minimum wage set by law. ) ●●●
1546 clash ( There were violent clashes between police and demonstrators. ) ●●●
1547 sociology ( She wants to major in sociology at college. ) ●●●
1548 ideology ( Ideologies such as religious beliefs or political concepts can lead to war. ) ●●●
1549 margin ( She wrote some notes in the margin of the page. ) ●●●
1550 realm ( The writer decided to write about the realms of fantasy. ) ●●●
1551 domain ( Many Japanese have received major awards in the domain of physics. ) ●●●
1552 algorithm ( Computers are getting faster at processing algorithms these days. ) ●●●
1553 prairie ( A herd of buffalo inhabits the nearby prairie. ) ●●●
1554 frontier ( Students can study at the frontiers of space engineering at this university. ) ●●●
1555 bullet ( The police officer wears a special vest to protect himself from bullets. ) ●●●
1556 shield ( The military has been creating a shield against missiles. ) ●●●
1557 despair ( She quit her job and left in despair. ) ●●●
1558 radiation ( The biggest problem of a nuclear disaster is exposure to radiation. ) ●●●
1559 placebo ( The doctor gave a placebo to the patient in the clinical trial. ) ●●●
1560 nursery ( Day care nurseries are available to pre-school children in the city. ) ●●●
1561 spouse ( The man is very glad that he has a supportive spouse. ) ●●●
1562 makeup ( Before the play, the actors put on costumes and makeup. ) ●●●
1563 mummy ( The mummy found in the tomb was buried with a lot of gold. ) ●●●
1564 flesh ( The trap had cut deeply into the rabbit’s flesh. ) ●●●
1565 limb ( He stretched his long limbs just after he got out of bed. ) ●●●
1566 odor ( Dogs can detect odors that humans cannot notice. ) ●●●
1567 laundry ( On Sundays he does the laundry and cleans his room. ) ●●●
1568 tide ( I cannot tell whether the tide is going out or coming in. ) ●●●
1569 questionnaire ( If you have time, please answer the questionnaire. ) ●●●
1570 nonsense ( John should have known better than to say such nonsense. ) ●●●
1571 revenge ( He was determined to take revenge on his political enemies. ) ●●●
1572 intellect ( He thinks that he is a man of superior intellect. ) ●●●
1573 hospitality ( The Japanese hotel shows great hospitality towards its guests. ) ●●●
1574 librarian ( The librarian recommended this book as a reference on English grammar. ) ●●●
1575 manuscript ( The writer’s manuscript has been kept in the university library. ) ●●●
1576 obsession ( She seemed to have an obsession with losing weight. ) ●●●
1577 hygiene ( The hospital’s standard of hygiene is high. ) ●●●
1578 paradigm ( The professor introduced a new paradigm into linguistic studies. ) ●●●
1579 legitimate ( He has three offshore companies for legitimate tax avoidance purposes. ) ●●●
1580 authentic ( She was moved by the authentic works by Picasso at the museum. ) ●●●
1581 empirical ( The teacher explained how to collect empirical evidence. ) ●●●
1582 immense ( There are immense varieties of chilies in Mexico. ) ●●●
1583 absurd ( Many people think that legalizing drugs is an absurd idea. ) ●●●
1584 weird ( I have been having very weird dreams these days. ) ●●●
1585 accidental ( Their accidental meeting led to a successful partnership. ) ●●●
1586 uneasy ( Young people tend to feel uneasy about the future. ) ●●●
1587 jealous ( His friend was jealous of his cooking skills. ) ●●●
1588 feminine ( She prefers to dress in a feminine way. ) ●●●
1589 swift ( The rescue of victims requires swift action. ) ●●●
1590 hollow ( As she had not eaten anything, her stomach felt hollow. ) ●●●
1591 crude ( He read a crude summary of the novel. ) ●●●
1592 sore ( I have a sore throat due to a cold. ) ●●●
1593 pessimistic ( You should not be pessimistic about your future. ) ●●●
1594 vain ( I tried in vain to persuade him to get along with his father. ) ●●●
1595 susceptible ( Most food is susceptible to heat, so it is wise to store it in a cool place. ) ●●●
1596 edible ( My grandfather is good at picking out edible mushrooms in the forest. ) ●●●
1597 sheer ( The girl appears to be a sheer genius in science. ) ●●●
1598 explicit ( He always gives us explicit instructions. ) ●●●
1599 prone ( If you work without a break, you become more prone to error. ) ●●●
1600 affluent ( Advertisers are targeting society’s affluent groups. ) ●●●
1601 collaborate ( Researchers from many countries collaborated to analyze the data. ) ●●●
1602 exert ( The state government exerts great influence on the possession of guns. ) ●●●
1603 excel ( The country excels at inventing electronic devices and parts. ) ●●●
1604 prosper ( Jack prospered in business in his hometown. ) ●●●
1605 surge ( Visitors surged through the gates to the entrance of the museum. ) ●●●
1606 intervene ( The police do not usually intervene in family disputes. ) ●●●
1607 insert ( He inserted an IC card into the ticket machine. ) ●●●
1608 overtake ( It is dangerous to overtake a car on an inside lane. ) ●●●
1609 snap ( She snapped her fingers while listening to music. ) ●●●
1610 carve ( He carved the marble into the shape of a bird. ) ●●●
1611 addict ( Many people have become addicted to online games. ) ●●●
1612 condemn ( The press condemned the movie producer for his immoralities. ) ●●●
1613 convict ( There is not enough evidence to convict him. ) ●●●
1614 dictate ( He dictated to his secretary how to do her job. ) ●●●
1615 prescribe ( The doctor prescribed some medicine for my high blood pressure. ) ●●●
1616 inhibit ( Seeing certain colors seems to inhibit anger. ) ●●●
1617 stray ( The cow strayed from the rest of the herd. ) ●●●
1618 roam ( He likes to roam the streets for shopping on his day off. ) ●●●
1619 enclose ( We have enclosed a catalog detailing our products. ) ●●●
1620 execute ( My team plans and executes the company’s strategy. ) ●●●
1621 coincide ( My mother’s birthday sometimes coincides with Mother’s Day. ) ●●●
1622 lag ( We lag far behind our competitors in productivity. ) ●●●
1623 cling ( The boy was clinging to his mother at the clinic. ) ●●●
1624 erase ( We sometimes wish we could erase some of our memories. ) ●●●
1625 grind ( Mr. Brown’s shop roasts and grinds coffee every day for his customers. ) ●●●
1626 knit ( Mary is knitting a sweater for her baby. ) ●●●
1627 inquire ( She inquired the way to the police station. ) ●●●
1628 betray ( Our tone often betrays our thoughts and feelings. ) ●●●
1629 leak ( They did not know why the secret information leaked to outsiders. ) ●●●
1630 smash ( Someone smashed the window of his car and stole the audio equipment. ) ●●●
1631 bounce ( The three children bounced up and down on the bed. ) ●●●
1632 sprawl ( As towns and cities sprawl, fields and forests shrink. ) ●●●
1633 converse ( Anna can converse with perfect strangers about any topic. ) ●●●
1634 recite ( He can recite famous lines from Shakespeare from memory. ) ●●●
1635 disregard ( She disregarded her doctor’s advice and continued to eat sweets. ) ●●●
1636 frown ( She frowned at the noisy students on the train. ) ●●●
1637 evoke ( The piece of music evoked memories of his youth. ) ●●●
1638 pledge ( The country must pledge to work with other countries for world peace. ) ●●●
1639 aspire ( My brother aspires to be a top basketball player. ) ●●●
1640 contemplate ( She has been contemplating changing her career. ) ●●●
1641 grace ( She is blessed with the natural grace of movement. ) ●●●
1642 enlightenment ( The newspaper’s mission is to bring enlightenment to the masses. ) ●●●
1643 commerce ( Commerce and free trade bring benefits to the country. ) ●●●
1644 draft ( She made a rough draft of her speech. ) ●●●
1645 barrel ( The price for a barrel of oil has been slowly increasing. ) ●●●
1646 timber ( There are clear advantages to using timber for building a house. ) ●●●
1647 garment ( The girl loves to wear the knitted garment made by her mother. ) ●●●
1648 thread ( This kimono is sewn with gold and silver thread. ) ●●●
1649 cabinet ( The prime minister is going to reorganize the Cabinet this year. ) ●●●
1650 bureau ( The Immigration Bureau is not in charge of granting work visas. ) ●●●
1651 autonomy ( Western culture emphasizes personal autonomy and freedom of speech. ) ●●●
1652 toll ( Anxiety can take a toll on our mental and physical health. ) ●●●
1653 discourse ( I hope for lively discourse at the meeting. ) ●●●
1654 superstition ( It is not worth believing such a childish superstition. ) ●●●
1655 glimpse ( He caught a glimpse of the aurora while in Alaska. ) ●●●
1656 arithmetic ( He reviewed his arithmetic and realized he made a mistake. ) ●●●
1657 glossary ( He referred to the glossary to understand Shakespeare. ) ●●●
1658 archive ( We can get information from the archives of the local history museum. ) ●●●
1659 legacy ( Future generations will be left with a legacy of plastic pollution. ) ●●●
1660 anthropology ( He studied anthropology because he was interested in culture. ) ●●●
1661 rage ( People should stop themselves from expressing their rage online. ) ●●●
1662 sorrow ( Nothing could relieve her deep sorrow at the death of her pet. ) ●●●
1663 psychiatrist ( He sees a psychiatrist to help him understand his feelings. ) ●●●
1664 ward ( In 2002, Chiyoda Ward in Tokyo banned smoking on some sidewalks. ) ●●●
1665 stall ( He bought some noodles at a stall in Taipei. ) ●●●
1666 flame ( Notre Dame de Paris went up in flames on April 15, 2019. ) ●●●
1667 moisture ( Leaves absorb moisture from the damp air. ) ●●●
1668 irony ( The remarried couple got divorced again by the irony of fate. ) ●●●
1669 warrior ( In the story, the woman was the most brave warrior in the land. ) ●●●
1670 astronomy ( The professor became famous for his discoveries in astronomy. ) ●●●
1671 probe ( The space probe returned to the earth after a long trip. ) ●●●
1672 altitude ( The explorer discovered a village at an altitude of around 2,500 meters. ) ●●●
1673 tumor ( He had the tumors in his right lung surgically removed. ) ●●●
1674 defect ( A defect in the electrical system caused the fire. ) ●●●
1675 sanitation ( Public sanitation needs to be at the top of the world’s agenda. ) ●●●
1676 longevity ( The twin sisters enjoyed their health and longevity. ) ●●●
1677 scope ( The police is expanding the scope of the investigation. ) ●●●
1678 sentiment ( Public sentiment against terrorism has increased in the country. ) ●●●
1679 plausible ( He gave a plausible explanation for making the floor wet. ) ●●●
1680 vigorous ( They are making vigorous efforts to complete the new project. ) ●●●
1681 masculine ( The little boy already shows a lot of masculine qualities. ) ●●●
1682 rigid ( His rigid attitude at work upsets his coworkers. ) ●●●
1683 adverse ( The new medicine may have adverse effects on patients’ skin. ) ●●●
1684 coherent ( She gave a coherent explanation of the incident. ) ●●●
1685 literal ( He took his classmate’s joke in the literal sense. ) ●●●
1686 arbitrary ( He did not know what food to order, so he just made an arbitrary selection. ) ●●●
1687 anonymous ( The company posted anonymous reviews of their own products. ) ●●●
1688 antique ( It is hard to tell good things from junk at antique shops. ) ●●●
1689 eternal ( The cosmetic company is doing a search on eternal youth. ) ●●●
1690 intermediate ( This book is aimed at students at the intermediate level. ) ●●●
1691 subordinate ( He did not like being in a subordinate position to his younger colleagues. ) ●●●
1692 gloomy ( She is in a gloomy mood as it has been raining for three days. ) ●●●
1693 thermal ( Most electricity in Japan is generated at thermal power stations. ) ●●●
1694 faint ( He noticed that a faint light was shining behind the clouds. ) ●●●
1695 naive ( My grandmother is so naive as to believe obvious lies. ) ●●●
1696 apt ( A careless person is apt to make the same mistakes. ) ●●●
1697 arrogant ( His arrogant behavior isolates him from everyone else. ) ●●●
1698 extrovert ( His extrovert speaking style helped him make many friends. ) ●●●
1699 conspicuous ( She was conspicuous in wearing a red dress at the party last night. ) ●●●
1700 intact ( We should try to keep the world’s remaining jungles intact. ) ●●●
1701 embody ( The law must embody the concept of justice. ) ●●●
1702 illuminate ( The garden is illuminated by rows of LED lights. ) ●●●
1703 console ( I consoled her on the loss of her cat. ) ●●●
1704 verify ( Passports verify travelers’ identity when crossing borders. ) ●●●
1705 disclose ( Ken disclosed the company secret to his friends and got fired. ) ●●●
1706 stack ( The chairs in the room are stacked in three neat piles. ) ●●●
1707 rotate ( The earth rotates about 1,700 kilometers per hour. ) ●●●
1708 constrain ( He was constrained to work in harsh conditions. ) ●●●
1709 hinder ( Her lack of experience hindered her from finding a good job. ) ●●●
1710 withstand ( Most modern architecture withstands natural disasters well. ) ●●●
1711 tweet ( Many people tweet about their daily lives on their smartphones. ) ●●●
1712 sneeze ( He sneezed after breathing the cold wind when he opened the front door. ) ●●●
1713 erupt ( If the volcano erupts, it will cause enormous damage. ) ●●●
1714 blur ( You may blur your vision if you gaze at a bright light too much. ) ●●●
1715 overlap ( The concepts of intelligence and wisdom overlap. ) ●●●
1716 embed ( Smartphones are deeply embedded in our daily lives. ) ●●●
1717 displace ( Robots are displacing human workers in many workplaces. ) ●●●
1718 render ( The power failure rendered the laboratory useless. ) ●●●
1719 plunge ( The children plunged into the swimming pool one by one. ) ●●●
1720 surrender ( They finally surrendered their weapons to the police. ) ●●●
1721 plug ( He plugged in the game console and started playing immediately. ) ●●●
1722 suck ( She sucked a deep breath, sending the fresh air to her lungs. ) ●●●
1723 mock ( He felt bad when someone mocked his repeated mistakes. ) ●●●
1724 tease ( He often teased his younger brother for being shorter than him. ) ●●●
1725 soothe ( Her words helped a lot to soothe the crying child. ) ●●●
1726 stain ( I stained my sweater with spilled tomato juice. ) ●●●
1727 shun ( Some teenagers shun their parents in front of their friends. ) ●●●
1728 stumble ( She stumbled on a rough road. ) ●●●
1729 flush ( Her face was flushed with embarrassment. ) ●●●
1730 impair ( Frequent use of smartphones may impair normal brain function. ) ●●●
1731 presume ( I presume that he earns a lot of money as a business owner. ) ●●●
1732 contend ( He contends that he never said such a thing. ) ●●●
1733 roar ( You rarely hear a tiger or a lion roar in a zoo. ) ●●●
1734 haunt ( The suspicion that Steven has been lying for a year haunts her. ) ●●●
1735 divert ( His speech was intended to divert attention from the current problems. ) ●●●
1736 await ( The students are anxiously awaiting their new teacher. ) ●●●
1737 fetch ( He fetched the dishes from the kitchen and set them out on the table. ) ●●●
1738 unify ( The politician succeeded in unifying the country. ) ●●●
1739 inspect ( Customs officers inspect baggage of international travelers. ) ●●●
1740 entail ( The strategy entails great risk, but it is worth trying. ) ●●●
1741 tactics ( If you use these sales tactics, you will succeed. ) ●●●
1742 feat ( She accomplished a feat of winning three championships in a row. ) ●●●
1743 prestige ( Japanese anime’s prestige throughout the world has risen sharply. ) ●●●
1744 analogy ( He supported his view by analogy with another view. ) ●●●
1745 conscience ( It goes against my conscience to accept dishonest money. ) ●●●
1746 textile ( The company exports cotton textiles to five countries around the world. ) ●●●
1747 deficit ( We have to make up the deficit immediately. ) ●●●
1748 plague ( Thousands of people died due to plagues and famines. ) ●●●
1749 hazard ( Many people still smoke despite the health hazards of cigarettes. ) ●●●
1750 metabolism ( Lack of sleep is not good for the body’s metabolism. ) ●●●
1751 paralysis ( A stroke caused paralysis of the left side of his body. ) ●●●
1752 grid ( The energy-storage revolution will improve the electricity grid. ) ●●●
1753 carriage ( The soldiers saluted the queen in her carriage. ) ●●●
1754 friction ( Trade imbalances caused friction between America and Mexico. ) ●●●
1755 rebel ( The government forces are preparing to fight anti-government rebels. ) ●●●
1756 regime ( The dictator punished anyone who criticized the regime. ) ●●●
1757 monopoly ( The company maintains a virtual monopoly in the market. ) ●●●
1758 staple ( To the Dutch, milk and cheese are staples. ) ●●●
1759 merchandise ( The store has a wide selection of merchandise. ) ●●●
1760 vendor ( We found a street vendor selling ice cream. ) ●●●
1761 supervisor ( If you have a problem, please consult with your supervisor. ) ●●●
1762 predecessor ( At first, the new manager followed the instructions from her predecessor. ) ●●●
1763 personnel ( The sales personnel attended a special training at headquarters. ) ●●●
1764 vessel ( A Portuguese trading vessel is headed for the coast of India. ) ●●●
1765 liver ( Drinking alcohol can damage the liver. ) ●●●
1766 duration ( We made a contract with a five-year duration with the company. ) ●●●
1767 certificate ( You should submit a birth certificate within 14 days after your child’s birth. ) ●●●
1768 geometry ( He published a book on Euclidean geometry a few years ago. ) ●●●
1769 symmetry ( In snow crystals, there is always a six-fold symmetry. ) ●●●
1770 biography ( Hundreds of good biographies of presidents throughout history exist. ) ●●●
1771 masterpiece ( The museum houses several masterpieces of modern art. ) ●●●
1772 rhyme ( She chants a rhyme with her child every night. ) ●●●
1773 premium ( I paid the annual premium for my car insurance. ) ●●●
1774 breakdown ( A breakdown of morals will increase crime rates. ) ●●●
1775 courtesy ( She has the courtesy of greeting everyone with a smile. ) ●●●
1776 protocol ( The Kyoto Protocol was aimed at reducing the greenhouse gases. ) ●●●
1777 specimen ( These insect specimens can be used for display. ) ●●●
1778 thesis ( She is still working on her doctoral thesis. ) ●●●
1779 eligible ( You are eligible for salary increase based on your performance. ) ●●●
1780 intrinsic ( The teacher emphasizes the intrinsic value of education. ) ●●●
1781 diligent ( She is a diligent student with many goals in life. ) ●●●
1782 vocational ( Unlike the U.S., Germany never abandoned vocational education. ) ●●●
1783 bankrupt ( Many companies went bankrupt during the recession. ) ●●●
1784 stern ( The police are planning to take sterner measures to combat crime. ) ●●●
1785 stubborn ( Frank was too stubborn to accept that he made some mistakes. ) ●●●
1786 maternal ( Jane has a strong maternal instinct, so she wants a baby. ) ●●●
1787 fertile ( The land is fertile enough to grow various crops on. ) ●●●
1788 ripe ( You had better eat ripe fruit before it goes bad. ) ●●●
1789 stiff ( My shoulder is stiff because I used a computer for a long time. ) ●●●
1790 obsolete ( Typewriters have become obsolete due to computers. ) ●●●
1791 vacant ( I stood on the train because there were no vacant seats. ) ●●●
1792 acoustic ( He is studying acoustic phonetics at a London university. ) ●●●
1793 preliminary ( He has enough information for starting preliminary investigations. ) ●●●
1794 approximate ( The kids guessed the approximate weight of the item on the table. ) ●●●
1795 implicit ( Her words contained an implicit understanding of our decision. ) ●●●
1796 punctual ( John is always punctual for appointments. ) ●●●
1797 compatible ( The candidate’s idea is compatible with our company’s policy. ) ●●●
1798 ample ( There is ample room for the expansion of this student center. ) ●●●
1799 pervasive ( Gender discrimination has been pervasive in many societies. ) ●●●
1800 ubiquitous ( Convenience stores are ubiquitous in Japan. ) ●●●
1801 deduce ( He deduced their relationship from their conversation. ) ●●●
1802 simulate ( They simulated an economic crisis that would arise in Japan. ) ●●●
1803 merge ( The three banks merged into a single organization. ) ●●●
1804 penetrate ( Much of the rain penetrated deep into the ground. ) ●●●
1805 cater ( A famous restaurant will be catering their wedding. ) ●●●
1806 assault ( The gang assaulted him with clubs. ) ●●●
1807 torture ( These devices were used to torture enemy spies. ) ●●●
1808 bleed ( He was bleeding from a large cut on his shoulder. ) ●●●
1809 erect ( They have erected high concrete walls along the border. ) ●●●
1810 cherish ( He still cherishes his memories in London. ) ●●●
1811 arouse ( Her speech about global warming aroused strong emotions among people. ) ●●●
1812 doom ( All living creatures are doomed to die in the end. ) ●●●
1813 mourn ( She still mourns her son’s untimely death. ) ●●●
1814 dread ( I used to dread going to the dentist as a child. ) ●●●
1815 nourish ( Children should be nourished well. ) ●●●
1816 inject ( The children were injected with the influenza vaccine. ) ●●●
1817 swear ( The man swore at the TV when the player missed a shot. ) ●●●
1818 bid ( He bid $1,000 for the painting at the auction. ) ●●●
1819 corrupt ( Illegal money may corrupt politicians. ) ●●●
1820 preoccupy ( She is preoccupied with taking care of her father. ) ●●●
1821 browse ( I often browse through scientific journals when I have time. ) ●●●
1822 compile ( The two singers have compiled this album from live recordings. ) ●●●
1823 allocate ( Ten percent of the budget is allocated to national defense. ) ●●●
1824 offset ( Higher prices will offset the increased cost of materials. ) ●●●
1825 restrain ( When spectators are excited, they often cannot restrain themselves. ) ●●●
1826 comply ( Most of the universities complied with government regulations. ) ●●●
1827 expire ( She found that her passport was about to expire. ) ●●●
1828 embark ( They have embarked on a mission for space exploration. ) ●●●
1829 flap ( The banner for minorities’ rights was flapping in the wind. ) ●●●
1830 furnish ( British people tend to furnish their rooms with large mirrors. ) ●●●
1831 forge ( It is illegal to forge a passport. ) ●●●
1832 thrust ( He thrust the documents into his bag. ) ●●●
1833 dispatch ( The police dispatched police cars to the crime scene. ) ●●●
1834 resent ( She suspects that her friend resents her remarks. ) ●●●
1835 reconcile ( My father told me to reconcile my statements with my conduct. ) ●●●
1836 allege ( The lawsuit alleged that the company concealed important information. ) ●●●
1837 oppress ( The military entered the area and oppressed the local people. ) ●●●
1838 expel ( He was expelled from the country for illegal entry. ) ●●●
1839 ascend ( She lost her breath after she ascended the stairs. ) ●●●
1840 commence ( The ceremony commenced at two in the afternoon. ) ●●●
1841 advent ( With the advent of digital cameras, the use of film has been declining. ) ●●●
1842 reign ( The Romans conquered the Celts during the reign of Julius Caesar. ) ●●●
1843 diplomacy ( We must commit to making diplomacy with other countries. ) ●●●
1844 embassy ( If you are in danger abroad, contact your country’s embassy. ) ●●●
1845 exile ( He went into exile to another country due to political suppression. ) ●●●
1846 refuge ( Caught in the rain, the man took refuge under the bridge. ) ●●●
1847 plight ( The NGO appealed to the government about the plight of homeless people. ) ●●●
1848 solitude ( She has lived in solitude for a long time. ) ●●●
1849 fallacy ( There are many popular fallacies about dieting. ) ●●●
1850 latitude ( Kuala Lumpur is situated at a latitude of about three degrees north. ) ●●●
1851 eclipse ( The man sat on the balcony to wait for the solar eclipse. ) ●●●
1852 basin ( The storm caused a flood in the river basin. ) ●●●
1853 erosion ( Deforestation will lead to soil erosion. ) ●●●
1854 archaeology ( Tutankhamen is the greatest discovery in Egyptian archaeology. ) ●●●
1855 errand ( He had to run an errand for his mother. ) ●●●
1856 mercy ( She showed no mercy to her rival. ) ●●●
1857 rhetoric ( I don’t like the empty rhetoric he uses to impress others. ) ●●●
1858 verse ( Shakespeare’s plays are written mostly in verse. ) ●●●
1859 congestion ( We missed the event due to traffic congestion. ) ●●●
1860 sewage ( In the past, sewage poured directly into rivers. ) ●●●
1861 complement ( The newly married couple are complements to each other. ) ●●●
1862 subsidy ( The government granted the company a subsidy for their new business. ) ●●●
1863 mortgage ( The family applied for a mortgage to buy a house. ) ●●●
1864 attorney ( The court appointed an attorney to represent the defendant. ) ●●●
1865 outfit ( She bought a new outfit for attending a wedding reception. ) ●●●
1866 bulk ( The bulk of residents in this area are Chinese. ) ●●●
1867 reunion ( Our college reunion will be held next month. ) ●●●
1868 synthesis ( Plastic is made by the synthesis of various chemicals. ) ●●●
1869 mold ( Pour the clay into a mold, and you will get a figure. ) ●●●
1870 thirst ( I was about to die of hunger and thirst on that day. ) ●●●
1871 greed ( He has caused trouble by his greed for money. ) ●●●
1872 bribe ( It was found out that the politician received a bribe. ) ●●●
1873 contempt ( He has great contempt for bullies. ) ●●●
1874 texture ( The texture of silk feels smooth. ) ●●●
1875 orphan ( The couple adopted an orphan into their family. ) ●●●
1876 harassment ( The report calls for measures to stop power harassment. ) ●●●
1877 hay ( Cattle and sheep are fed on hay grown on this farm. ) ●●●
1878 doctrine ( She found truth in the doctrines of the religion. ) ●●●
1879 holistic ( I am learning the holistic approach in my philosophy course. ) ●●●
1880 liable ( People are liable to make mistakes when they are in a hurry. ) ●●●
1881 earnest ( Her earnest efforts resulted in a major medical discovery. ) ●●●
1882 intelligible ( This manual is written in intelligible terms. ) ●●●
1883 abrupt ( Mary was surprised by her son’s abrupt change in attitude. ) ●●●
1884 reckless ( He had his driver’s license suspended for reckless driving. ) ●●●
1885 furious ( She was furious at his rude behavior. ) ●●●
1886 eloquent ( A really eloquent speaker keeps the audience interested. ) ●●●
1887 juvenile ( The rise in juvenile crimes has become a problem in this area. ) ●●●
1888 notorious ( He is notorious for putting his work off. ) ●●●
1889 timid ( The little boy seems very timid without his mother. ) ●●●
1890 humid ( It is hot and humid in Tokyo in summer. ) ●●●
1891 contagious ( Contagious diseases are likely to spread in crowded places. ) ●●●
1892 cynical ( I do not like his cynical view of society. ) ●●●
1893 dumb ( He calmly endured the interviewer’s dumb questions. ) ●●●
1894 monotonous ( I want to be away from my monotonous daily life. ) ●●●
1895 perpetual ( The scientist is hoping to discover a perpetual source of energy. ) ●●●
1896 dizzy ( He felt dizzy with the heat, so he rested under the tree. ) ●●●
1897 weary ( The man sighed, rubbing his weary eyes with his hand. ) ●●●
1898 numb ( While walking in the snow, his toes became numb with the cold. ) ●●●
1899 mortal ( Being in mortal danger, he was rushed to the hospital. ) ●●●
1900 zealous ( Her zealous commitment to her studies will lead her toward success. ) ●●●

英単語練習(英検準1級)

●●●は単語・例文の日本語意味


1 vulnerable ( Patients are vulnerable to infection just after surgery. ) ●●●
2 heed ( Make sure to heed all the warning signs. ) ●●●
3 bystander ( A bystander captured the arrest on video. ) ●●●
4 congestion ( The bridge eases congestion in the area. ) ●●●
5 discard ( She discarded all her appliances and replaced them with new ones. ) ●●●
6 blaze ( The blaze was completely out of control and spread quickly. ) ●●●
7 clumsy ( He is a little clumsy with a paintbrush. ) ●●●
8 eliminate ( We must eliminate major sources of pollution quickly. ) ●●●
9 acknowledge ( The politician acknowledged his involvement in the scandal. ) ●●●
10 edible ( Not all mushrooms are edible, so you have to be careful. ) ●●●
11 cultivate ( Our people have cultivated the land here for centuries. ) ●●●
12 overdue ( She had to pay a fine because her payment was overdue. ) ●●●
13 enrollment ( The university’s enrollment increases almost every year. ) ●●●
14 enlist ( He enlisted the help of friends when setting up his business. ) ●●●
15 anarchy ( Anarchy reigned in the country during the civil war. ) ●●●
16 reluctant ( She was reluctant to give an answer. ) ●●●
17 fragile ( Our company does not offer a service to ship fragile items. ) ●●●
18 evaluate ( Your work performance will be evaluated twice per year. ) ●●●
19 resume ( We will resume the class at 3:00 p.m. ) ●●●
20 weary ( She was weary after a day of walking in the city. ) ●●●
21 custody ( Her grandparents took custody of her after the accident. ) ●●●
22 coalition ( The two parties formed a coalition government. ) ●●●
23 tranquil ( That area has many large, tranquil forests. ) ●●●
24 enforce ( It is the job of the police to enforce the law. ) ●●●
25 disguise ( The woman disguised herself as a man to avoid police. ) ●●●
26 surplus ( A school plans to use the surplus of funds to update the gymnasium. ) ●●●
27 petition ( The activists are looking for more people to sign their petition. ) ●●●
28 habitual ( He is a habitual late sleeper and is often late to work. ) ●●●
29 vacant ( The building is new, so there are still several vacant apartments. ) ●●●
30 daring ( Critics have praised the author’s daring use of poetic language. ) ●●●
31 thrive ( The company’s business activities are thriving in Southeast Asia. ) ●●●
32 compartment ( She has a large purse divided into several compartments. ) ●●●
33 accelerate ( The growth of the economy continues to accelerate rapidly. ) ●●●
34 descendant ( Most people in this neighborhood are descendants of Japanese immigrants. ) ●●●
35 decay ( The old barn decayed until there was nothing left. ) ●●●
36 refine ( Our smartphone designs are constantly being refined and improved. ) ●●●
37 swell ( The bug bites on her legs swelled and turned red. ) ●●●
38 segment ( A large segment of the population does not have access to clean water. ) ●●●
39 bribe ( Several politicians have been arrested for taking bribes. ) ●●●
40 obsessed ( She has been obsessed with comic books since she was young. ) ●●●
41 uphold ( The CEO upheld his promise to avoid company-wide layoffs. ) ●●●
42 overthrow ( The organization is trying to overthrow the government. ) ●●●
43 itinerary ( He let his wife decide the itinerary for their trip to Europe. ) ●●●
44 faint ( We heard a faint noise coming from the basement. ) ●●●
45 explicit ( She left explicit instructions regarding how to take care of her dogs. ) ●●●
46 lenient ( His grandmother was always lenient when he was a child. ) ●●●
47 contemplate ( Have you ever contemplated quitting and finding a new job? ) ●●●
48 presume ( You shall be presumed innocent unless you are proven guilty. ) ●●●
49 bulky ( Bulky bags cannot be used as carry-on luggage. ) ●●●
50 concede ( The candidate conceded the election following the court’s decision. ) ●●●
51 shrug ( She shrugged her shoulders when her teacher asked her the question. ) ●●●
52 reconstruct ( Investigators worked to reconstruct the crime scene. ) ●●●
53 barricade ( There were many large barricades surrounding the demolition site. ) ●●●
54 extravagant ( The couple went to an extravagant dinner with the CEO. ) ●●●
55 reconcile ( The business partners worked hard to reconcile their differences. ) ●●●
56 exempt ( Monthly members are exempt from paying the admission fee. ) ●●●
57 stroll ( She takes a stroll around the park every morning. ) ●●●
58 notorious ( They are notorious for being inflexible in their opinions. ) ●●●
59 enhance ( We could enhance the quality of sound produced by our headphones. ) ●●●
60 signify ( This mark signifies that the food was grown organically. ) ●●●
61 hectic ( The restaurant always becomes hectic during the dinner rush. ) ●●●
62 vivid ( He has vivid memories of his trip to Paris. ) ●●●
63 intact ( Thankfully, the main structure remained intact after the hurricane. ) ●●●
64 conform ( Students must conform to all school rules. ) ●●●
65 sway ( The bridge swayed with the force of the wind. ) ●●●
66 hasty ( The lawyer took a hasty lunch before his next appointment. ) ●●●
67 rotate ( They rotate duties within the team each work shift. ) ●●●
68 decisive ( Her victory in the gymnastics competition was decisive. ) ●●●
69 trivial ( You shouldn’t get so upset over such a trivial error. ) ●●●
70 detain ( The boss has been detained in meetings for hours. ) ●●●
71 vicious ( She was attacked by a vicious dog as a small child. ) ●●●
72 revolve ( The planets revolve around the sun at different speeds. ) ●●●
73 summon ( She was summoned to the principal’s office. ) ●●●
74 corrupt ( He made it his goal to fight against corrupt politicians. ) ●●●
75 spontaneous ( He said that moving to Hawaii was a spontaneous decision. ) ●●●
76 stale ( If you leave that bread out, it will go stale. ) ●●●
77 proclaim ( The US proclaimed its independence from Great Britain in 1776. ) ●●●
78 cherish ( Cindy cherishes her memories of her first love. ) ●●●
79 fictitious ( His stories are all set in a fictitious world. ) ●●●
80 rash ( He later regretted making such a rash decision. ) ●●●
81 serene ( The scenery around the lake was quite serene and beautiful. ) ●●●
82 ransom ( The kidnapper demanded a high ransom for his release. ) ●●●
83 witty ( He kept making a lot of funny jokes and witty remarks. ) ●●●
84 thaw ( The snow thawed in the heat of the sun. ) ●●●
85 adequate ( It looks like the plant has not been getting adequate water. ) ●●●
86 minor ( The sale of alcohol to minors is prohibited in most countries. ) ●●●
87 obstacle ( A lack of funding is a huge obstacle to the project. ) ●●●
88 mandatory ( A period of military service is mandatory in some countries. ) ●●●
89 nutritious ( A nutritious breakfast is an important start to the day. ) ●●●
90 impractical ( Her ideas to improve our products are always impractical. ) ●●●
91 optimistic ( You are too optimistic about the success of this project. ) ●●●
92 perspective ( People from outside of the company can give us a fresh perspective on our products. ) ●●●
93 tackle ( The president promised to tackle several tough issues. ) ●●●
94 merit ( Scholarships will be awarded based on merit and need. ) ●●●
95 halt ( Traffic halted due to the poor weather conditions. ) ●●●
96 designate ( Many places have been designated as World Heritage Sites in Japan. ) ●●●
97 bankrupt ( If we do not do something, the company will go bankrupt. ) ●●●
98 abundant ( There is an abundant supply of fresh water in this forest. ) ●●●
99 exceptional ( Critics praised her for her exceptional performance. ) ●●●
100 integrate ( It is difficult to integrate new software into a system this complicated. ) ●●●
101 assess ( She hired a mechanic to assess the damage to the vehicle. ) ●●●
102 raid ( The rebels are raiding towns located along the border. ) ●●●
103 betray ( His coworkers felt that he had betrayed them by switching companies. ) ●●●
104 altitude ( Airplanes fly at a high altitude when flying for long distances. ) ●●●
105 offset ( They reduced employee hours to offset the high costs of labor. ) ●●●
106 discontent ( Discontent spread quickly throughout the country after the tax increase. ) ●●●
107 inefficient ( Our current system for communication between departments is inefficient. ) ●●●
108 unanimously ( All the bills were passed in the Senate unanimously. ) ●●●
109 prestigious ( This is her third time winning this prestigious award. ) ●●●
110 complication ( She ran into many complications preparing dinner, such as the oven breaking. ) ●●●
111 milestone ( The opening of the factory was a milestone in the town’s history. ) ●●●
112 portray ( The people portrayed on that show are all historical figures. ) ●●●
113 fatality ( Thankfully, there were no fatalities in the accident on the highway. ) ●●●
114 tempting ( The offer was tempting, but he decided to keep his current job. ) ●●●
115 inmate ( Several inmates escaped from the prison last week. ) ●●●
116 detour ( He had to take a detour because of the road construction. ) ●●●
117 dedicated ( The professor is dedicated to his research. ) ●●●
118 relic ( Many ancient relics are kept in the museum. ) ●●●
119 compulsory ( Education is compulsory until the end of junior high school here. ) ●●●
120 dehydration ( You must be careful of dehydration, especially in the summer. ) ●●●
121 liberate ( The army liberated the area from enemy forces. ) ●●●
122 perilous ( Climbing Mount Everest is considered to be a perilous journey. ) ●●●
123 biographical ( She won some awards for her biographical novels about past scientists. ) ●●●
124 filthy ( His shoes were filthy, so he took them off before getting in the car. ) ●●●
125 accord ( It took months for the two parties to reach an accord. ) ●●●
126 binding ( The contract you signed with us is binding. ) ●●●
127 comply ( In the case of a disaster, please comply with staff instructions. ) ●●●
128 stunned ( He was stunned that his book got on the bestseller list. ) ●●●
129 invalid ( She let her license expire, so it is now invalid. ) ●●●
130 intruder ( This security alarm is designed to react if any intruders enter. ) ●●●
131 unveil ( The company’s new product line was unveiled last night. ) ●●●
132 tedious ( The manager gave a tedious speech about various rules in the office. ) ●●●
133 clarify ( The lecturer clarified many points during a question and answer session. ) ●●●
134 commend ( The organization commended the efforts of all of their volunteers. ) ●●●
135 intrigued ( He was intrigued by the insects in his garden. ) ●●●
136 wither ( Without water, most plants will wither and slowly die. ) ●●●
137 escort ( The angry man was escorted away by a group of police officers. ) ●●●
138 scarcity ( The scarcity of clean water means that many people may die. ) ●●●
139 precision ( Dr. Puri is known for his precision in the operating room. ) ●●●
140 gulp ( She gulped her food because she was running late. ) ●●●
141 interrogate ( The police interrogated their main suspect for several hours. ) ●●●
142 composed ( He remained composed, despite how angry he actually felt. ) ●●●
143 vocation ( Not all people are able to find their vocation. ) ●●●
144 correlation ( This study shows a correlation between smoking and lung cancer. ) ●●●
145 obsolete ( Typewriters became obsolete due to the invention of computers. ) ●●●
146 skeptical ( The ad claimed that the pill resulted in weight loss, but she was skeptical. ) ●●●
147 unwittingly ( Many people unwittingly expose their private information on social media. ) ●●●
148 abridged ( An abridged version of the classic novel was published two years ago. ) ●●●
149 irresistible ( Although she was on a diet, the cheesecake was irresistible. ) ●●●
150 correspondence ( Correspondence is now much easier because of the Internet. ) ●●●
151 destined ( She felt that she was destined to become a famous actress. ) ●●●
152 perish ( The flowers perished due to the lack of water and sunlight. ) ●●●
153 expire ( Her gym membership will expire at the end of next month. ) ●●●
154 spacious ( Their home is considered very spacious for the neighborhood. ) ●●●
155 transmit ( The disease is transmitted by mosquitoes from pigs to humans. ) ●●●
156 encounter ( She encountered a number of difficulties writing her autobiography. ) ●●●
157 conventional ( Conventional research methods are not useful in this case. ) ●●●
158 lease ( They recently signed a two-year lease for a beautiful house. ) ●●●
159 division ( We must work hard to reduce divisions in society. ) ●●●
160 strain ( The strain on your joints is causing your pain. ) ●●●
161 administer ( The two projects are administered by the same organization. ) ●●●
162 notify ( You will be notified about your test results via email. ) ●●●
163 transplant ( You need to transplant the bulbs in spring. ) ●●●
164 certify ( A document certifying your knowledge of French is required for the position. ) ●●●
165 assumption ( Based on the assumption that you are right, we must move quickly. ) ●●●
166 provoke ( Her comments provoked a negative reaction from the class. ) ●●●
167 literacy ( Rates of literacy in the country are over 90 percent. ) ●●●
168 retreat ( The army successfully forced their enemy to retreat. ) ●●●
169 novelty ( The novelty of the new social media platform quickly wore off. ) ●●●
170 exclusive ( You can purchase exclusive goods from our online shop. ) ●●●
171 mimic ( The girl got in trouble for mimicking her teacher’s actions. ) ●●●
172 resent ( He resented the fact that he was not allowed to go out. ) ●●●
173 prejudice ( Prejudice toward minority groups continues to be a problem today. ) ●●●
174 seize ( She seized the opportunity to volunteer in South America. ) ●●●
175 divine ( The people of ancient Egypt considered their rulers to be divine. ) ●●●
176 incorporate ( We recommend a healthy diet that incorporates lots of fruits and vegetables. ) ●●●
177 surpass ( The new movie sales have surpassed all expectations. ) ●●●
178 impulse ( Whenever she is bored, she has an impulse to go shopping. ) ●●●
179 biased ( The group is complaining that the laws are biased toward men. ) ●●●
180 barren ( Once a huge lake, the area is now a barren desert. ) ●●●
181 inflict ( The earthquake inflicted a lot of damage on the region. ) ●●●
182 blockade ( The government of the country decided to lift the economic blockade. ) ●●●
183 clutch ( The woman clutched her purse tightly to her chest. ) ●●●
184 refuge ( A wildlife refuge is an area protected for use by animals. ) ●●●
185 demote ( The man was demoted after making several large mistakes at work. ) ●●●
186 fragrant ( The room was decorated with several bouquets of fragrant flowers. ) ●●●
187 mingle ( I mingled with local celebrities at the party. ) ●●●
188 temperament ( He has an artistic temperament, and it is hard for him to stay focused doing routine work. ) ●●●
189 stubborn ( She is stubborn and refuses to listen to others. ) ●●●
190 unfold ( People all over the country watched the story unfold on the news. ) ●●●
191 formulate ( It is time to formulate a new policy regarding uniforms. ) ●●●
192 contemporary ( The museum boasts an extensive contemporary art collection. ) ●●●
193 redundant ( The writing teacher pointed out several redundant phrases in his essay. ) ●●●
194 obstruct ( The trees obstructed his view of the ocean. ) ●●●
195 guardian ( You need permission from a parent or guardian to join. ) ●●●
196 token ( Please accept this gift as a token of my appreciation. ) ●●●
197 omit ( You may simply omit your middle name from your application. ) ●●●
198 conclusive ( The police have conclusive evidence tying you to the crime. ) ●●●
199 obedient ( They train their dogs to be obedient and relaxed even in public places. ) ●●●
200 sacred ( There are several sacred places throughout the city. ) ●●●
201 testify ( You may be asked to testify in front of the jury. ) ●●●
202 affluent ( Our marketing campaign attracted affluent customers to the mall. ) ●●●
203 transparent ( The government should make health care reform more transparent. ) ●●●
204 ration ( The government handed out rations to each family after the disaster. ) ●●●
205 cozy ( He created a cozy book corner in his living room. ) ●●●
206 brutal ( Everyone was surprised by the brutal murder that took place. ) ●●●
207 inventive ( She was considered the most inventive composer of her time. ) ●●●
208 sober ( Workers at the beer festival must stay completely sober. ) ●●●
209 privilege ( Access to private childcare services is a privilege available to wealthy families. ) ●●●
210 trespass ( He was arrested for trespassing on private property. ) ●●●
211 procession ( The police escorted the funeral procession to the cemetery. ) ●●●
212 vain ( All his friends think that he is a little vain. ) ●●●
213 confer ( The university conferred an honorary degree on the author. ) ●●●
214 deceive ( The girl deceived her parents into thinking she was home. ) ●●●
215 allegation ( The CEO worked to fight the allegations that he was corrupt. ) ●●●
216 affiliate ( Our language school is affiliated with the local university. ) ●●●
217 prolong ( It’s better to break up with her than to prolong an unhealthy relationship. ) ●●●
218 overhaul ( Their plumbing needed a complete overhaul. ) ●●●
219 deduct ( Repair costs will be deducted from your deposit if necessary. ) ●●●
220 feasible ( Your plan may be feasible, but further details are required. ) ●●●
221 mercy ( The judge showed mercy and only gave the man a fine. ) ●●●
222 oppress ( Women in the country are oppressed by the regime. ) ●●●
223 entrust ( He was nervous about entrusting his sister with his car for the weekend. ) ●●●
224 sturdy ( The craftsman makes very sturdy furniture. ) ●●●
225 cynical ( You shouldn’t always take such a cynical view on everything. ) ●●●
226 conspire ( The rebel group is conspiring to overthrow the current government. ) ●●●
227 exert ( He is a good employee, but sometimes he exerts himself too much. ) ●●●
228 grumble ( Her husband always grumbles about having to go to the supermarket. ) ●●●
229 prosecute ( The woman was prosecuted for a theft. ) ●●●
230 delegate ( The head researcher is in charge of delegating tasks to other members. ) ●●●
231 tremble ( The poor kitten trembled with fear when we approached it. ) ●●●
232 earnest ( She is an earnest student who always tries her best. ) ●●●
233 generate ( Their discussion generated several new ideas. ) ●●●
234 threaten ( The victim claims that the robber threatened her with a knife. ) ●●●
235 boost ( It was a boost to her confidence when the man mistook her for a native speaker. ) ●●●
236 donate ( The company donated several million dollars to charity last year. ) ●●●
237 evolve ( Many scientists believe that birds evolved from dinosaurs. ) ●●●
238 interact ( They were able to interact with people from different countries. ) ●●●
239 predator ( Large wild cats are generally the main predator in this area. ) ●●●
240 capacity ( The factory has the capacity to produce thousands of smartphones per month. ) ●●●
241 mainstream ( This movie is targeting a mainstream audience. ) ●●●
242 accommodate ( This concert hall can accommodate around 2,000 people. ) ●●●
243 expertise ( She has expertise in several different areas of law. ) ●●●
244 graze ( The horses can graze freely at this farm. ) ●●●
245 erupt ( The crowd erupted into laughter when the actor made a joke. ) ●●●
246 withstand ( The finish on this wood can withstand rough weather conditions. ) ●●●
247 fascination ( He has always had a fascination with ancient civilizations. ) ●●●
248 classify ( All fabric in this store is classified by fiber. ) ●●●
249 alternate ( She alternated between being scared and excited for the roller coaster. ) ●●●
250 fundamental ( The theory of evolution is fundamental to biology. ) ●●●
251 venue ( There are several venues suitable for concerts in the city. ) ●●●
252 optional ( Participation in this training program is optional. ) ●●●
253 validity ( Scientists are currently doing research to test the validity of the results. ) ●●●
254 leak ( The CEO’s illegal activities were leaked to the press. ) ●●●
255 considerate ( She has a reputation for being a very considerate person. ) ●●●
256 outweigh ( The need for safety outweighs the need to save time. ) ●●●
257 wholesale ( You can purchase automotive parts from our site at wholesale prices. ) ●●●
258 withdraw ( The technology company withdrew from the smartphone market in Japan. ) ●●●
259 dock ( The dock was destroyed by the strong waves during the storm. ) ●●●
260 deceased ( His deceased grandmother left all of her money to charity. ) ●●●
261 recruitment ( Recruitment of new staff is left to the people in HR. ) ●●●
262 adaptation ( The adaptations of that book have all been very successful. ) ●●●
263 prime ( The hotel is in a prime location near many shops and restaurants. ) ●●●
264 faculty ( The head of the faculty wants to see you. ) ●●●
265 objective ( The objective of today’s lesson is to learn the principles of good website design. ) ●●●
266 artifact ( Our museum has an extensive collection of artifacts from around the world. ) ●●●
267 verbal ( Their partnership was only based on a verbal agreement. ) ●●●
268 endeavor ( She always endeavored to finish her work on time. ) ●●●
269 devoted ( Our magazine has devoted readers from all over the world. ) ●●●
270 diploma ( He hung his diploma on the wall after he graduated. ) ●●●
271 dictate ( I won’t let you dictate what I do. ) ●●●
272 compensate ( The company compensates their customers for any lost shipments. ) ●●●
273 urgency ( Good business leaders tend to have a sense of urgency. ) ●●●
274 sneak ( She tried to sneak out of the room without waking the baby. ) ●●●
275 heap ( She threw a heap of clean laundry onto her bed. ) ●●●
276 ethical ( The organization argues that experimenting on animals is not ethical. ) ●●●
277 consensus ( They reached a consensus on how to execute their plan. ) ●●●
278 sentimental ( These old toys have sentimental value for me. ) ●●●
279 apparent ( It was apparent that he was not happy with the decision. ) ●●●
280 subsidize ( These parks are all subsidized by the city. ) ●●●
281 captive ( She was held captive by the enemy for several weeks. ) ●●●
282 applaud ( We applaud your efforts to make your app more efficient. ) ●●●
283 forthcoming ( The minister was not forthcoming when questioned about environmental policy. ) ●●●
284 trigger ( The demonstration held in the city triggered a riot. ) ●●●
285 deficit ( The government promised to reduce their budget deficit. ) ●●●
286 stain ( If you wash that shirt quickly, it will be easier to remove the stain. ) ●●●
287 oversight ( An oversight in the HR department caused a payment problem. ) ●●●
288 defendant ( The defendant’s lawyer was highly skilled. ) ●●●
289 fragment ( The rock broke into small fragments in the explosion. ) ●●●
290 disastrous ( We can already see the disastrous consequences of climate change. ) ●●●
291 invoice ( Please submit payment within seven days of receiving this invoice. ) ●●●
292 elevate ( The city decided to elevate the height of the roads. ) ●●●
293 irrigate ( The drought meant that farmers could not irrigate their crops. ) ●●●
294 nuisance ( Your dog barking every day is a real nuisance. ) ●●●
295 dejected ( She felt dejected after losing the chess tournament. ) ●●●
296 consecutive ( He won the best employee award for three consecutive years. ) ●●●
297 wretched ( Stray cats often live in the most wretched conditions. ) ●●●
298 distort ( The newspaper was criticized for distorting the truth. ) ●●●
299 verify ( Please verify that your name and email address are correct. ) ●●●
300 punctuality ( Punctuality is an essential part of being a good worker. ) ●●●
301 courtesy ( We aim to treat all our customers with courtesy. ) ●●●
302 foe ( He finally defeated his foe after a long battle. ) ●●●
303 crooked ( After the earthquake, all her pictures were crooked. ) ●●●
304 famine ( Neighboring countries sent food to help those affected by the famine. ) ●●●
305 waver ( The love she felt for her partner never wavered. ) ●●●
306 indebted ( We are indebted to you for giving us funding. ) ●●●
307 indifferent ( He has always been indifferent to world news. ) ●●●
308 gracious ( It was very gracious of them to give us a place to stay for the weekend. ) ●●●
309 unwarranted ( Getting so angry over such a small mistake was unwarranted. ) ●●●
310 refrain ( Please refrain from using your smartphone during class. ) ●●●
311 foresight ( She had the foresight to check a map before leaving. ) ●●●
312 consolidate ( The new film consolidates his reputation as a great director. ) ●●●
313 botanical ( Our products are only made from botanical ingredients. ) ●●●
314 axis ( The Earth’s axis is an imaginary line between the North and South poles. ) ●●●
315 inscription ( They finally understood the inscriptions they had found in the caves. ) ●●●
316 minute ( With computer programs, even a minute error can cause major problems. ) ●●●
317 archive ( The company’s film archives contain every film they have created since 1964. ) ●●●
318 ascent ( The climbers completed their ascent of the mountain in two days. ) ●●●
319 abruptly ( He abruptly left the room when his mother walked in. ) ●●●
320 proficient ( He is proficient in four different languages. ) ●●●
321 dispense ( You can only get this medication dispensed at a pharmacy. ) ●●●
322 eloquent ( She was applauded by everyone after her eloquent speech. ) ●●●
323 vandalize ( A gang vandalized the art in the museum. ) ●●●
324 mediocre ( The food at that restaurant is mediocre at best. ) ●●●
325 outgoing ( Her mother is very outgoing and always busy. ) ●●●
326 plunge ( She ran outside and plunged into the swimming pool. ) ●●●
327 stern ( His father has been stern his whole life. ) ●●●
328 insistent ( The insistent knocking of the neighbor woke her up. ) ●●●
329 frailty ( The frailty of his grandmother made him very worried. ) ●●●
330 outsmart ( The thief outsmarted the police by hiding in the warehouse. ) ●●●
331 casualty ( Older employees were the first casualties following the company’s declining profits. ) ●●●
332 narrative ( The narratives of her novels are always easy to understand. ) ●●●
333 bewilder ( She was bewildered by his sudden change of heart. ) ●●●
334 void ( This contract is void without a signature. ) ●●●
335 hinder ( It rained for three weeks, which hindered the progress of the construction. ) ●●●
336 perpetual ( The company has been in a perpetual state of crisis since its founding. ) ●●●
337 phobia ( The man has a severe phobia of needles. ) ●●●
338 sibling ( She has five siblings: two sisters and three brothers. ) ●●●
339 orphan ( The boy was orphaned when his parents died in a car accident. ) ●●●
340 elaborate ( The play is famous for its elaborate costumes and thrilling story. ) ●●●
341 autograph ( He got the autograph of his favorite singer. ) ●●●
342 envelop ( The top of the mountain was enveloped in clouds. ) ●●●
343 prevail ( They finally prevailed after a long and drawn-out war. ) ●●●
344 gratuity ( Please note that our employees do not accept gratuities. ) ●●●
345 startle ( The dog was startled by a sudden rumble of thunder. ) ●●●
346 outcast ( As a teenager, he was a social outcast. ) ●●●
347 stagger ( A drunken man was staggering along the sidewalk. ) ●●●
348 resolute ( She remained resolute in her desire to move abroad. ) ●●●
349 dread ( He dreaded going back to work after his vacation. ) ●●●
350 fabricate ( These stories are all fabricated to increase magazine sales. ) ●●●
351 compression ( Many people recommend wearing compression socks when you fly. ) ●●●
352 hysterical ( The teacher could not control the children’s hysterical laughter. ) ●●●
353 buzz ( When the singer appeared on the stage, the hall buzzed with excitement. ) ●●●
354 chatter ( He could not concentrate because of the sound of his coworkers’ chatter. ) ●●●
355 dodge ( The politician dodged the question by changing the subject. ) ●●●
356 tickle ( Her nephew screamed with laughter as she tickled him. ) ●●●
357 integral ( Teamwork will be integral to winning this game. ) ●●●
358 adverse ( His flight was canceled because of adverse weather conditions. ) ●●●
359 dismal ( The conditions in the mines were dismal for everyone. ) ●●●
360 contagious ( This disease isn’t contagious, so you don’t need to worry. ) ●●●
361 fusion ( The Italian-Japanese fusion food at this restaurant is great. ) ●●●
362 exile ( He was forced to flee his home country and now lives as an exile in Russia. ) ●●●
363 clerical ( She does clerical work for a local dental office. ) ●●●
364 nurture  ( You should nurture your children so they grow up well. ) ●●●
365 finite  ( The challenge of an entrepreneur is to create value using finite resources. ) ●●●
366 simultaneous ( The police force was not prepared to respond to simultaneous attacks. ) ●●●
367 charitable ( She volunteers for several charitable organizations in the city. ) ●●●
368 strive ( He strives to get good grades in all of his classes. ) ●●●
369 materialistic ( She is materialistic, but she is not interested in fame. ) ●●●
370 humidity ( The high humidity of Tokyo summers can be unbearable. ) ●●●
371 touchy ( He is very touchy about criticism of his artwork. ) ●●●
372 apprentice ( She worked as an apprentice to a blacksmith. ) ●●●
373 eccentric ( Her son’s eccentric behavior is starting to worry her. ) ●●●
374 reputable ( Are there any reputable dentists in this town? ) ●●●
375 pious ( He is deeply pious and attends church every week. ) ●●●
376 scrub ( He scrubbed the bathtub until it was sparkling. ) ●●●
377 shatter ( His dream was shattered when his business closed down. ) ●●●
378 detach ( Detach the lower part of the form and mail it. ) ●●●
379 underlying ( Poor diet can be an underlying cause of obesity. ) ●●●
380 treacherous ( The storm made their treacherous climb even more dangerous. ) ●●●
381 instill ( He hoped to instill a sense of responsibility in his children. ) ●●●
382 growl  ( The lioness growled at the zookeeper when she approached. ) ●●●
383 entangle ( Sometimes dolphins get entangled in the fishing nets. ) ●●●
384 convince ( She finally convinced her parents to get a cat. ) ●●●
385 habitat ( Orangutans have lost their habitat because of the palm oil industry. ) ●●●
386 ensure ( These rules are to ensure the safety of our employees. ) ●●●
387 adopt ( The company adopted a new paid holiday system. ) ●●●
388 emission ( The emission of greenhouse gases is a serious problem. ) ●●●
389 ingredient ( The ingredients for the cake recipe are very expensive. ) ●●●
390 excessive ( Excessive consumption of sugary food is bad for your health. ) ●●●
391 drawback ( The drawback of this marketing plan is the high cost. ) ●●●
392 abandon ( She abandoned her full-time job to become an actress. ) ●●●
393 drought  ( The droughts in that region are getting longer every year. ) ●●●
394 remote ( He goes camping in a remote forest every summer. ) ●●●
395 inquiry ( Please contact customer support directly for any inquiries. ) ●●●
396 endangered ( The tiger is one of many endangered species. ) ●●●
397 combat ( Many people died in combat against the enemy. ) ●●●
398 resistant ( All new buildings in the area must be resistant to earthquakes. ) ●●●
399 conservation ( Several NGOs specialize in conservation of the world’s forests. ) ●●●
400 infectious ( Her passion for creating eco-friendly artwork is infectious. ) ●●●
401 controversial ( The copyright reform proposed by the government was controversial. ) ●●●
402 resort ( She had to resort to filing a lawsuit. ) ●●●
403 transform ( Fame transformed him into a very vain person. ) ●●●
404 brochure ( There are brochures in many different languages available. ) ●●●
405 subscription ( They have subscriptions to five different streaming services. ) ●●●
406 hazardous ( Hazardous chemicals should be stored in appropriate containers. ) ●●●
407 inaccurate ( The scientist’s theory turned out to be inaccurate. ) ●●●
408 hostile ( This breed of penguin lives in a very hostile environment. ) ●●●
409 frustrated ( He was so frustrated that he started yelling. ) ●●●
410 underrate ( The company foolishly underrated their competitor’s ability to quickly create a similar product. ) ●●●
411 merge ( The subsidiaries merged to form one large company. ) ●●●
412 distract ( The new game was distracting him from finishing his homework. ) ●●●
413 browse ( She browsed through the store, searching for spring clothes. ) ●●●
414 circulation ( The Waterfall Chronicle has the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the region. ) ●●●
415 admission ( College admission procedures are somewhat complicated. ) ●●●
416 digestion ( Certain foods can cause serious problems with digestion. ) ●●●
417 alteration ( There are not many alterations to the new version of the book. ) ●●●
418 violation ( The mayor’s action was a clear violation of the law. ) ●●●
419 suspend ( She was suspended from work due to her poor behavior. ) ●●●
420 transaction ( This application tracks all of my financial transactions. ) ●●●
421 coverage ( Inflation is receiving a lot of media coverage right now. ) ●●●
422 incentive ( Customers need an incentive to upgrade their devices. ) ●●●
423 diagnose ( The doctor diagnosed the patient with kidney stones. ) ●●●
424 hesitant ( She was hesitant to speak about her struggles to anyone. ) ●●●
425 downturn ( A downturn in the housing market could cause problems. ) ●●●
426 evacuate ( Thousands of people evacuated before the typhoon reached land. ) ●●●
427 assert ( The suspect continued to assert his innocence to the police. ) ●●●
428 hygiene  ( Brushing your teeth is an important part of good hygiene. ) ●●●
429 breakthrough ( They had a major breakthrough in vaccine research. ) ●●●
430 epidemic ( The flu epidemic killed hundreds of people that year. ) ●●●
431 accusation ( She denied accusations that she stole the money. ) ●●●
432 spoil ( He loves to spoil both of his daughters. ) ●●●
433 consultation ( Call today for a free consultation with one of our financial advisors. ) ●●●
434 immigrate ( His family immigrated to the US in 2013. ) ●●●
435 exhaust ( The country will eventually exhaust its oil reserves. ) ●●●
436 upbringing ( Her grandparents were responsible for most of her upbringing. ) ●●●
437 neglect ( This old house has been neglected for years. ) ●●●
438 prescribe ( The doctor prescribed medicine to treat his infection. ) ●●●
439 informative ( She found the lecture on the Arctic to be informative. ) ●●●
440 unearth ( They unearthed several toys from the 1920s in the shop. ) ●●●
441 prospect ( Our kids are very excited by the prospect of moving to a new town. ) ●●●
442 stem ( The flower’s stem broke when he accidentally stepped on it. ) ●●●
443 obligation ( Employers have an obligation to provide a safe work environment. ) ●●●
444 divert ( The construction workers diverted the water away from the site. ) ●●●
445 sustain ( They sustained their relationship of 50 years by communicating effectively. ) ●●●
446 residential ( The café is close to a residential area. ) ●●●
447 reign ( The Tudor reign lasted for roughly 120 years. ) ●●●
448 dilemma ( Choosing which employee to fire was a major dilemma for him. ) ●●●
449 overstate ( The danger of sharks to humans is largely overstated. ) ●●●
450 irritate ( He irritates everyone by talking loudly on the phone. ) ●●●
451 alliance ( The two countries formed an alliance to fight their enemy. ) ●●●
452 compliment ( She compliments her students when they do a good job. ) ●●●
453 narrowly ( Last night, he narrowly avoided getting into a car accident. ) ●●●
454 disrupt ( The typhoon disrupted the travel plans of thousands of tourists. ) ●●●
455 prosper ( Her business prospered because of the tourism campaign. ) ●●●
456 irrational ( He has an irrational fear of most insects. ) ●●●
457 devastate ( The earthquake devastated the area. ) ●●●
458 virtually ( Virtually every patient is showing the same symptoms. ) ●●●
459 mobility ( Her mobility was very limited after she broke her leg. ) ●●●
460 modify ( Please modify your proposal to include more data. ) ●●●
461 quota ( None of us will lose our jobs if we meet our sales quota. ) ●●●
462 exotic ( Exotic pets are becoming more common in the US. ) ●●●
463 preservative ( All of our products contain only natural preservatives. ) ●●●
464 oversee ( The chief technology officer oversees our large team of engineers. ) ●●●
465 disturbance ( The police received a report of a disturbance in town. ) ●●●
466 competent ( My doctor has a good reputation for being competent. ) ●●●
467 substitute ( Soy products are often used as substitutes for meat. ) ●●●
468 distinguish ( He has already distinguished himself as one of the great authors of our time. ) ●●●
469 attribute ( The quote is attributed to Einstein, but he was not the first to say this. ) ●●●
470 passionate ( She loves music and is a passionate concert goer. ) ●●●
471 doom ( The political party was doomed to fail from the start. ) ●●●
472 precedent ( This decision sets a dangerous precedent for the future. ) ●●●
473 misleading ( The marketing for that product was rather misleading. ) ●●●
474 literally ( He sometimes takes his manager’s instructions too literally. ) ●●●
475 patent ( She applied for a patent for her new invention. ) ●●●
476 fatigue ( One of the drug’s side effects is fatigue. ) ●●●
477 convey ( She was unable to convey her true feelings about the matter. ) ●●●
478 intentionally ( He intentionally did not write his name on the report. ) ●●●
479 migration ( There is a large migration of ducks to this area every winter. ) ●●●
480 perch ( Birds often perch on the telephone wires outside of my house. ) ●●●
481 sue ( She sued her old company for failing to send her final paycheck. ) ●●●
482 indispensable ( Smartphones are an indispensable part of most people’s lives. ) ●●●
483 array ( Our store offers a large array of pet foods. ) ●●●
484 aspire ( As a boy, he aspired to become a professional baseball player. ) ●●●
485 invariably ( He invariably spends too much time shopping whenever he goes. ) ●●●
486 subsequent ( The poet’s work had a deep impact on subsequent generations. ) ●●●
487 furnished ( She decided to rent a fully furnished apartment. ) ●●●
488 boast ( He always boasts about how good he is at playing basketball. ) ●●●
489 privatize ( The national railway was privatized many years ago. ) ●●●
490 dominance ( The company’s dominance of the market soon faded. ) ●●●
491 envision ( It is difficult to envision a future without war. ) ●●●
492 probability ( There is a low probability that it will snow tomorrow. ) ●●●
493 selective ( That company is very selective about who they employ. ) ●●●
494 discouraging ( The results of her test were pretty discouraging. ) ●●●
495 faulty ( The faulty products cost the company a lot of money. ) ●●●
496 uproot ( Many people were uprooted from their homes during the war. ) ●●●
497 memoir ( After retiring from politics, he focused on writing his memoirs. ) ●●●
498 initiate ( Next week, we will initiate the second phase of the plan. ) ●●●
499 dent ( Hitting the wall left a large dent in his car. ) ●●●
500 likeness ( There is a strong likeness between the two sisters. ) ●●●
501 idealistic ( Many people think that world peace is an idealistic goal. ) ●●●
502 collaborate ( We collaborated with the engineering team to make the website. ) ●●●
503 erode ( Support for the politician eroded due to the scandal. ) ●●●
504 amicable ( The couple maintained an amicable relationship for their children. ) ●●●
505 odor ( Some people do not like this cheese because of its strong odor. ) ●●●
506 reinforce ( They reinforced the building to be stronger against earthquakes. ) ●●●
507 facilitate ( This software facilitates a smoother bookkeeping experience. ) ●●●
508 accumulate ( The snow quickly turned to rain, so it did not accumulate. ) ●●●
509 duration ( Please keep your seatbelts fastened for the duration of the ride. ) ●●●
510 commemorate ( The city-state will hold a festival to commemorate its 100th year of independence. ) ●●●
511 submission ( His submission to the contest impressed all the judges. ) ●●●
512 observance ( Our offices will be closed on Monday in observance of Christmas. ) ●●●
513 quote [New] ( Please get a quote for how much the new roof will cost. ) ●●●
514 rusty ( I have not practiced for a few years, so my German is a bit rusty. ) ●●●
515 illiterate ( The percentage of illiterate people has decreased over the last 100 years. ) ●●●
516 cite ( She cited several musicians as her inspiration for the album. ) ●●●
517 assure ( The doctor assured her that she would recover. ) ●●●
518 testament [New] ( The success of the charity is a testament to the power of Internet marketing. ) ●●●
519 collide ( The truck collided with a tree, but luckily the driver survived the crash. ) ●●●
520 annoyance ( Filing his taxes is always a major annoyance for him. ) ●●●
521 inventory [New] ( You can check our store’s inventory on our website. ) ●●●
522 spotless ( She cleaned her apartment until it was spotless. ) ●●●
523 kinship ( She felt kinship with all of her coworkers. ) ●●●
524 chronological ( He keeps all of his files in chronological order. ) ●●●
525 bleak ( Many people feel that the future looks rather bleak. ) ●●●
526 calamity ( The landslide was a major calamity for the locals. ) ●●●
527 clutter ( The clutter on her desk keeps her from working effectively. ) ●●●
528 coincidence ( They had booked the same flight to Paris by complete coincidence. ) ●●●
529 knot ( She learned how to tie different knots at summer camp. ) ●●●
530 afflict ( The number of people afflicted with influenza is high this year. ) ●●●
531 formidable ( They had a match against a formidable opponent. ) ●●●
532 paraphrase ( They learned how to paraphrase other people’s ideas in class. ) ●●●
533 remainder ( I will be away on business for the remainder of the week. ) ●●●
534 converge ( Several police cars converged on the scene of the crime. ) ●●●
535 admittedly ( Admittedly, my salary is low, but I’m OK with it. ) ●●●
536 traitor ( She was deemed a traitor and sent to prison. ) ●●●
537 indisputable ( You need indisputable evidence to win the case. ) ●●●
538 overcast ( It was overcast this morning, but it is sunny now. ) ●●●
539 preoccupied ( She was too preoccupied with work to notice the rain. ) ●●●
540 ironic ( It is ironic that many farmers cannot feed their families. ) ●●●
541 ingenuity ( Our company has the ingenuity required to succeed. ) ●●●
542 endow ( The funds will be used to endow the local museum. ) ●●●
543 intervene ( The court had to intervene in the dispute between the siblings. ) ●●●
544 hospitality ( The travelers received wonderful hospitality everywhere they went. ) ●●●
545 uplifting ( This novel is an uplifting story about trying your best. ) ●●●
546 synchronize ( I use this program to synchronize files between my two computers. ) ●●●
547 censor ( This country’s news reports are heavily censored by the government. ) ●●●
548 burglary ( Last week there was a burglary in the neighborhood. ) ●●●
549 sizzle ( The fish sizzled when she dropped it into the pan. ) ●●●
550 prominence ( The philosopher’s ideas came to prominence only after his death. ) ●●●
551 timid ( The timid boy looked at the ground and said nothing. ) ●●●
552 disclose ( Do not disclose any information to the media. ) ●●●
553 authorize ( His manager authorized him to enter the vault. ) ●●●
554 mock ( Everyone mocked him because of his bad haircut. ) ●●●
555 preconceived ( Most people’s preconceived ideas about farming are incorrect. ) ●●●
556 devour ( They watched the lizard quickly devour its prey. ) ●●●
557 gush ( Water gushed from the manhole during the storm. ) ●●●
558 plague ( The mobile app project was plagued with problems from the start. ) ●●●
559 sob ( He was surprised to hear her sobs from the other room. ) ●●●
560 unorthodox ( His teaching method is unorthodox, but it is also very effective. ) ●●●
561 malicious ( She did not have any malicious intent when she talked. ) ●●●
562 scrutiny ( After the scandal, several politicians came under scrutiny from the public. ) ●●●
563 profess ( He professed his love for his family to everyone. ) ●●●
564 incomprehensible ( Her reasons for leaving her job were completely incomprehensible. ) ●●●
565 reap ( The company reaped significant profits from the investments. ) ●●●
566 ample ( The teacher gave everyone ample time to finish their assignment. ) ●●●
567 miscellaneous ( This charity accepts donations of miscellaneous items of any size. ) ●●●
568 articulate ( You must be an articulate speaker to be a lawyer. ) ●●●
569 allocate ( The city allocated funds to upgrade the park this year. ) ●●●
570 wag ( His dog wags its tail whenever it is happy. ) ●●●
571 remorseful ( She was remorseful about the mistake she had made. ) ●●●
572 crave ( She craved pickles and ice cream throughout her whole pregnancy. ) ●●●
573 amenity ( Our rooms come equipped with all basic amenities. ) ●●●
574 evaporate ( Boil the carrots until most of the water has evaporated. ) ●●●
575 apprehension ( The thought of starting her own business filled her with apprehension. ) ●●●
576 dip ( The dip in oil prices has decreased the cost of transportation. ) ●●●
577 excerpt ( During his speech, he read an excerpt from a well-known novel. ) ●●●
578 ordeal ( The loss of their father was a difficult ordeal for the children. ) ●●●
579 mourn ( The country mourned the death of their monarch. ) ●●●
580 autopsy ( They performed an autopsy to determine the cause of his death. ) ●●●
581 fury ( The fury of the storm destroyed many buildings in town. ) ●●●
582 abort ( The pilot aborted the takeoff because of the bad weather. ) ●●●
583 pretext ( She went back to his house on the pretext that she had forgotten her scarf. ) ●●●
584 recurrent ( Issues of equality are a recurrent theme in her work. ) ●●●
585 folklore ( The eagle appears in a large amount of Native American folklore. ) ●●●
586 installment ( He pays for his phone in monthly installments. ) ●●●
587 amendment ( Everyone must agree before amendments to the contract are made. ) ●●●
588 conceited ( There is no denying that he is a gifted musician, but he is also very conceited. ) ●●●
589 intoxicated ( It is against the law to drive while intoxicated. ) ●●●
590 supernatural ( TV shows about supernatural powers are very popular. ) ●●●
591 deception ( The politician used deception in order to gather supporters. ) ●●●
592 drastic ( The drastic increase in temperature is a serious problem. ) ●●●
593 inherent ( There are inherent risks in this type of investment. ) ●●●
594 ballot ( His ballot did not count because he filled it out wrong. ) ●●●
595 plea ( Their pleas for the company to stop dumping the chemicals were ignored. ) ●●●
596 loathe ( She loathes the flavor of pumpkins. ) ●●●
597 secluded ( He spent a year living in a secluded house in the forest. ) ●●●
598 herald ( Clean energy could herald a new era for us. ) ●●●
599 paranoid ( She is always paranoid that something will go wrong. ) ●●●
600 shortfall ( The museum is having financial problems because of a shortfall in donations. ) ●●●
601 integrity ( He had the integrity to refuse the illegal offer. ) ●●●
602 fanatical ( The movie director has a devoted but fanatical following. ) ●●●
603 defy ( He defied his parents’ wishes by going to art school. ) ●●●
604 arc ( The rocket flew through the air in a large arc. ) ●●●
605 debatable ( It is debatable whether the drug actually improves sleep quality. ) ●●●
606 rapidity ( Everyone was impressed by the rapidity of his success. ) ●●●
607 crumble ( The wall has started to crumble because of its age. ) ●●●
608 pending ( The board’s final decision on the matter is still pending. ) ●●●
609 embark ( They embarked on a journey together to climb Mount Everest. ) ●●●
610 overpower ( The security guard overpowered the intruder and called the police. ) ●●●
611 breach ( Sharing the details of the job with a third party is a breach of contract. ) ●●●
612 improper ( It is improper to talk about money with certain people. ) ●●●
613 superstition ( The belief that shooting stars bring good luck is just a superstition. ) ●●●
614 entrepreneur ( It is rare for such a young entrepreneur to already have three successful businesses. ) ●●●
615 rational ( Your theory must be rational and supported by evidence. ) ●●●
616 disposable ( You should avoid using disposable items as much as possible. ) ●●●
617 intelligible ( The announcements on this train are barely intelligible. ) ●●●
618 applicable ( Only fill out the information applicable to your situation. ) ●●●
619 uproar ( His spending scandal caused an uproar all over the country. ) ●●●
620 humanitarian ( He is well-known for his humanitarian efforts in poor countries. ) ●●●
621 upside ( The upside to outsourcing production is the decreased cost. ) ●●●
622 intricate ( The intricate carvings at this temple are famous. ) ●●●
623 endure ( She learned to endure the crowded commuter trains. ) ●●●
624 mobilize ( The government rushed to mobilize the army following the invasion. ) ●●●
625 compatible ( The couple divorced because they were not compatible. ) ●●●
626 flattery ( Flattery won’t convince me to give you a better grade. ) ●●●
627 concession ( During negotiations, the company has refused to make any concessions. ) ●●●
628 glare ( The glare of the sun through the window was blinding. ) ●●●
629 abstain ( The doctor told her to abstain from eating the night before the operation. ) ●●●
630 scanty ( They can barely afford to live on their scanty wages. ) ●●●
631 condensation ( Make sure to wipe away the condensation to prevent molding. ) ●●●
632 haven ( The goal of this park is to provide a safe haven for local wildlife. ) ●●●
633 assorted ( She gets a box of assorted chocolates every few weeks. ) ●●●
634 preclude ( He was precluded from becoming a pilot because of his poor eyesight. ) ●●●
635 tolerable ( It was painful, but the pain was tolerable. ) ●●●
636 yardstick ( Most universities still use the tests as a yardstick for measuring a student’s ability. ) ●●●
637 mischievous ( She is mischievous and always getting into trouble. ) ●●●
638 bid ( His bid to become the country’s biggest pop star failed. ) ●●●
639 cease ( Please don’t move until the boat ceases rocking. ) ●●●
640 persistent ( She was persistent in her demands for a raise. ) ●●●
641 resignation ( The CEO’s resignation came as a surprise to everyone. ) ●●●
642 hypocritical ( It is hypocritical to expect overtime from employees without working overtime yourself. ) ●●●
643 deserted ( The shopping center is always deserted on weekdays. ) ●●●
644 savage ( The victim was lucky to survive the savage attack. ) ●●●
645 confront ( The man finally confronted his fear of flying by taking a trip to Italy. ) ●●●
646 shriek ( They all heard a shriek coming from down the street. ) ●●●
647 patriot ( She is a true patriot who cares about her country. ) ●●●
648 reckless ( Many teenagers die every year because of reckless driving. ) ●●●
649 stingy ( The stingy business owner never gives his employees raises. ) ●●●
650 lament ( He is still lamenting what he lost in the fire. ) ●●●
651 ranger ( His dream was to become a park ranger in the forests of Alaska. ) ●●●
652 arouse ( The salesperson seemed nervous, which aroused the client’s suspicion. ) ●●●
653 foil ( The robber’s plot was foiled by the police. ) ●●●
654 contaminate ( The lettuce was found to be contaminated with bacteria. ) ●●●
655 implication ( The opening of the mall had economic implications for the entire community. ) ●●●
656 stoically ( She handled all of the difficulties stoically. ) ●●●
657 conditional ( Her promotion was conditional on agreeing to do night shifts. ) ●●●
658 archaic ( The archaic language of this text is hard to understand. ) ●●●
659 ascertain ( Scientists ascertained that the asteroid would not hit Earth. ) ●●●
660 observant ( It was observant of you to notice that mistake. ) ●●●
661 rhetoric ( Her campaign promises are all just rhetoric. ) ●●●
662 cramp ( She got a cramp in her side while running. ) ●●●
663 audible ( His voice was not audible due to the sound of the wind. ) ●●●
664 resurgence ( The resurgence of tourists has surprised the region. ) ●●●
665 standstill ( The show came to a standstill when the singer fell. ) ●●●
666 immortality ( Those following this religion believe in the immortality of the soul. ) ●●●
667 potent ( Such potent medication is not normally recommended for children. ) ●●●
668 inevitably ( The first day of school is inevitably hectic. ) ●●●
669 curfew ( His parents gave him an 11 o’clock curfew in high school. ) ●●●
670 nominate ( The team’s pitcher was nominated for player of the year. ) ●●●
671 depiction ( The novel is praised for its depiction of rural life. ) ●●●
672 deliberately ( He deliberately threw away his sister’s favorite toy. ) ●●●
673 remnant ( The town contains few remnants of the mining days. ) ●●●
674 precaution ( They washed their hands as a precaution against illness. ) ●●●
675 catastrophe ( Everything at the event went wrong; it was a total catastrophe. ) ●●●
676 intimidate ( She claims that the police intimidated her into confessing. ) ●●●
677 sluggish ( The sluggish economy is hurting low income people the most. ) ●●●
678 mediator ( The two companies hired a mediator to help settle the issue. ) ●●●
679 moderation ( You should only eat junk food in moderation. ) ●●●
680 shrewd ( He is a shrewd journalist who knows politics well. ) ●●●
681 loophole ( Congress passed a new law to close a tax loophole. ) ●●●
682 poach ( It is a ranger’s job to stop people from poaching. ) ●●●
683 insoluble ( Unfortunately, there is nothing we can do about this insoluble problem. ) ●●●
684 anecdote ( She shared many funny anecdotes about her old job. ) ●●●
685 yearn ( She yearned to see her family again. ) ●●●
686 diligent ( Our success is all thanks to our diligent employees. ) ●●●
687 industrialize ( After the area was industrialized, pollution there worsened. ) ●●●
688 generalization ( It is a gross generalization to say all politicians are bad. ) ●●●
689 idle ( The factory workers were idle while waiting for materials. ) ●●●
690 forge ( Forging new relationships will help us expand our business. ) ●●●
691 intermittently ( It is only supposed to snow intermittently this evening. ) ●●●
692 constitute ( Her actions constitute a violation of her contract. ) ●●●
693 inhospitable ( The deep sea is an inhospitable environment for most creatures. ) ●●●
694 lure ( The restaurant handed out coupons to lure new customers. ) ●●●
695 traumatic ( Surviving a natural disaster can be a traumatic experience. ) ●●●
696 discredit ( The purpose of the article was to discredit the mayor. ) ●●●
697 ambiguous ( She did not know how to interpret his ambiguous words. ) ●●●
698 autonomy ( Our school believes in giving students a lot of autonomy. ) ●●●
699 autobiography ( The TV star wrote an autobiography after she retired. ) ●●●
700 contradictory ( Your essays are always full of contradictory statements. ) ●●●
701 roster ( She was excited to see her name on the roster of players. ) ●●●
702 nauseous ( The winding mountain roads made him nauseous. ) ●●●
703 coherent ( Please present a coherent argument that is easy to understand. ) ●●●
704 quest ( The case is closed, but the investigator’s quest for the truth still continues. ) ●●●
705 acute ( He was hospitalized for acute pain in his abdomen. ) ●●●
706 exaggeration ( It is an exaggeration to say you are starving when you are hungry. ) ●●●
707 ridicule ( He was ridiculed for his mistake for weeks. ) ●●●
708 bashful ( She felt bashful dancing in front of her parents. ) ●●●
709 familiarize ( It took her a few weeks to familiarize herself with the new software. ) ●●●
710 prone ( He has been prone to illness his whole life. ) ●●●
711 estimation ( In my estimation, this is the best dictionary around. ) ●●●
712 avail ( She begged for his forgiveness, but to no avail. ) ●●●
713 compel ( His curiosity compelled him to taste the spicy pepper. ) ●●●
714 indicative ( The rise in inflation is indicative of greater economic issues. ) ●●●
715 receptive ( She has always been receptive to new ideas. ) ●●●
716 immerse ( He immersed himself in his studies to pass the bar. ) ●●●
717 batch ( His mother baked a batch of cookies before the party. ) ●●●
718 verge ( The country is on the verge of economic collapse. ) ●●●
719 appreciative ( We are appreciative of your generous donations to our cause. ) ●●●
720 conceal ( The company tried to conceal their wrongdoing, but failed. ) ●●●
721 endorse ( The board endorsed the CEO’s decision to resign. ) ●●●
722 tragic ( Most people cry when listening to her tragic story. ) ●●●
723 harass ( The woman was charged with harassing her neighbors. ) ●●●
724 tender ( Filet mignon is a very tender cut of steak. ) ●●●
725 feeble ( Her grandmother is now too feeble to walk. ) ●●●
726 foster ( The afterschool program aims to foster creativity in youth. ) ●●●
727 magnify ( If you magnify the image, you’ll notice there is a woman in the background. ) ●●●
728 testimony ( The testimony of the witness was later found to be false. ) ●●●
729 soak ( She soaked the rice in cold water before cooking it. ) ●●●
730 grant ( He was granted permission to enter the lab. ) ●●●
731 boundary ( This mountain marks the boundary between Nepal and China. ) ●●●
732 scatter ( A sudden wind scattered the pile of papers on the table. ) ●●●
733 overload ( They had overloaded the old truck with rocks, and it struggled to climb the hill. ) ●●●
734 confine ( Let’s confine our discussion to marketing for now. ) ●●●
735 litter ( The floor was littered with dirty clothes and dishes. ) ●●●
736 dispatch ( Even their neighboring countries dispatched rescue workers to the area. ) ●●●
737 arrogant ( He is so arrogant; he thinks he knows everything. ) ●●●
738 awkward ( The way she talks can be awkward at times. ) ●●●
739 tame ( This raccoon is tame because he was raised indoors. ) ●●●
740 penetrate ( The military penetrated deep into enemy territory. ) ●●●
741 suppress ( The uprising was successfully suppressed by the government. ) ●●●
742 rigid ( His rigid way of thinking sometimes leads to conflict. ) ●●●
743 disgrace ( He disgraced his family with his illegal activities. ) ●●●
744 restrain ( Sometimes it is necessary to restrain patients that are in extreme pain. ) ●●●
745 abolish ( Many people believe the death penalty should be abolished. ) ●●●
746 friction ( The friction of the two pieces of wood generates heat. ) ●●●
747 coarse ( This dress is made of a very coarse material. ) ●●●
748 cowardly ( The anonymity of online interactions results in more cowardly verbal attacks. ) ●●●
749 petty ( They got into an argument over a petty issue. ) ●●●
750 detention ( The country is under criticism for its detention of so many suspected terrorists. ) ●●●
751 blunt ( Using a blunt knife to cut things is dangerous. ) ●●●
752 vigorous ( The team had a vigorous discussion on marketing strategies. ) ●●●
753 pierce ( The bullet pierced his lung, and he had to undergo emergency surgery. ) ●●●
754 revolt ( The government could not suppress the revolt for long. ) ●●●
755 twist ( Twist the screw clockwise in order to tighten it. ) ●●●
756 shelter ( The hikers used a cave for shelter during the storm. ) ●●●
757 collapse ( The old building collapsed during the earthquake. ) ●●●
758 pursue ( He pursued a career in medicine after his graduation. ) ●●●
759 appliance ( The store only sells the highest quality appliances. ) ●●●
760 imitate ( Other companies were quick to imitate this product. ) ●●●
761 yield ( The farm has yielded an impressive amount of pumpkins this year. ) ●●●
762 limitation ( There are limitations to what this technology can do. ) ●●●
763 extensive ( He has extensive experience in the automotive industry. ) ●●●
764 radical ( The manager was impressed by her radical proposal. ) ●●●
765 dismiss ( He was dismissed for improper conduct in the workplace. ) ●●●
766 riot ( There was a riot after the soccer game. ) ●●●
767 exceed ( The development costs for this app far exceed our budget. ) ●●●
768 remodel ( They received a quote to have their whole house remodeled. ) ●●●
769 fierce ( The government received fierce criticism for cutting education spending. ) ●●●
770 adolescent ( She spent all of her adolescent years studying German. ) ●●●
771 component ( All materials are made of different chemical components. ) ●●●
772 suspicious ( The police watched the man because of his suspicious behavior. ) ●●●
773 herd ( The dogs herded the sheep back to the barn. ) ●●●
774 syndrome ( She was diagnosed with several different syndromes. ) ●●●
775 offensive ( Some critics say the film is offensive to women. ) ●●●
776 outdated ( Records may be outdated technology, but they are still popular. ) ●●●
777 diminish ( The popularity of that band has gradually diminished over time. ) ●●●
778 functional ( She wanted clothes that were both functional and pretty. ) ●●●
779 bureau ( The Immigration Bureau released new statistics on tourist numbers. ) ●●●
780 wreck ( After almost an hour, firefighters were able to pull him from the car wreck. ) ●●●
781 sanctuary ( Animals can live safely in this wildlife sanctuary. ) ●●●
782 impair ( Alcohol impairs your judgment and affects your behavior. ) ●●●
783 prompt ( The manager prompted him to get back to work. ) ●●●
784 bait ( You need to change your bait to catch that fish. ) ●●●
785 mutual ( The goal of this seminar is to promote mutual understanding. ) ●●●
786 diagram ( This diagram shows how to put together the shelf. ) ●●●
787 distress ( To her distress, she was fired from work. ) ●●●
788 expel ( He was expelled from school for violent behavior. ) ●●●
789 rotten ( The dog got sick from eating rotten meat. ) ●●●
790 subtle ( She made subtle changes to the blanket design. ) ●●●
791 tentative ( This is just a tentative plan, so it might change later. ) ●●●
792 defective ( He returned the watch because it was defective. ) ●●●
793 legible ( The writing on your application must be legible. ) ●●●
794 propel ( The rocket is propelled by powerful jet engines. ) ●●●
795 pluck ( She plucked the flower and gave it to her mother. ) ●●●
796 evade ( It was discovered that she had illegally evaded taxes for years. ) ●●●
797 slack ( The clothesline was slack from years of use. ) ●●●
798 glossary ( Check the glossary to easily find key terms. ) ●●●
799 grasp ( The little boy grasped his mother’s hand tightly. ) ●●●
800 junction ( The restaurant is located at the junction of the two main streets. ) ●●●
801 righteous ( Unfortunately, charities do not always do the righteous thing. ) ●●●
802 hover ( The success rate is hovering around 10 percent. ) ●●●
803 decode ( It took a team of experts to decode the secret message. ) ●●●
804 encase ( Each piece of fruit was encased in plastic. ) ●●●
805 victorious ( A large parade was held in honor of the victorious army. ) ●●●
806 beggar ( She always stops to give money to beggars. ) ●●●
807 drowsy ( She felt drowsy after a long day at work. ) ●●●
808 strangle ( The man attempted to strangle her to death with a belt. ) ●●●
809 esteem ( The manager is highly esteemed for his personality and work ethic. ) ●●●
810 deflate ( The balloons deflated after a few days. ) ●●●
811 dubious ( That company has made some dubious business deals. ) ●●●
812 texture ( He does not like the texture of polyester against his skin. ) ●●●
813 tenant ( All tenants must work to keep public spaces clean. ) ●●●
814 declaration ( On October 24, the country made a declaration of war against the smaller nation. ) ●●●
815 tease ( The other children teased her because she wore glasses. ) ●●●
816 tariff ( They decided to reduce steel tariffs in a landmark agreement. ) ●●●
817 conquest ( The conquest of the world by the English is well known. ) ●●●
818 denial ( She sued her ex-husband for his denial of responsibility for their children. ) ●●●
819 domain ( He is a respected figure in the domains of both music and fashion design. ) ●●●
820 simulate ( The computer program can simulate the effects of earthquakes of different sizes. ) ●●●
821 disarm ( The police quickly disarmed the man and arrested him. ) ●●●
822 concise ( Make sure to keep your conclusion short and concise. ) ●●●
823 mortal ( Sadly, he was diagnosed with a mortal disease. ) ●●●
824 sequel ( The sequel to her book did not sell as well. ) ●●●
825 stumble ( He stumbled on a branch and fell over. ) ●●●
826 gloomy ( The house is gloomy because of all the dark furniture. ) ●●●
827 convert ( This sofa can be converted into a bed. ) ●●●
828 contract ( She signed a contract to work for three more months. ) ●●●
829 assign ( He was assigned to room 203 at the hotel. ) ●●●
830 harsh ( The harsh conditions in that region kill people every year. ) ●●●
831 procedure ( This article explains the procedure for applying for a car loan. ) ●●●
832 counter ( The military is training to counter enemy missile attacks. ) ●●●
833 pose ( Increasing pollution poses a threat to the health of all residents. ) ●●●
834 barely ( She barely made it to work on time. ) ●●●
835 superior ( We offer a superior service to our competitors. ) ●●●
836 supplement ( He supplements his income by taking on freelance jobs. ) ●●●
837 institution ( Many of the top-rated educational institutions in this country are free to attend. ) ●●●
838 heritage ( Mt. Fuji was registered as a World Heritage Site in 2013. ) ●●●
839 boom ( Experts say the current population boom is great for the future economy. ) ●●●
840 relieve ( He relieves stress by playing his guitar every night. ) ●●●
841 tuition ( She covered half of her yearly tuition with scholarships. ) ●●●
842 invasion ( Recently, the invasion of a harmful plant species is killing the fruit trees. ) ●●●
843 interfere ( The light in the city interferes with viewing the stars. ) ●●●
844 dispute ( Nobody here disputes the accusations you have made. ) ●●●
845 launch ( The game company is going to launch a new game next month. ) ●●●
846 preference ( I have a car, but my personal preference is to walk to work. ) ●●●
847 recall ( I cannot recall the name of the restaurant, but it was right in front of the station. ) ●●●
848 treaty ( Several countries signed the new peace treaty today. ) ●●●
849 immediate ( You are in no immediate danger if you stay here. ) ●●●
850 sacrifice ( She sacrificed her family life in order to advance in her career. ) ●●●
851 interrupt ( It is rude to interrupt someone when they are talking. ) ●●●
852 authentic ( This is the best restaurant for authentic Thai cuisine. ) ●●●
853 originate ( Nobody is quite sure where cheese originated from. ) ●●●
854 starve ( Without a stable food supply, many animals will starve. ) ●●●
855 commission ( She gets a 10 percent commission for each sale she makes. ) ●●●
856 ruin ( Their cake was ruined when the caterer dropped it. ) ●●●
857 illustrate ( The results of our experiment are illustrated here. ) ●●●
858 primitive ( The cave paintings have taught us a lot about primitive societies. ) ●●●
859 tremendous ( It takes a tremendous amount of electricity to power this machine. ) ●●●
860 carve ( He carves driftwood as one of his many hobbies. ) ●●●
861 decent ( She was in pretty decent shape prior to the accident. ) ●●●
862 trait ( He inherited all of his father’s best traits. ) ●●●
863 outsource ( Many American companies outsource customer service to other countries. ) ●●●
864 compound ( Hydrogen is the base of many common compounds. ) ●●●
865 durable ( The material used for this fence is light and durable. ) ●●●
866 degrade ( The coach was fired for making jokes that degrade women. ) ●●●
867 medieval ( The study of medieval music is truly fascinating. ) ●●●
868 steep ( The trail to the peak of the mountain was steep. ) ●●●
869 displace ( The whole community was displaced because of the bridge construction. ) ●●●
870 enrich ( It is possible to enrich soil without using harmful chemicals. ) ●●●
871 chore ( His parents give him money for completing his chores. ) ●●●
872 rebellion ( She led a rebellion against the government and won. ) ●●●
873 replicate ( They replicated a famous experiment at school. ) ●●●
874 consent ( We cannot enter the building unless we obtain consent from the owner. ) ●●●
875 identical ( His face is identical to that of his older brother. ) ●●●
876 embrace ( Most students embraced the school’s new uniform policy. ) ●●●
877 genuine ( Our museum only contains genuine paintings from local artists. ) ●●●
878 stray ( The children strayed deep into the forest by mistake. ) ●●●
879 retrieve ( Thankfully, the police managed to retrieve the stolen bicycle. ) ●●●
880 draft ( He sent his final draft to his editor today. ) ●●●
881 bachelor ( She received her Bachelor of Arts from a prestigious university. ) ●●●
882 downfall ( There are many reasons for the downfall of past empires. ) ●●●
883 crucial ( This product is crucial to our company’s survival. ) ●●●
884 bump ( The road has several speed bumps to slow down drivers. ) ●●●
885 surrender ( The rebel forces surrendered after they were completely surrounded. ) ●●●
886 enclose ( Your health insurance card is enclosed in the envelope. ) ●●●
887 graphic ( That horror movie was very bloody and graphic. ) ●●●
888 shield ( This protective covering works as a shield against the hot sun. ) ●●●
889 ritual ( Not all rituals have a particular religious meaning. ) ●●●
890 discriminate ( Existing policies only work to discriminate against women. ) ●●●
891 suite ( The couple booked the nicest suite in the hotel. ) ●●●
892 steer ( The man steered the car carefully into the parking space. ) ●●●
893 equivalent ( The area is equivalent in size to 10 soccer grounds. ) ●●●
894 seal ( She closed the envelope with a beautiful blue seal. ) ●●●
895 trace ( His ancestors can be traced back to the English aristocracy. ) ●●●
896 fraud ( That politician was sued for fraud last month. ) ●●●
897 pioneer ( The company pioneered the industry of gathering data on one’s personal health. ) ●●●
898 vanish ( Her cellphone vanished from her bag at the party. ) ●●●
899 ethnic ( One of the nation’s strengths is its large number of ethnic minorities. ) ●●●
900 hurdle ( You will experience many hurdles throughout your life. ) ●●●
901 depart ( The train will depart in another 15 minutes. ) ●●●
902 ripen ( Wait for the bananas to ripen before eating them. ) ●●●
903 brisk ( The tour group walked at a brisk pace. ) ●●●
904 slump ( The housing market has been in a slump since last year. ) ●●●
905 venture ( The two men decided to start a joint venture. ) ●●●
906 furious ( She was furious that her sister broke her clarinet. ) ●●●
907 impede ( Her refusal to cooperate has impeded the investigations. ) ●●●
908 transition ( His transition into the medical field was tough. ) ●●●
909 subjective ( Try to keep subjective judgments out of your analysis. ) ●●●
910 insult ( Your insults don’t mean anything to me anymore. ) ●●●
911 nourish ( The mother did what she could to nourish her baby. ) ●●●
912 impose ( A fine will be imposed if you park here. ) ●●●
913 curse ( The witch put a curse on her enemy. ) ●●●
914 blurry ( Without his glasses, everything looks blurry. ) ●●●
915 successor ( She was chosen as the successor to the CEO. ) ●●●
916 renovate ( The third floor of the building is currently being renovated. ) ●●●
917 flaw ( I can see absolutely no flaws in your plan. ) ●●●
918 parallel ( The fruit trees are planted in parallel rows. ) ●●●
919 maternity ( Not all companies offer maternity leave. ) ●●●
920 anthem ( In some countries, students sing the national anthem at school. ) ●●●
921 deprive ( The drought deprived animals of the water they needed. ) ●●●
922 insane ( The lack of sleep was causing him to go insane. ) ●●●
923 asset ( Locals are unhappy with how the town’s assets were used. ) ●●●
924 obscure ( There are some obscure markings on the totem. ) ●●●
925 disgust ( After 10 years as a vegetarian, the thought of eating meat disgusts her. ) ●●●
926 intimate ( We have been intimate friends since we were children. ) ●●●
927 scratch ( She could not help but scratch her itchy scalp. ) ●●●
928 legacy ( The legacy of colonialism cannot be easily forgotten. ) ●●●
929 summit ( It took the group five hours to reach the summit. ) ●●●
930 vibrant ( Her vibrant personality makes her popular at social gatherings. ) ●●●
931 exclaim ( “You fixed my sewing machine!” she exclaimed. ) ●●●
932 sprain ( He sprained his ankle when he tripped on a piece of wood. ) ●●●
933 lump ( The doctor found a lump under her armpit. ) ●●●
934 plentiful ( Flower seeds are plentiful at the market in spring. ) ●●●
935 inhale ( She closed her eyes a moment and inhaled deeply. ) ●●●
936 muddy ( The dog got muddy after playing outside in the rain. ) ●●●
937 devise ( She devised a plan to increase the company’s profits. ) ●●●
938 incidence ( Doctors have detected an increased incidence of cancer. ) ●●●
939 impassable ( The landslide made the small mountain road impassable. ) ●●●
940 nosy ( He is so nosy and always getting into other people’s business. ) ●●●
941 erect ( The town erected a statue of its founder. ) ●●●
942 damp ( The towels were left damp for too long and they started to smell bad. ) ●●●
943 empower ( The advertising campaign is meant to empower women. ) ●●●
944 confession ( A false confession from a witness held up the case. ) ●●●
945 spectacle ( Seeing many insects flying at once was quite the spectacle. ) ●●●
946 attentive ( She is perfect for this job because she is so attentive to details. ) ●●●
947 conviction ( That country has an extremely high conviction rate. ) ●●●
948 vacuum ( Outer space is not actually a perfect vacuum. ) ●●●
949 rally ( About 2,000 people attended the rally downtown. ) ●●●
950 snatch ( Naomi snatched the book out of his hands. ) ●●●
951 torch ( The tunnel was lit using handmade torches. ) ●●●
952 fussy ( She is always really fussy about what she eats. ) ●●●
953 emigration ( Emigration from that country stopped after the war ended. ) ●●●
954 diagonally ( Measure the length of the screen diagonally to find out the size of the TV. ) ●●●
955 salute ( The soldiers all saluted their commander when she walked in. ) ●●●
956 recollect ( She could not recollect the name of that charming Italian restaurant. ) ●●●
957 hostage ( They will return the hostage after the ransom is paid. ) ●●●
958 comrade ( She made sure to look out for her comrades. ) ●●●
959 partition ( Please do not tape anything to the office partitions. ) ●●●
960 slant ( The train slanted when the passengers got off. ) ●●●
961 curb ( We must curb miscellaneous spending to save money. ) ●●●
962 deformity ( A spine deformity prevented him from walking. ) ●●●
963 crouch ( The child crouched behind the bush to hide. ) ●●●
964 immeasurable ( The hurricane has caused immeasurable damage to the region. ) ●●●
965 agitate ( The noise from the people living above him really agitates him. ) ●●●
966 recede ( The hotel receded into the distance behind them as they drove away. ) ●●●
967 crisp ( He only eats French fries if they are crisp. ) ●●●
968 frantic ( The mother was frantic while looking for her child. ) ●●●
969 editorial ( She had her first editorial published this week. ) ●●●
970 execute ( Plans are meaningless if you do not execute them. ) ●●●
971 pinpoint ( The developers could not pinpoint the cause of the problem. ) ●●●
972 adorable ( She wanted to buy one of the adorable puppies. ) ●●●
973 deflect ( Good politicians tend to be good at deflecting difficult questions. ) ●●●
974 crude ( We only have a crude outline of the design now. ) ●●●
975 intersect ( This street intersects with the highway a few miles that way. ) ●●●
976 dazed ( The woman stood, dazed, looking at the crash site. ) ●●●
977 console ( His mother consoled him whenever he got upset. ) ●●●
978 spiteful ( She only made the spiteful remark to hurt his feelings. ) ●●●
979 sanction ( The US imposed trade sanctions on the island. ) ●●●
980 influx ( An influx of tourists will help boost the economy. ) ●●●
981 scrap ( We scrapped our plans for the trip and bought a car instead. ) ●●●
982 ditch ( Her car crashed into the ditch after sliding on ice. ) ●●●
983 relay ( Please relay this information to your manager right away. ) ●●●
984 illogical ( It is illogical to attempt the failed method a second time. ) ●●●
985 discharge ( He was discharged from the army because of misconduct. ) ●●●
986 charm ( She charmed security into letting her into the venue. ) ●●●
987 hinge ( The door will not stay open because the hinge is broken. ) ●●●
988 supreme ( It took supreme effort for him not to yell. ) ●●●
989 invisible ( Many organisms are invisible to the naked eye. ) ●●●
990 spark ( Many sparks flew out from the fire pit. ) ●●●
991 analogy ( Her novel draws an analogy between politics and religion. ) ●●●
992 gradation ( He painted his bedroom walls in a blue gradation. ) ●●●
993 superficial ( He has only a superficial knowledge of physics. ) ●●●
994 bearable ( The pain was bearable, but it was still a very unpleasant experience. ) ●●●
995 sinister ( The man has a very sinister look on his face. ) ●●●
996 lean ( All of the track team members are lean and tall. ) ●●●
997 glorify ( Many people have criticized the way the film glorifies violence. ) ●●●
998 breadth ( The breadth of the professor’s knowledge is amazing. ) ●●●
999 chaotic ( The political situation in the country is still chaotic. ) ●●●
1000 dutiful ( She vowed to be a dutiful daughter to her parents. ) ●●●
1001 sincerity ( Many people questioned the sincerity of his speech. ) ●●●
1002 restless ( She was extremely restless waiting for her test results. ) ●●●
1003 stack ( The papers stacked over there can be thrown away. ) ●●●
1004 shred ( Make sure to shred any documents containing private information. ) ●●●
1005 dimension ( There are several different dimensions to this problem. ) ●●●
1006 aimlessly ( The man walked around the park aimlessly. ) ●●●
1007 rejoice ( The couple rejoiced when they found out she was pregnant. ) ●●●
1008 wrinkle ( This cream will help reduce the appearance of your wrinkles. ) ●●●
1009 despise ( He despises the smell of most kinds of flowers. ) ●●●
1010 exterminate ( They hired someone to exterminate the rats in their house. ) ●●●
1011 choke ( Every year, hundreds of elderly people die from choking on this food. ) ●●●
1012 splinter ( He got a splinter in his finger while building the shed. ) ●●●
1013 immense ( This position comes with an immense amount of responsibility. ) ●●●
1014 glossy ( Her new shampoo makes her hair glossy and clean. ) ●●●
1015 brace ( Residents of the beach town are bracing for another busy tourist season. ) ●●●
1016 blast ( The blast at the factory killed five people. ) ●●●
1017 mellow ( This wine has a reputation for having a mellow flavor. ) ●●●
1018 liable ( Signing this contract will make you liable for her payments. ) ●●●
1019 inclination ( He has an inclination to touch anything that looks soft. ) ●●●
1020 redeem ( The fantastic acting somewhat redeems the poorly written film. ) ●●●
1021 depot ( There was an accident at the fuel depot yesterday. ) ●●●
1022 plural ( Not all languages have plural nouns like English. ) ●●●
1023 forsake ( She forsook banking for a career in real estate. ) ●●●
1024 retrace ( I retraced my steps to see if I had dropped my wallet somewhere. ) ●●●
1025 naive ( It is naive to trust everything your friends tell you. ) ●●●
1026 uptight ( He was just joking. Don’t be so uptight. ) ●●●
1027 ornament ( The family put ornaments on their Christmas tree. ) ●●●
1028 inhibit ( The fear of rejection inhibited him from talking to women. ) ●●●
1029 smash ( The man smashed into a wall with his car. ) ●●●
1030 modest ( Although he is an excellent piano player, he is very modest about his skills. ) ●●●
1031 hardy ( It is a hardy plant that should grow with minimal care. ) ●●●
1032 entitle ( Being a member entitles you to a small discount. ) ●●●
1033 taint ( The water supply was tainted with a dangerous poison. ) ●●●
1034 striking ( He has a striking resemblance to his grandfather. ) ●●●
1035 indulgent ( Her parents were always indulgent with her as a child. ) ●●●
1036 discreet ( The company quickly searched for a discreet way to handle the problem. ) ●●●
1037 incurable ( The doctor told him that his disease was incurable. ) ●●●
1038 complement ( This sauce complements the meat in this dish well. ) ●●●
1039 unsound ( She has been unsound of mind since the accident. ) ●●●
1040 wield ( You must wield your power with responsibility and respect. ) ●●●
1041 dislocate ( He dislocated his shoulder when he landed on it poorly. ) ●●●
1042 pledge ( We pledge to always serve our customers diligently. ) ●●●
1043 gargle ( Gargle with salt water when you have a sore throat. ) ●●●
1044 contempt ( He has total contempt for his former boss. ) ●●●
1045 aggravate ( Spending too long on the computer aggravated her eyestrain. ) ●●●
1046 horrify ( The abductions across the country horrified the public. ) ●●●
1047 vulgar ( It is usually best to keep vulgar jokes to yourself. ) ●●●
1048 cordial ( The atmosphere at the banquet was cordial and relaxed. ) ●●●
1049 drift ( The boat drifted down the river slowly and gently. ) ●●●
1050 circuit ( The circuit of this device has a simple design. ) ●●●
1051 blueprint ( According to the blueprint, the window should be on the other side of the room. ) ●●●
1052 vault ( The girl vaulted over the fence for fun. ) ●●●
1053 ratio ( The ratio of boys to girls in the class is 1 to 1. ) ●●●
1054 dismayed ( She was dismayed to learn that her health insurance would not cover treatment. ) ●●●
1055 trim ( This weekend I am going to trim the dead branches off these trees. ) ●●●
1056 ignition ( The ignition of leaking gas caused a huge explosion. ) ●●●
1057 insight ( He offered insight into the difficulty of becoming a lawyer. ) ●●●
1058 dismantle ( We will have to dismantle the engine in order to repair it. ) ●●●
1059 indefinite ( Suspension of service will continue for an indefinite period. ) ●●●
1060 cunning ( Nancy was fooled by his cunning plan. ) ●●●
1061 scorn ( After becoming rich, he scorned his poor friends. ) ●●●
1062 commencement ( The commencement of the graduation ceremony went perfectly. ) ●●●
1063 deteriorate ( Her vision deteriorated rapidly after her surgery failed. ) ●●●
1064 pathetic ( The coach told the team he was disgusted by their pathetic performance. ) ●●●
1065 scrape ( She scraped her knee when she fell off the swing. ) ●●●
1066 perimeter ( He built a large wall around the perimeter of his property. ) ●●●
1067 transcription ( The automated transcription of the interview has some errors, but it is mostly accurate. ) ●●●
1068 chunk ( She put a big chunk of beef on the grill. ) ●●●
1069 humble ( His humble efforts were finally rewarded by his superiors. ) ●●●
1070 simmer ( Bring the soup to a boil and let it simmer for 15 minutes. ) ●●●
1071 monotonous ( His voice is monotonous, so he is hard to listen to. ) ●●●
1072 swift ( Thank you for your swift response to my message. ) ●●●
1073 premature ( Making a decision would be premature without more evidence. ) ●●●
1074 infinite ( There are infinite possible solutions to this problem. ) ●●●
1075 deploy ( Over 6,000 troops have been deployed to the location of the conflict. ) ●●●
1076 sterile ( The test revealed that he was not sterile and could therefore have children. ) ●●●
1077 maze ( Every fall that farm has a corn maze. ) ●●●
1078 dreary ( The rainy weather of London can be quite dreary. ) ●●●
1079 eject ( The drunken man was ejected from the casino. ) ●●●
1080 fluent ( She is fluent in four different languages, including Tagalog. ) ●●●
1081 disown ( His parents disowned him because he did not share their beliefs. ) ●●●
1082 attendant ( She worked as a flight attendant for over 10 years. ) ●●●
1083 vigilant ( Police are asking locals to be vigilant especially at night. ) ●●●
1084 cumulative ( Through your cumulative efforts, our plan has succeeded. ) ●●●
1085 enchant ( Everyone was enchanted by the sound of her voice. ) ●●●
1086 candid ( He got some candid advice from his mother. ) ●●●
1087 jumble ( Her vision blurred and the words looked all jumbled. ) ●●●
1088 momentary ( The momentary loss of concentration caused him to lose the tennis match. ) ●●●
1089 miniature ( Her father bought her a miniature train for her birthday. ) ●●●
1090 outpace ( As long as profit growth outpaces increases in expenses, the company will be fine. ) ●●●
1091 decline ( The number of young people who drink is declining steadily. ) ●●●
1092 reveal ( Many studies have revealed how trauma changes our brains. ) ●●●
1093 associate ( By the age of three, he already associated Christmas with Santa Claus. ) ●●●
1094 confirm ( This study confirms that the drug is effective against muscle pain. ) ●●●
1095 renew ( It took him two hours to get his license renewed. ) ●●●
1096 predict ( It is impossible to predict the future. ) ●●●
1097 conflict ( Luckily, the conflict between the two countries was resolved peacefully. ) ●●●
1098 imply ( She implied that she might be looking for a new job. ) ●●●
1099 restrict ( The city restricted when citizens could be outside. ) ●●●
1100 circumstance ( You are not to enter my room under any circumstances. ) ●●●
1101 symptom ( A sore throat is a typical symptom of a cold. ) ●●●
1102 regulate ( The government strictly regulates the price of goods. ) ●●●
1103 emphasize ( The mayor emphasized the importance of education in her speech. ) ●●●
1104 identify ( His doctor identified the cause of his knee pain. ) ●●●
1105 reliable ( This taxi company is reliable and has great service. ) ●●●
1106 monitor ( Her boss told her to monitor the new recruits carefully. ) ●●●
1107 update ( The company updated the terms and conditions on their website. ) ●●●
1108 contrast ( Your pink shoes contrast beautifully with your shirt. ) ●●●
1109 appropriate ( Read the manual to know what clothes are considered appropriate. ) ●●●
1110 adapt ( Humans are very good at adapting to new environments. ) ●●●
1111 genetic ( Genetic modification is commonly done to commercial crops. ) ●●●
1112 upgrade ( He upgraded his phone to the latest model. ) ●●●
1113 commit ( The police believe the woman committed the crime. ) ●●●
1114 breed ( His company specializes in breeding race horses. ) ●●●
1115 inspire ( You inspired me to try writing my own songs. ) ●●●
1116 livestock ( Their farm has many different kinds of livestock. ) ●●●
1117 exposure ( Excessive exposure to sunlight will damage your skin. ) ●●●
1118 surrounding ( The park will increase the value of surrounding neighborhoods. ) ●●●
1119 secure ( Use strong passwords to keep your accounts secure. ) ●●●
1120 federal ( Workers are required to pay both federal and state income taxes. ) ●●●
1121 commute ( Her commute only takes her 15 minutes by train. ) ●●●
1122 aggressive ( Some dogs can become aggressive without any warning. ) ●●●
1123 sufficient ( Our company lacks sufficient funds to purchase the land. ) ●●●
1124 settlement ( The settlement of North America by Europeans marked a major point in human history. ) ●●●
1125 emerge ( Our species appears to have emerged about 200,000 years ago. ) ●●●
1126 sophisticated ( Our new camera has a sophisticated and modern design. ) ●●●
1127 undergo ( The downtown area has undergone significant changes recently. ) ●●●
1128 revenue ( The company’s revenue is expected to increase this year. ) ●●●
1129 disorder ( With support from his family, he overcame his eating disorder. ) ●●●
1130 relevant ( The famous scientist’s research findings are still relevant today. ) ●●●
1131 overlook ( A great editor does not overlook small details. ) ●●●
1132 negotiate ( After one year at the company, he negotiated for a higher salary. ) ●●●
1133 inhabitant ( The inhabitants of this house have not been seen for months. ) ●●●
1134 prohibit ( The school rules prohibit eating in the hallways. ) ●●●
1135 witness ( The family witnessed a terrible accident on the highway. ) ●●●
1136 likelihood ( The likelihood of winning the lottery is small. ) ●●●
1137 vital ( Socialization is a vital part of childhood development. ) ●●●
1138 proponent ( There are many proponents of the physicist’s new theory. ) ●●●
1139 dump ( He got caught dumping trash in the river. ) ●●●
1140 refund ( As soon as we receive the item, we will process your refund. ) ●●●
1141 scan ( Her luggage was scanned at the security gate. ) ●●●
1142 stimulate ( Learning new things stimulates brain activity. ) ●●●
1143 context ( We need more context to properly understand the situation. ) ●●●
1144 massive ( There is a massive amount of applications to process. ) ●●●
1145 reproduce ( This plant reproduces through the assistance of insects. ) ●●●
1146 council ( The city council approved the plan to build a stadium. ) ●●●
1147 lobby ( Their organization has lobbied for changes to the current tax laws. ) ●●●
1148 inject ( The doctor injected the vaccine into his arm. ) ●●●
1149 remarkable ( The NPO raised a remarkable amount of money. ) ●●●
1150 infrastructure ( More money needs to be allotted to repairing existing infrastructure. ) ●●●
1151 extract ( My company extracts oil from lavender plants. ) ●●●
1152 plot ( The thieves plotted to rob several houses in the neighborhood. ) ●●●
1153 innovation ( Technological innovation and willpower are needed to save the planet. ) ●●●
1154 distinct ( The two dishes look similar but have distinct flavors. ) ●●●
1155 extinct ( The dinosaurs went extinct millions of years ago. ) ●●●
1156 personnel ( The personnel department is always busy during tax season. ) ●●●
1157 shallow ( The water at this end of the pool is shallow. ) ●●●
1158 portion ( A large portion of his income goes toward paying rent. ) ●●●
1159 advocate ( He is an advocate for major economic reform. ) ●●●
1160 vessel ( Many fishing vessels were damaged during the typhoon. ) ●●●
1161 crawl ( The baby crawled across the floor to reach her toy. ) ●●●
1162 era ( The invention of the automobile marked the beginning of a new era. ) ●●●
1163 drain ( The bathroom drain is clogged with some hair. ) ●●●
1164 motive ( The police are not yet sure of the criminal’s motive. ) ●●●
1165 remedy ( Do you know any good home remedies for a headache? ) ●●●
1166 rivalry ( The two high schools share an intense rivalry. ) ●●●
1167 fraction ( Only a fraction of the staff was given a bonus. ) ●●●
1168 minimal ( Completing the project took minimal effort on his part. ) ●●●
1169 grain ( She grows several different grains on her farm. ) ●●●
1170 legitimate ( She had to file some paperwork to make the business legitimate. ) ●●●
1171 revise ( The company revises its revenue projections each quarter. ) ●●●
1172 activate ( This plant food activates chemical changes in the soil. ) ●●●
1173 abuse ( Her health problems are mostly caused by alcohol abuse. ) ●●●
1174 celebrity ( Many celebrities appeared in the comedy film. ) ●●●
1175 recession ( The government worked hard to combat the effects of the recession. ) ●●●
1176 vomit ( The boat rocked so badly that he almost vomited. ) ●●●
1177 scheme ( The entire thing was a scheme to cheat people out of their money. ) ●●●
1178 closure ( The closure of the pool was caused by budget cuts. ) ●●●
1179 retain ( We must retain our advantage in cutting-edge technology. ) ●●●
1180 cautious ( Bus drivers must be cautious to protect their passengers. ) ●●●
1181 viable ( Unfortunately, your marketing proposal is not economically viable. ) ●●●
1182 terrain ( The area is famous for its mountainous terrain. ) ●●●
1183 toll ( The hurricane took a toll on the country. ) ●●●
1184 agenda ( The secretary organized the agenda for today’s meeting. ) ●●●
1185 desperate ( She was desperate to get a job before her savings ran out. ) ●●●
1186 hatch ( The eggs will hatch a few days from now. ) ●●●
1187 surveillance ( This building is under police surveillance. ) ●●●
1188 colonize ( These islands were colonized by Spain in the early 16th century. ) ●●●
1189 confidential ( All personal information collected by HR is considered confidential. ) ●●●
1190 breakup ( The breakup with her partner broke her heart. ) ●●●
1191 corridor ( Please only walk on the right side of the corridor. ) ●●●
1192 utility ( The restaurant’s utility bills are very expensive. ) ●●●
1193 specimen ( The science lab contains thousands of different specimens. ) ●●●
1194 input ( Your input on this matter would be greatly appreciated. ) ●●●
1195 infamous ( The city is infamous for its high cost of living. ) ●●●
1196 publicity ( The controversial film has received a lot of publicity. ) ●●●
1197 currency ( He exchanged his currency for dollars at the airport. ) ●●●
1198 undermine ( Your actions undermined the authority of your manager. ) ●●●
1199 sweep ( The huge storm swept through the city over the weekend. ) ●●●
1200 horizontal ( He was wearing a shirt with horizontal blue stripes. ) ●●●
1201 torture ( The torture of prisoners is forbidden according to international laws. ) ●●●
1202 descent ( The original settlers of the area are of French descent. ) ●●●
1203 alienate ( His negative attitude alienated him from his coworkers. ) ●●●
1204 submerge ( The cars were submerged during the flooding. ) ●●●
1205 errand ( Her father asked her to run some errands after school. ) ●●●
1206 commodity ( Antiques are collectable commodities that can sometimes be very valuable. ) ●●●
1207 outburst ( He had an outburst in his frustration with his boss. ) ●●●
1208 comparable ( The two students have comparable test scores. ) ●●●
1209 compilation ( This information was compiled by a local NGO. ) ●●●
1210 inception ( He is credited with the inception of this organization. ) ●●●
1211 aquatic ( Many aquatic animals are in danger of extinction due to climate change. ) ●●●
1212 grind ( This machine can grind spices, grains, and seeds. ) ●●●
1213 upheaval ( The nation is experiencing a period of social upheaval now. ) ●●●
1214 feast ( The family had a feast to celebrate their son’s graduation. ) ●●●
1215 scope ( This goes beyond the scope of work described in the contract. ) ●●●
1216 burden ( The cost of treatment for the disease placed a significant financial burden on his family. ) ●●●
1217 cram ( His closet is crammed with jackets and shoes. ) ●●●
1218 assault ( She was assaulted by a man wearing a mask while walking home from work. ) ●●●
1219 acoustic ( The acoustic properties of the room will affect the quality of the audio recordings. ) ●●●
1220 enact ( The government enacted a new law to protect children. ) ●●●
1221 contend ( He was one of the first people to contend that the Earth was round. ) ●●●
1222 rubbish ( She puts out the rubbish for collection once a week. ) ●●●
1223 projection ( Today the company released its projections for next year’s sales. ) ●●●
1224 generosity ( The woman’s generosity was awarded at a celebration. ) ●●●
1225 cooperative ( The company was cooperative during the police investigation. ) ●●●
1226 cater ( The resort mostly caters to international tourists. ) ●●●
1227 ruthless ( He was a ruthless ruler and was disliked by everyone. ) ●●●
1228 induce ( This medication may induce drowsiness in some people. ) ●●●
1229 disregard ( We ask that you disregard what she said previously. ) ●●●
1230 recess ( The school has two 15-minute recess periods. ) ●●●
1231 wholesome ( The book features recipes for many wholesome snacks. ) ●●●
1232 communal ( A group of people was playing video games in the communal area. ) ●●●
1233 freight ( The trains that pass through here only carry freight. ) ●●●
1234 irreversible ( The accident caused irreversible damage to his vision. ) ●●●
1235 variable ( The loan has a variable interest rate. ) ●●●
1236 formalize ( His role in the organization was only recently formalized. ) ●●●
1237 proportion ( A high proportion of employees are quitting for some reason. ) ●●●
1238 sensation ( The idol group became a global sensation out of nowhere. ) ●●●
1239 terminate ( The couple decided to terminate their marriage of 15 years. ) ●●●
1240 exploit ( The boxer knows exactly how to exploit his opponents’ weaknesses. ) ●●●
1241 antiquity ( The museum features an impressive collection of Egyptian antiquities. ) ●●●
1242 centralize ( The company plans to centralize all operations in a single headquarters. ) ●●●
1243 sympathize ( She sympathized with his situation, but there was nothing she could do. ) ●●●
1244 anonymous ( The crime was reported in an anonymous phone call. ) ●●●
1245 influential ( The local news is influential in shaping people’s opinions. ) ●●●
1246 mumble ( She mumbled under her breath and sighed tiredly. ) ●●●
1247 partial ( The union and the company only came to a partial agreement. ) ●●●
1248 sanitation ( Poor sanitation in the past caused many diseases. ) ●●●
1249 hail ( The heavy hail suddenly started to fall late last evening. ) ●●●
1250 manipulate ( He was manipulated into signing a bad contract. ) ●●●
1251 profound ( That album had a profound effect on her life. ) ●●●
1252 perception ( Your perception of the current situation is flawed. ) ●●●
1253 thesis ( She spent her entire summer break working on her thesis. ) ●●●
1254 pastime ( He has many pastimes, including playing the flute. ) ●●●
1255 swamp ( Many interesting animals live in the nearby swamps. ) ●●●
1256 flock ( A flock of sheep is grazing in the field. ) ●●●
1257 predate ( The Maori people predated European settlers. ) ●●●
1258 phonetic ( You should start by studying the phonetic characteristics of the language. ) ●●●
1259 creditor ( He owes a lot of money to creditors. ) ●●●
1260 facade ( Behind his kind facade is a cruel person. ) ●●●
1261 lofty ( It is difficult for her to live up to her lofty ideals. ) ●●●
1262 rite ( These rites can only be performed by the head priest. ) ●●●
1263 devious ( The thief shared his devious plan with his friend. ) ●●●
1264 deadlock ( Negotiations between the two companies were in a complete deadlock. ) ●●●
1265 incessant ( She was getting tired of her husband’s incessant complaining. ) ●●●
1266 beckon ( Her mother beckoned her forward with her hand. ) ●●●
1267 configuration ( The configuration of this office is supposed to maximize productivity. ) ●●●
1268 subtract ( You need to subtract all your expenses from the total. ) ●●●
1269 quaint ( The family lived in a quaint cottage in the woods. ) ●●●
1270 downplay ( The police tried to downplay their involvement in the shooting. ) ●●●
1271 erratic ( Her breathing was erratic immediately after the accident. ) ●●●
1272 inanimate ( A stone is an inanimate object and does not move at all. ) ●●●
1273 inheritance ( She received a large inheritance when her grandmother passed away. ) ●●●
1274 upcoming ( All the students were looking forward to the upcoming dance. ) ●●●
1275 inclusive ( The organization is trying to become more inclusive of women. ) ●●●
1276 breakout ( There was a breakout at the local prison last night. ) ●●●
1277 envious ( You should never be envious of what other people have. ) ●●●
1278 ominous ( There were ominous dark clouds gathering above the mountain. ) ●●●
1279 slam ( She slammed her door angrily and collapsed onto her bed. ) ●●●
1280 deem ( The event was deemed a success by everyone involved. ) ●●●
1281 solitude ( Living in solitude is not healthy. ) ●●●
1282 garment ( This thrift shop only sells retro garments and shoes. ) ●●●
1283 pinch ( He pinched his sister’s cheeks until she cried. ) ●●●
1284 credibility ( That bank lost all credibility after the scandal. ) ●●●
1285 bow ( The conductor bowed at the beginning of the performance. ) ●●●
1286 revitalize ( The town is working to revitalize their old shopping district. ) ●●●
1287 utterance ( He never gives utterance to his feelings of despair. ) ●●●
1288 conscience ( You should listen to your conscience when making a tough decision like this. ) ●●●
1289 discord ( There is never any discord in their family. ) ●●●
1290 synthesize ( The woman synthesized all the data she had. ) ●●●
1291 juvenile ( The boy was sent to a juvenile detention center. ) ●●●
1292 droop ( The plants drooped in the heat of the sun. ) ●●●
1293 numb ( Working in the cold made her fingers go numb. ) ●●●
1294 extinguish ( The firefighters were able to extinguish the flames. ) ●●●
1295 scam ( Over 10,000 people have already fallen victim to this scam. ) ●●●
1296 backlog ( She has a backlog from when she was sick. ) ●●●
1297 swap ( They swapped contact information before leaving the event. ) ●●●
1298 dissolve ( The salt dissolved in the hot water very quickly. ) ●●●
1299 discern ( Nobody could discern the difference between the two policies. ) ●●●
1300 rebound ( Stock prices rebounded in the last quarter of the year. ) ●●●
1301 boundless ( Her ideas for her next novel were absolutely boundless. ) ●●●
1302 meditate ( He meditates every morning before going to work. ) ●●●
1303 repel ( She is having trouble repelling birds from the field. ) ●●●
1304 shove ( She shoved the door again and again until it finally opened. ) ●●●
1305 fumigate ( The entire apartment building was fumigated to get rid of the pests. ) ●●●
1306 majestic ( He took several photos of the majestic mountains. ) ●●●
1307 upscale ( She only shops at upscale supermarkets. ) ●●●
1308 sly ( It is said that foxes are sly and cunning creatures. ) ●●●
1309 subsistence ( The native people mostly rely on hunting and gathering for subsistence. ) ●●●
1310 preliminary ( We went through many preliminaries before the negotiations started. ) ●●●
1311 stout ( The table is held up by four stout legs. ) ●●●
1312 occupancy ( There is low occupancy in the area because of pollution. ) ●●●
1313 triumph ( People all over the country are celebrating the military’s triumph. ) ●●●
1314 ammunition ( The army is well supplied with weapons and ammunition. ) ●●●
1315 resilient ( Desert animals must be resilient to survive in such harsh conditions. ) ●●●
1316 sprout ( It will take about 10 days for the seed to sprout. ) ●●●
1317 ensue ( The two men got into a big argument, and a fight ensued. ) ●●●
1318 showdown ( The two teams had their final showdown at sunset. ) ●●●
1319 dialect ( The people of Newfoundland speak a very unique dialect. ) ●●●
1320 setback ( She will not let a small setback stop her from succeeding. ) ●●●
1321 caption ( The captions under pictures should be interesting and informative. ) ●●●
1322 amnesty ( Political prisoners were granted amnesty by the new president. ) ●●●
1323 ferocious ( Lions are considered to be incredibly ferocious animals. ) ●●●
1324 swerve ( He swerved to avoid the deer and crashed into a tree. ) ●●●
1325 glimpse ( He caught a glimpse of a beautiful butterfly. ) ●●●
1326 clause ( Please read all of the clauses in your contract. ) ●●●
1327 sphere ( Many know that the Earth is not a perfect sphere. ) ●●●
1328 constellation ( It takes practice to see the different constellations. ) ●●●
1329 haunt ( It is believed that spirits haunt the ruins. ) ●●●
1330 delirious ( She was completely delirious because of a high fever. ) ●●●
1331 blissful ( He saw a picture of a blissful couple smiling. ) ●●●
1332 eternity ( Nothing lasts for eternity. ) ●●●
1333 abstract ( The theme of his essay is too abstract to understand. ) ●●●
1334 pretense ( She started speaking to the man under the pretense of asking for directions. ) ●●●
1335 admonish ( She was admonished for forgetting to turn off the stove. ) ●●●
1336 incriminate ( He was incriminated by the evidence in his home. ) ●●●
1337 vicinity ( Everyone in this vicinity needs to escape immediately. ) ●●●
1338 enrage ( The community was enraged that the playground would be closing. ) ●●●
1339 replenish ( You should drink water to replenish your fluids. ) ●●●
1340 chronicle ( These books chronicle the life of a famous poet. ) ●●●
1341 underfed ( The plants were not growing because they were underfed. ) ●●●
1342 falsify ( You will be charged if you falsify any information. ) ●●●
1343 eerie ( The fog made the evening all the more eerie. ) ●●●
1344 static ( The market for this product has become rather static. ) ●●●
1345 envoy ( They sent a special envoy to assist the country. ) ●●●
1346 immovable ( All immovable objects in the area were vandalized by the angry mob. ) ●●●
1347 amplify ( This machine can amplify radio signals. ) ●●●
1348 flare ( The girl lit the room with the flare of a match. ) ●●●
1349 gratitude ( He expressed his gratitude for the support from his fans. ) ●●●
1350 upturn ( An upturn in the market is expected soon. ) ●●●
1351 gauge ( There are various ways to gauge the health of a company. ) ●●●
1352 disperse ( The crowd was immediately dispersed by the police. ) ●●●
1353 bundle ( The man was carrying a giant bundle of newspapers. ) ●●●
1354 invincible ( Everyone thought that the new tank was invincible. ) ●●●
1355 comprise ( Canada is comprised of ten provinces and three territories. ) ●●●
1356 probe ( The police have launched a probe into the assault. ) ●●●
1357 paralyze ( He became paralyzed from the waist down after a horrible car accident. ) ●●●
1358 annotation ( The research paper included annotations on almost every page. ) ●●●
1359 tactical ( She was the top tactical officer in the army. ) ●●●
1360 menace ( The menace of illegal drugs must be stopped. ) ●●●
1361 detachment ( A judge should have a certain amount of detachment from their emotions. ) ●●●
1362 gaudy ( Her earrings are rather gaudy, don’t you think? ) ●●●
1363 agonize ( The designer agonized over hundreds of small details. ) ●●●
1364 fracture ( He fractured a bone in his hand while playing basketball. ) ●●●
1365 corrode ( Acid corroded the metal on the machine over time. ) ●●●
1366 duplicate ( Do not duplicate any of the content on this site on another website. ) ●●●
1367 holistic ( The holistic treatment attempts to heal both the body and mind. ) ●●●
1368 dilution ( The dilution of this acid will make it less harmful. ) ●●●
1369 posture ( Bad posture can lead to back problems when you get older. ) ●●●
1370 rampage ( Protesters went on a rampage, causing complete chaos in the city. ) ●●●
1371 stunt ( His growth was stunted by a childhood illness. ) ●●●
1372 perspire ( Although it is hot, the weather is so dry that I hardly perspire. ) ●●●
1373 sublime ( The sublime beauty of nature never fails to impress me. ) ●●●
1374 renounced ( She renounced her citizenship after leaving her country. ) ●●●
1375 referral ( You will need a referral to see a skin specialist. ) ●●●
1376 admiration ( He feels great admiration for his grandfather. ) ●●●
1377 constraint ( Financial constraints caused the project to be canceled. ) ●●●
1378 cult ( She was able to escape the cult after many years. ) ●●●
1379 mundane ( He is fed up with his mundane life as an office worker. ) ●●●
1380 unravel ( It took him years to completely unravel the mystery. ) ●●●
1381 ecstatic ( She was ecstatic to find out she won first place. ) ●●●
1382 inept ( I have always been inept at musical instruments. ) ●●●
1383 hypothetical ( This is not a real example, just a hypothetical situation. ) ●●●
1384 empathy ( He developed empathy for the poor people after volunteering in their town. ) ●●●
1385 imposing ( The imposing mountain looked impossible to climb. ) ●●●
1386 incisive ( His opinions are always incisive and to the point. ) ●●●
1387 brag ( It is rude to brag about what you own. ) ●●●
1388 entice ( She was enticed by the shiny earrings in the display case. ) ●●●
1389 disdain ( He showed his disdain for her decision openly. ) ●●●
1390 congregated ( Everyone congregated in the square to listen to the speech. ) ●●●
1391 improvised ( She forgot her speech draft at home, so she improvised. ) ●●●
1392 instrumental ( Her contributions were instrumental in making this play a success. ) ●●●
1393 transient ( He used to be a transient who traveled the world. ) ●●●
1394 subordinate ( She had one of her subordinates handle the travel arrangements. ) ●●●
1395 peculiar ( She has a peculiar way of washing her hair. ) ●●●
1396 bounce ( The ball bounced down the hallway quickly. ) ●●●
1397 protocol ( What is the proper protocol for a situation like this? ) ●●●
1398 typify ( Monet’s use of color and vague forms typifies Impressionist paintings. ) ●●●
1399 manuscript ( He handed in his manuscript a week late. ) ●●●
1400 alignment ( His spine slipped out of alignment because of the accident. ) ●●●
1401 banished ( The emperor was stripped of power and banished to a remote island. ) ●●●
1402 condemn ( The opposition condemned the prime minister’s decision on financial aid. ) ●●●
1403 detonated ( The terrorists detonated the bomb from a remote location. ) ●●●
1404 emulate ( She tried hard to emulate her supervisor’s actions. ) ●●●
1405 additive ( Some argue such food additives are bad for your health. ) ●●●
1406 gravitated ( He has always gravitated to cultures different from his own. ) ●●●
1407 stationary ( The bicyclist collided with a stationary vehicle by accident. ) ●●●
1408 repeal ( The government repealed the law banning certain drugs. ) ●●●
1409 disprove ( A young scientist managed to disprove a famous physics theory. ) ●●●
1410 utensils ( She keeps her utensils next to the refrigerator. ) ●●●
1411 adrift ( The boat was left adrift in the lake for weeks. ) ●●●
1412 instigating ( She accused her husband of instigating the argument. ) ●●●
1413 thrust ( The teen thrust his hands into his pockets and walked away. ) ●●●
1414 ignorance ( Most racial discrimination comes from simple ignorance. ) ●●●
1415 customary ( In the US, it is customary to leave a tip for restaurant servers. ) ●●●
1416 blinked ( He blinked a few times before answering the question. ) ●●●
1417 hereditary ( The color of our eyes and hair is hereditary. ) ●●●
1418 solemn ( Very few people spoke during the solemn ceremony. ) ●●●
1419 swarm ( He was attacked by a swarm of bees. ) ●●●
1420 unperturbed ( He was unperturbed even after witnessing a horrible accident. ) ●●●
1421 phase ( We are now entering the final phase of development. ) ●●●
1422 tumbled ( The girl tumbled down the hill after she tripped. ) ●●●
1423 initiative ( She is both intelligent and talented, but she lacks initiative. ) ●●●
1424 soothe ( She sang a song to soothe the crying baby. ) ●●●
1425 crest ( The climbers hiked along the crest of the mountain. ) ●●●
1426 torment ( The boys liked to torment the neighborhood dog. ) ●●●
1427 revoked ( Her immigration status was revoked after she was arrested. ) ●●●
1428 assimilate ( He never managed to assimilate into adult society. ) ●●●
1429 dispelled ( The doctor dispelled my concerns about taking the medication. ) ●●●
1430 diverged ( The flight diverged from its original path to avoid the storm. ) ●●●
1431 condiment ( Ketchup and mustard are the standard condiments added to hot dogs. ) ●●●
1432 noble ( It was noble of him to accept the blame for his employee’s mistake. ) ●●●
1433 futile ( So far all efforts to cure the disease have proven futile. ) ●●●
1434 saturated ( The soil was saturated with salt water after the tsunami. ) ●●●
1435 eradicated ( Smallpox was eradicated thanks to great vaccines. ) ●●●
1436 overlap ( When two employees’ responsibilities overlap, it can cause confusion. ) ●●●
1437 muddled ( Her client had muddled his personal and business expenses. ) ●●●
1438 reckons ( He reckons that it will take about two hours to drive there. ) ●●●
1439 ingest ( Contact a doctor immediately if you accidentally ingest poison. ) ●●●
1440 reminiscent ( The jacket is reminiscent of a Royal Air Force flight suit from the 1940s. ) ●●●
1441 budget ( Make sure that development costs come in under budget. ) ●●●
1442 overall ( Your overall physical health is affected by your mental health. ) ●●●
1443 illegal ( The man was caught selling illegal substances in an alley. ) ●●●
1444 potential ( We have identified several potential problems in your plan. ) ●●●
1445 ban ( The university banned students from driving to the campus last year. ) ●●●
1446 alternative ( There may be an alternative medicine you can try. ) ●●●
1447 address ( The government promised to address the suicide rate quickly. ) ●●●
1448 widespread ( The earthquake caused widespread damage in the small island nation. ) ●●●
1449 consume ( Most people should consume lots of fruits and vegetables. ) ●●●
1450 property ( He was arrested for trying to sell stolen property. ) ●●●
1451 absorb ( These towels can absorb a lot of water. ) ●●●
1452 facility ( There are no sports facilities in this town. ) ●●●
1453 invest ( The woman invested a lot of money in her business. ) ●●●
1454 relatively ( Spring was relatively cool in that region this year. ) ●●●
1455 long-term ( He has just joined a long-term research project. ) ●●●
1456 analyze ( The scientists analyzed the test results carefully. ) ●●●
1457 medication ( He has been feeling better since he started taking the medication. ) ●●●
1458 regarding ( We have a few questions regarding the incident. ) ●●●
1459 beneficial ( Regular exercise is beneficial to your health. ) ●●●
1460 colleague ( She does not have any problems with her colleagues. ) ●●●
1461 efficient ( They are looking for a more efficient way to generate electricity. ) ●●●
1462 register ( He registered for a membership at the local gym. ) ●●●
1463 promotion ( She got a promotion after years of hard work. ) ●●●
1464 shift ( The government shifted its attention to the upcoming election. ) ●●●
1465 numerous ( There are numerous different streaming services available. ) ●●●
1466 candidate ( All candidates for the position must attend an interview within the next week. ) ●●●
1467 criticism ( She has never been good at accepting constructive criticism. ) ●●●
1468 guarantee ( We guarantee your satisfaction or your money back. ) ●●●
1469 consequently ( He lost his job. Consequently, he is short on money. ) ●●●
1470 agricultural ( The government provides a lot of support to the agricultural industry. ) ●●●
1471 reduction ( The art program was canceled due to the reduction of the school’s budget. ) ●●●
1472 requirement ( Being over 20 is a requirement to join this club. ) ●●●
1473 enormous ( That series gained enormous popularity after its movie adaptation. ) ●●●
1474 session ( Training sessions for employees will be held twice a year. ) ●●●
1475 affordable ( Every year, personal computers become more affordable. ) ●●●
1476 lessen ( They turned vegan to lessen their environmental impact. ) ●●●
1477 insurance ( Car insurance is more expensive for young, inexperienced drivers. ) ●●●
1478 oppose ( Two of six city council members opposed the new regulation. ) ●●●
1479 deposit ( The deposit will arrive in our bank account next week. ) ●●●
1480 costly ( The manager made some costly mistakes, and she was fired as a result. ) ●●●
1481 domestic ( Domestic fuel prices are continuing to go up. ) ●●●
1482 detect ( The police dogs did not detect any drugs in the bags. ) ●●●
1483 awareness ( The aim of the event is to raise awareness of LGBTQ+ rights. ) ●●●
1484 strategy ( Their strategy is to buy any company that might become a major competitor. ) ●●●
1485 priority ( Customer satisfaction is one of our top priorities. ) ●●●
1486 representative ( I had to wait 30 minutes to speak with a customer service representative. ) ●●●
1487 outcome ( The outcome of today’s meeting will be announced tomorrow. ) ●●●
1488 preserve ( The ancient people used salt to preserve their meat. ) ●●●
1489 luxury ( If I were a billionaire, I would buy 10 different luxury cars. ) ●●●
1490 reminder ( Please write a reminder to water the plants every week. ) ●●●
1491 manufacture ( Their company manufactures auto parts. ) ●●●
1492 extend ( We will extend our services to the rest of the country. ) ●●●
1493 qualified ( She is more than qualified to teach this course. ) ●●●
1494 fossil ( The archaeologists found several new fossils at the site. ) ●●●
1495 corporation ( She and her business partner hired a lawyer to form the corporation. ) ●●●
1496 mine ( Her father and grandfather both worked in the coal mines in Wales. ) ●●●
1497 artificial ( They decided to use artificial flowers at their wedding. ) ●●●
1498 landscape ( The landscape has changed over the past 30 years. ) ●●●
1499 minimum ( Please be sure to note the minimum requirements for applying for this job. ) ●●●
1500 executive ( The executives all agreed to sell the company. ) ●●●
1501 characteristic ( Twins share many of the same biological characteristics. ) ●●●
1502 immune ( About five percent of people are immune to this disease. ) ●●●
1503 worsen ( The weather only worsened as the day progressed. ) ●●●
1504 prey ( The tiger stalked its prey before attacking. ) ●●●
1505 applicant ( Only applicants who hand in all forms will be considered. ) ●●●
1506 toxic ( These two substances are toxic if mixed together. ) ●●●
1507 intense ( She has suffered from intense headaches her whole life. ) ●●●
1508 productivity ( Happy workers generally increase a company’s productivity. ) ●●●
1509 relocate ( He was forced to relocate because of his job. ) ●●●
1510 divorce ( The couple decided to get a divorce soon after marrying. ) ●●●
1511 nonetheless ( The movie was confusing, but entertaining nonetheless. ) ●●●
1512 clue ( We have no clue how to fix this issue. ) ●●●
1513 warehouse ( The owners are currently renting the warehouse to an online retailer. ) ●●●
1514 substantial ( She spent a substantial amount of time studying. ) ●●●
1515 temporary ( Temporary housing is not very comfortable to live in. ) ●●●
1516 supervise ( His job is to supervise the training of new staff. ) ●●●
1517 subject ( The researchers recruited subjects for their surveys. ) ●●●
1518 participation ( Even the teams that lose are given a trophy for participation. ) ●●●
1519 sensitive ( She is sensitive to unexpected changes in temperature. ) ●●●
1520 pottery ( Some of the oldest pottery in the world is at this museum. ) ●●●
1521 overcome ( She still has not overcome her fear of dogs. ) ●●●
1522 removal ( All the old computers are scheduled for removal tomorrow. ) ●●●
1523 crisis ( The province’s health care system is in a crisis. ) ●●●
1524 statistics ( Statistics must be analyzed within a specific context. ) ●●●
1525 engage ( Many people were arrested for engaging in the protests. ) ●●●
1526 opponent ( He faced all of his opponents bravely and with confidence. ) ●●●
1527 competitive ( To survive in this competitive industry requires significant effort. ) ●●●
1528 shrink ( The younger population is expected to shrink drastically. ) ●●●
1529 intake ( The doctor advised her to limit her sugar intake. ) ●●●
1530 ongoing ( There is an ongoing investigation into his murder. ) ●●●
1531 inspection ( The restaurant was shut down following a health inspection. ) ●●●
1532 problematic ( Making an accurate analysis is problematic with so little data. ) ●●●
1533 forbid ( The use of flash photography is strictly forbidden as it upsets the animals. ) ●●●
1534 finance ( These scholarships are for individuals with limited finances. ) ●●●
1535 theft ( The theft at the town’s museum shocked everyone. ) ●●●
1536 primarily ( The beach town is primarily visited by tourists living in the nearby city. ) ●●●
1537 contribution ( He mentioned the members’ valuable contributions to the project. ) ●●●
1538 protective ( Protective measures were put in place to keep workers safe. ) ●●●
1539 uncover ( Archaeologists uncovered evidence that the area was home to an ancient civilization. ) ●●●
1540 existence ( The existence of ghosts has not been proven by science. ) ●●●
1541 possession ( He left all his possessions behind when he moved. ) ●●●
1542 alert ( An alert firefighter heard the cries of a child. ) ●●●
1543 hybrid ( Ligers are hybrids of tigers and lions. ) ●●●
1544 isolate ( The prisoner was isolated in a separate cell. ) ●●●
1545 reference ( You can use these books for future reference. ) ●●●
1546 storage ( This room is primarily used for storage of excess goods. ) ●●●
1547 impressive ( Mount Rushmore is quite an impressive sight. ) ●●●
1548 wilderness ( She was lost in the wilderness for several days. ) ●●●
1549 ultimately ( Ultimately, there is nothing we can do without the necessary permits. ) ●●●
1550 satellite ( The satellite burned up when it reentered the atmosphere. ) ●●●
1551 plantation ( There used to be many plantations in the American South. ) ●●●
1552 outbreak ( The outbreak of Spanish flu killed many people. ) ●●●
1553 arise ( New problems arose when they tested the vehicle’s offroad capabilities. ) ●●●
1554 investigation ( The investigation into the case did not provide any results. ) ●●●
1555 fluid ( She noticed a red fluid was leaking from her car’s engine. ) ●●●
1556 checkup ( She has a checkup with her doctor every year. ) ●●●
1557 permanently ( She loved Portugal so much that she stayed there permanently. ) ●●●
1558 debt ( He got into debt because of a gambling problem. ) ●●●
1559 equality ( Pay equality remains a problem in many workplaces today. ) ●●●
1560 moisture ( The air in this region contains a lot of moisture. ) ●●●
1561 multiple ( He has visited Paris multiple times for work. ) ●●●
1562 workforce ( Over one million young people are expected to join the workforce this year. ) ●●●
1563 intensive ( Our school provides an intensive French language course. ) ●●●
1564 define ( The dictionary defines the word as “too much of something.” ) ●●●
1565 vegetation ( The vegetation in this forest is very thick. ) ●●●
1566 fame ( Fame has the potential to ruin a person. ) ●●●
1567 row ( Their team won the championship three years in a row. ) ●●●
1568 urge ( The couple were urged to write wills by their lawyer. ) ●●●
1569 implement ( The new tax filing system was implemented last week. ) ●●●
1570 due ( His assignment is due at the end of the week. ) ●●●
1571 behavioral ( Not all behavioral problems can be solved with discipline. ) ●●●
1572 leverage ( He will be able to succeed because he has a lot of leverage in the party. ) ●●●
1573 bargain ( He found a real bargain at the supermarket. ) ●●●
1574 populate ( A variety of interesting aquatic species populate Lake Biwa. ) ●●●
1575 incredible ( He described the incredible difficulty of landing a jet on a moving ship. ) ●●●
1576 infant ( Infants can begin eating solid foods at around six months old. ) ●●●
1577 overly ( Our country is overly dependent on imported produce. ) ●●●
1578 premium ( We only sell premium food products at our store. ) ●●●
1579 voucher ( This voucher will give you a discount on your drink. ) ●●●
1580 well-being ( You must take care of your emotional well-being too. ) ●●●
1581 significance ( Ancient cave paintings may have had religious significance. ) ●●●
1582 approximately ( It will take me approximately three days to edit the video. ) ●●●
1583 routine ( Routine inspections will be conducted at all facilities next week. ) ●●●
1584 burial ( She was too upset to attend the burial. ) ●●●
1585 likewise ( I’m packing an umbrella, and you should do likewise. ) ●●●
1586 pedestrian ( Drive slowly, because there are many pedestrians in this area. ) ●●●
1587 bully ( He felt bad for bullying his classmate during his childhood. ) ●●●
1588 strand ( There was a strand of hair in her soup. ) ●●●
1589 knowledgeable ( Her father is very knowledgeable about various bees. ) ●●●
1590 legislation ( The country passed new legislation to protect several forests. ) ●●●
1591 climatic ( Even more climatic changes are expected in coming years. ) ●●●
1592 sewage ( The town does not have its own sewage system. ) ●●●
1593 makeup ( The genetic makeup of those two animals is very similar. ) ●●●
1594 justify ( Her son tried to justify why he stole the money. ) ●●●
1595 curious ( The little girl is very curious about her surroundings. ) ●●●
1596 cuisine ( That restaurant is famous for its Vietnamese cuisine. ) ●●●
1597 accomplishment ( The article listed many of her professional accomplishments. ) ●●●
1598 welfare ( The welfare system needs significant improvements to continue helping people. ) ●●●
1599 revive ( Sadly, the doctors were unable to revive the patient. ) ●●●
1600 overtake ( This smartphone has now overtaken the popularity of all other models. ) ●●●
1601 counterpart ( We will have to discuss this matter with our Finnish counterpart. ) ●●●
1602 retail ( Many retail shops are suffering because of inflation. ) ●●●
1603 tip ( She cut the tip of her finger while chopping carrots. ) ●●●
1604 capability ( This factory has the capability to produce 2,000 units per day. ) ●●●
1605 livelihood ( The recession caused problems for many people’s livelihoods. ) ●●●
1606 workout ( He does an intense workout three days per week. ) ●●●
1607 questionable ( Her testimony in court was of questionable quality. ) ●●●
1608 straightforward ( We strive to give all of our products a straightforward design. ) ●●●
1609 indigenous ( The insect is not indigenous to this area. ) ●●●
1610 fortune ( That car must have cost you a fortune to buy. ) ●●●
1611 modernization ( The modernization of the area was welcomed by everyone. ) ●●●
1612 profession ( She wants to enter a scientific profession when she graduates. ) ●●●
1613 roam ( A bear was spotted roaming around the restaurant. ) ●●●
1614 fancy ( His wife took him to a fancy restaurant for their anniversary. ) ●●●
1615 dairy ( She is unable to eat any dairy products. ) ●●●
1616 lawsuit ( The company is facing a lawsuit for unsafe working conditions. ) ●●●
1617 fake ( An expert confirmed that the painting was fake. ) ●●●
1618 recipient ( The recipients of the award will be contacted by phone. ) ●●●
1619 definitely ( The new chair is definitely more comfortable, but it is still not perfect. ) ●●●
1620 slavery ( Slavery was abolished in the United States in 1865. ) ●●●
1621 stability ( She was stressed because her family did not have any financial stability. ) ●●●
1622 chronic ( She suffers from chronic pain all over her body. ) ●●●
1623 clinical ( The drug passed all of its clinical trials. ) ●●●
1624 outstanding ( He did an outstanding job on his presentation. ) ●●●
1625 faith ( People of all faiths are allowed to use this space. ) ●●●
1626 bond ( She has always had a special bond with her sister. ) ●●●
1627 kidnap ( The child was kidnapped but eventually returned unharmed. ) ●●●
1628 allowance ( He gets an allowance for washing the dishes every day. ) ●●●
1629 province ( There is a serious shortage of doctors in the province. ) ●●●
1630 loyalty ( She showed her loyalty to the king by fighting bravely. ) ●●●
1631 noticeable ( Luckily, the stain on his shirt was not too noticeable. ) ●●●
1632 sector ( The tourism sector took a major hit during the pandemic. ) ●●●
1633 highlight ( The speech highlighted the importance of protecting the world’s rainforests. ) ●●●
1634 gender ( Please indicate your name, age, and gender on the form. ) ●●●
1635 enthusiastic ( She is an enthusiastic collector of rare coins. ) ●●●
1636 technically ( Her piano performance was technically impressive, but it lacked feeling. ) ●●●
1637 recognition ( She gained international recognition after her book came out. ) ●●●
1638 firsthand ( Without any firsthand experience, he was unable to get hired. ) ●●●
1639 overestimate ( She was overestimating her ability when she promised to finish in two days. ) ●●●
1640 consistency ( Sometimes he plays really well, but he needs to improve his consistency. ) ●●●
1641 eligible ( In three years, she will be eligible for retirement. ) ●●●
1642 intermediate ( He speaks Cantonese and Swedish at an intermediate level. ) ●●●
1643 deserve ( She is a great director who deserves praise. ) ●●●
1644 invaluable ( His extensive IT experience was invaluable to the project. ) ●●●
1645 latitude ( Tokyo is located at roughly the same latitude as Los Angeles. ) ●●●
1646 tense ( She was tense before her interview. ) ●●●
1647 outlet ( You can get items at a discount at this outlet. ) ●●●
1648 compassion ( The teacher has compassion for all of her students. ) ●●●
1649 returnee ( Returnees can sometimes have an identity crisis upon returning. ) ●●●
1650 offspring ( The disease has no risk of being transferred from a parent to their offspring. ) ●●●
1651 debris ( After the storm, volunteers removed debris from the beach. ) ●●●
1652 peer ( The boy is popular among his peers. ) ●●●
1653 script ( Vietnamese was historically written using a script that contained Chinese characters. ) ●●●
1654 convention ( They held a huge comic convention at the arena. ) ●●●
1655 discipline ( Students from several different disciplines attended the lecture. ) ●●●
1656 notable ( Her achievements in engineering are notable for her age. ) ●●●
1657 buildup ( The buildup of carbon monoxide inside of an enclosed area is very dangerous. ) ●●●
1658 acceptance ( Immigrants started getting more acceptance in the local community. ) ●●●
1659 outset ( This project was full of problems from the outset. ) ●●●
1660 poll ( The company took a poll on customer satisfaction. ) ●●●
1661 longevity ( The elderly residents of Okinawa are famous for their longevity. ) ●●●
1662 mortgage ( It will take 10 more years to pay off the mortgage on this home. ) ●●●
1663 acclaim ( His latest novel has received a great deal of critical acclaim. ) ●●●
1664 criterion ( All criteria must be met for applications to be considered. ) ●●●
1665 comprehensive ( This book is a comprehensive guide to Korean pottery. ) ●●●
1666 spell ( The dry spell has caused many crops to die. ) ●●●
1667 disband ( The K-pop idol group disbanded after releasing their second album. ) ●●●
1668 excel ( He has always excelled at playing musical instruments. ) ●●●
1669 leftover ( She usually eats leftovers for lunch. ) ●●●
1670 prerequisite ( There are several prerequisites to applying for a loan. ) ●●●
1671 humiliate ( She was humiliated when she tripped on the escalator. ) ●●●
1672 temper ( He always loses his temper over the smallest things. ) ●●●
1673 soar ( Supply chain disruptions have caused the prices of imported goods to soar. ) ●●●
1674 rigorous ( Rigorous training will be provided for this job. ) ●●●
1675 strenuous ( Do not do any strenuous activity after your shot. ) ●●●
1676 premise ( The premise of your idea is good, but not feasible. ) ●●●
1677 outlive ( It is every parent’s hope that their child will outlive them. ) ●●●
1678 expenditure ( Military expenditures are only continuing to increase in the country. ) ●●●
1679 impersonal ( Claire did not like working for a large, impersonal company. ) ●●●
1680 speculation ( There is speculation that they will release a new game this year. ) ●●●

英単語練習(自然科学系:英検準1級)

●●●は単語・例文の日本語意味


1 species ( The researcher identified a unique species in the deep sea. ) ●●●
2 mammal ( Humans are classified as mammals because they nurse their young. ) ●●●
3 primate ( Gorillas are the largest primates living on Earth today. ) ●●●
4 reptile ( The desert is home to many different types of reptiles. ) ●●●
5 vertebrate ( Every vertebrate has a complex nervous system and a skull. ) ●●●
6 reproduction ( Some plants use insects to help with their reproduction. ) ●●●
7 mating ( Male birds often sing beautiful songs during mating season. ) ●●●
8 hibernation ( The bear woke up early from its winter hibernation. ) ●●●
9 carnivore ( A tiger is a powerful carnivore that hunts in the jungle. ) ●●●
10 herbivore ( Giraffes are herbivores that feed on the leaves of tall trees. ) ●●●
11 ape ( Scientists study apes to understand human evolution better. ) ●●●
12 rhinoceros ( The zoo is working hard to protect the rare rhinoceros. ) ●●●
13 camel ( Each camel in the caravan carried heavy loads across the dunes. ) ●●●
14 donkey ( The small donkey pulled the cart through the narrow streets. ) ●●●
15 reindeer ( We saw a large herd of reindeer during our trip to the north. ) ●●●
16 canine ( The vet examined the canine teeth of the elderly dog. ) ●●●
17 lizard ( A tiny lizard was resting on the warm stone wall. ) ●●●
18 crocodile ( The crocodile remained perfectly still in the muddy water. ) ●●●
19 hump ( The fat stored in the hump helps the animal survive. ) ●●●
20 burrow ( The fox escaped into its burrow when it heard a loud noise. ) ●●●
21 owl ( An owl hunted for small mice under the moonlight. ) ●●●
22 mosquito ( Use this spray to keep mosquitoes away during the night. ) ●●●
23 earthworm ( Digging in the garden revealed many healthy earthworms. ) ●●●
24 salmon ( Fresh salmon is a great source of healthy fats. ) ●●●
25 tuna ( The fishing boat returned with a massive tuna. ) ●●●
26 squid ( The chef prepared a delicious dish using fresh squid. ) ●●●
27 eel ( The river is famous for its high-quality eels. ) ●●●
28 turtle ( The sea turtle laid its eggs deep in the sand. ) ●●●
29 oyster ( Some people believe that eating oysters gives you energy. ) ●●●
30 blossom ( The apple trees are covered in white blossoms this spring. ) ●●●
31 pollen ( People with allergies often suffer when there is much pollen. ) ●●●
32 malnutrition ( The charity provides food to prevent malnutrition in children. ) ●●●
33 indigestion ( He took some medicine to soothe his indigestion after the big meal. ) ●●●
34 metabolism ( Muscle mass plays a significant role in a person’s metabolism. ) ●●●
35 diarrhea ( Drinking contaminated water can lead to severe diarrhea. ) ●●●
36 protein ( You need to consume enough protein to build strong muscles. ) ●●●
37 inflammation ( The ice pack helped to reduce the inflammation in his ankle. ) ●●●
38 injury ( The player had to leave the field due to a serious injury. ) ●●●
39 arthritis ( Gentle exercise can help manage the pain caused by arthritis. ) ●●●
40 blister ( I got a painful blister after walking for five hours. ) ●●●
41 fever ( She stayed in bed all day because of a high fever. ) ●●●
42 pulse ( The doctor took my pulse to check my heart rate. ) ●●●
43 sneeze ( He couldn’t stop his sneeze during the quiet meeting. ) ●●●
44 surgery ( The patient is recovering well after the successful surgery. ) ●●●
45 coma ( The family waited patiently for him to wake from the coma. ) ●●●
46 eyesight ( Regular eye exams are important for maintaining good eyesight. ) ●●●
47 diagnosis ( We are waiting for the final diagnosis from the specialist. ) ●●●
48 prescription ( You can pick up your medicine once the doctor writes the prescription. ) ●●●
49 obesity ( Healthy eating habits are essential to combat obesity. ) ●●●
50 pharmacy ( There is a 24-hour pharmacy located near the hospital. ) ●●●
51 vaccine ( The new vaccine provides protection against the latest virus. ) ●●●
52 antibiotic ( Make sure to take the antibiotic at the same time every day. ) ●●●
53 painkiller ( He needed a strong painkiller after the dental work. ) ●●●
54 pregnancy ( She experienced morning sickness during the first month of pregnancy. ) ●●●
55 gene ( This specific gene is responsible for determining hair color. ) ●●●
56 immunity ( A balanced diet can help strengthen your natural immunity. ) ●●●
57 infection ( Clean the cut immediately to prevent a bacterial infection. ) ●●●
58 virus ( The flu is a common virus that spreads easily in winter. ) ●●●
59 bacterium ( Not every bacterium is harmful to the human body. ) ●●●
60 skull ( The helmet is designed to protect the skull during a fall. ) ●●●
61 spine ( Sitting with good posture takes the pressure off your spine. ) ●●●
62 rib ( He broke a rib while playing a contact sport. ) ●●●
63 nostril ( The scent of fresh coffee reached his nostrils. ) ●●●
64 jaw ( She clenched her jaw in frustration. ) ●●●
65 thigh ( His thighs were sore after the long cycling trip. ) ●●●
66 wrist ( He wore a support band on his wrist to help it heal. ) ●●●
67 ankle ( She twisted her ankle while running in the park. ) ●●●
68 intestine ( The small intestine is where most digestion takes place. ) ●●●
69 kidney ( Drinking water is important for healthy kidney function. ) ●●●
70 liver ( The liver filters toxins from the blood stream. ) ●●●
71 vein ( The nurse looked for a strong vein to draw blood. ) ●●●
72 artery ( An artery carries oxygenated blood away from the heart. ) ●●●
73 cell ( Every plant and animal is made of microscopic cells. ) ●●●
74 nerve ( The dentist numbed the nerve before starting the treatment. ) ●●●
75 insomnia ( Stress at work caused him to suffer from chronic insomnia. ) ●●●
76 anxiety ( Deep breathing exercises can help reduce feelings of anxiety. ) ●●●
77 depression ( Many factors can contribute to the development of depression. ) ●●●
78 addiction ( It takes great strength to overcome an addiction to nicotine. ) ●●●
79 mule ( The mule carried the heavy load up the steep mountain path. ) ●●●
80 ram ( A large ram with curved horns stood on the rocky cliff. ) ●●●
81 elk ( We saw a majestic elk grazing in the forest during our trip. ) ●●●
82 bark ( The neighbor’s dog started to bark at the passing car. ) ●●●
83 hare ( The brown hare ran across the field with incredible speed. ) ●●●
84 lynx ( The lynx is a secretive animal that is hard to spot in the wild. ) ●●●
85 vulture ( Several vultures circled high in the sky above the desert. ) ●●●
86 parrot ( The colorful parrot mimicked the sound of the doorbell. ) ●●●
87 sparrow ( A small sparrow was looking for seeds on the ground. ) ●●●
88 gull ( The gulls followed the fishing boat back to the harbor. ) ●●●
89 termite ( The wooden structure was slowly being destroyed by termites. ) ●●●
90 moth ( A large moth was attracted to the light on the porch. ) ●●●
91 caterpillar ( The green caterpillar was eating a leaf on the apple tree. ) ●●●
92 thorn ( I accidentally pricked my finger on a sharp thorn. ) ●●●
93 pine ( The scent of pine needles filled the mountain air. ) ●●●
94 maple ( In autumn, the leaves of the maple tree turn bright red. ) ●●●
95 hemp ( People have used hemp to make strong ropes for centuries. ) ●●●
96 holly ( We decorated the house with holly branches for the holidays. ) ●●●
97 walnut ( He used a nutcracker to open the hard shell of the walnut. ) ●●●
98 cactus ( This type of cactus can survive for a long time without water. ) ●●●
99 fungus ( A strange-looking fungus was growing on the damp log. ) ●●●
100 moss ( The stones near the river were covered in soft green moss. ) ●●●
101 mold ( Throw away the bread if you see any blue mold on it. ) ●●●
102 algae ( The pond turned green due to the rapid growth of algae. ) ●●●
103 organism ( Every living organism is affected by its environment. ) ●●●
104 organ ( The liver is a vital organ that performs many functions. ) ●●●
105 abnormality ( The test revealed a slight abnormality in his heart rhythm. ) ●●●
106 stroke ( He had to go through rehabilitation after suffering a stroke. ) ●●●
107 cancer ( Early detection is very important in treating cancer effectively. ) ●●●
108 leprosy ( New medicines have made it possible to treat leprosy. ) ●●●
109 measles ( The child stayed home from school because he had the measles. ) ●●●
110 scurvy ( Sailors used to eat lemons to prevent getting scurvy. ) ●●●
111 diabetes ( People with diabetes need to be careful about their sugar intake. ) ●●●
112 appetite ( I have a very healthy appetite after working out. ) ●●●
113 anorexia ( Anorexia is a serious illness that requires medical treatment. ) ●●●
114 impairment ( He has a visual impairment but can still read with a magnifying glass. ) ●●●
115 ward ( The nurse showed us to the patient’s room in the surgical ward. ) ●●●
116 endocrine ( Hormones are produced and released by the endocrine system. ) ●●●
117 circadian rhythm ( Traveling across time zones can disrupt your circadian rhythm. ) ●●●
118 hypodermic ( The doctor used a hypodermic needle to give the flu shot. ) ●●●
119 first aid ( Basic first aid knowledge is essential for every teacher. ) ●●●
120 infertility ( Many couples seek medical help to overcome infertility. ) ●●●
121 childbirth ( She prepared for childbirth by attending special classes. ) ●●●
122 sperm ( The lab tested the quality and movement of the sperm. ) ●●●
123 amputee ( The athlete became an amputee after a car accident. ) ●●●
124 parasite ( Some parasites can live inside the human body for years. ) ●●●
125 germ ( Washing your hands with soap is the best way to kill germs. ) ●●●
126 microbe ( We need a microscope to see the tiny microbes in the water. ) ●●●
127 spleen ( The spleen helps the body fight off infections. ) ●●●
128 neuron ( Neurons transmit electrical signals throughout the brain. ) ●●●
129 fiber ( Cotton is a natural fiber used to make comfortable clothes. ) ●●●
130 reflex ( He has very fast reflexes, which makes him a great goalkeeper. ) ●●●
131 manic ( He was in a manic state and talked very quickly for hours. ) ●●●
132 trance ( The music was so beautiful that I fell into a deep trance. ) ●●●
133 ecosystem ( A healthy ecosystem supports many different types of animals. ) ●●●
134 deforestation ( The forest was lost due to rapid deforestation. ) ●●●
135 logging ( Excessive logging is destroying the natural habitat. ) ●●●
136 reforestation ( The group started a reforestation project to plant more trees. ) ●●●
137 pasture ( The sheep were eating grass in the green pasture. ) ●●●
138 greenhouse effect ( Industrial gases are making the greenhouse effect worse. ) ●●●
139 tropical rain forest ( Many rare insects live in the tropical rain forest. ) ●●●
140 fossil fuel ( We should use less fossil fuel to protect the earth. ) ●●●
141 carbon dioxide ( Plants need carbon dioxide to grow and produce oxygen. ) ●●●
142 carbon offset ( The company uses carbon offset to balance its pollution. ) ●●●
143 renewable energy ( Solar power is a clean type of renewable energy. ) ●●●
144 radiation ( High levels of radiation can be dangerous to humans. ) ●●●
145 hydropower ( This city gets most of its electricity from hydropower. ) ●●●
146 solar power ( More homes are starting to use solar power today. ) ●●●
147 biodiesel ( Biodiesel is a fuel made from natural plant oils. ) ●●●
148 acid rain ( Acid rain can damage historical buildings and statues. ) ●●●
149 Antarctica ( It is very cold and dry in the center of Antarctica. ) ●●●
150 biodiversity ( The park was created to protect the local biodiversity. ) ●●●
151 coral reef ( Many fish find food and shelter in the coral reef. ) ●●●
152 overfishing ( Overfishing is a serious problem in many parts of the ocean. ) ●●●
153 poacher ( The poacher was caught trying to hunt rare animals. ) ●●●
154 conservationist ( The conservationist spoke about the importance of clean rivers. ) ●●●
155 pollute ( Factory waste can pollute the water and harm the fish. ) ●●●
156 pollutant ( Smoke from cars is a common air pollutant. ) ●●●
157 dumping ( New rules were made to stop the illegal dumping of trash. ) ●●●
158 landfill ( Most of our kitchen waste ends up in a landfill. ) ●●●
159 soil ( You need rich soil to grow healthy vegetables in a garden. ) ●●●
160 organic ( My sister prefers buying organic fruit at the market. ) ●●●
161 compost ( I used kitchen scraps to make compost for the plants. ) ●●●
162 fertilizer ( Farmers use fertilizer to help their crops grow faster. ) ●●●
163 pesticide ( Using too much pesticide can be bad for the environment. ) ●●●
164 harvest ( We are expecting a very large wheat harvest this year. ) ●●●
165 cereal ( Corn and rice are common types of cereal crops. ) ●●●
166 wheat ( This flour is made from high-quality local wheat. ) ●●●
167 soybean ( Soybean is an important ingredient in many Asian dishes. ) ●●●
168 mineral ( Calcium is an important mineral for strong bones. ) ●●●
169 limestone ( The white cliffs are made of a soft type of limestone. ) ●●●
170 quartz ( Quartz is a hard mineral that can be many colors. ) ●●●
171 crystal ( The salt formed a beautiful white crystal in the water. ) ●●●
172 continent ( Africa is the second largest continent in the world. ) ●●●
173 equator ( It is usually very hot in countries near the equator. ) ●●●
174 tropic ( The island is located in a beautiful part of the tropics. ) ●●●
175 volcano ( The volcano erupted and covered the town in grey ash. ) ●●●
176 ash ( After the fire, everything was covered in black ash. ) ●●●
177 wetland ( This wetland is a protected area for many rare birds. ) ●●●
178 seabed ( Explorers are searching for old ships on the seabed. ) ●●●
179 inland ( They moved inland to escape the storms near the coast. ) ●●●
180 bay ( The boat is anchored safely in the quiet bay. ) ●●●
181 ground water ( The village gets its drinking water from ground water. ) ●●●
182 gravity ( Gravity is the force that pulls objects toward the ground. ) ●●●
183 subzero ( You should wear a warm coat in subzero temperatures. ) ●●●
184 rainfall ( This region receives very heavy rainfall during the summer. ) ●●●
185 drizzle ( We walked home in the light drizzle after the rain stopped. ) ●●●
186 frost ( There was a thin layer of white frost on the grass. ) ●●●
187 breeze ( A cool breeze blew through the open window tonight. ) ●●●
188 gale ( The small tree was blown over by a strong gale. ) ●●●
189 tornado ( The tornado destroyed several houses in the small town. ) ●●●
190 flood ( The heavy rain caused a massive flood in the valley. ) ●●●
191 wildfire ( Firefighters worked hard to control the large wildfire. ) ●●●
192 astronomer ( The astronomer spent all night looking at the stars. ) ●●●
193 galaxy ( Our sun is just one of many stars in the galaxy. ) ●●●
194 Mercury ( Mercury is the smallest planet in our solar system. ) ●●●
195 Venus ( Venus is often the brightest object in the evening sky. ) ●●●
196 Mars ( Mars is known as the Red Planet due to its color. ) ●●●
197 Jupiter ( Jupiter has a very large red spot on its surface. ) ●●●
198 Saturn ( You can see the rings around Saturn with a telescope. ) ●●●
199 Uranus ( Uranus is a large blue planet that is very far away. ) ●●●
200 Neptune ( Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the sun. ) ●●●
201 Pluto ( Pluto used to be classified as a major planet. ) ●●●
202 aerospace ( She wants to work in the aerospace industry after college. ) ●●●
203 spacecraft ( The spacecraft took five years to reach the planet. ) ●●●
204 astronaut ( The astronaut performed a space walk outside the station. ) ●●●
205 atmosphere ( The Earth’s atmosphere protects us from the sun’s rays. ) ●●●
206 orbit ( The moon is in a stable orbit around the Earth. ) ●●●
207 asteroid ( A large asteroid passed close to our planet last month. ) ●●●
208 comet ( The comet was visible in the night sky for many weeks. ) ●●●
209 meteorite ( He found a small piece of a meteorite in the desert. ) ●●●
210 solstice ( The summer solstice is the longest day of the year. ) ●●●
211 ion ( An ion is an atom that has an electrical charge. ) ●●●
212 liquid ( Water is a liquid that we need to drink every day. ) ●●●
213 metallurgy ( He studied metallurgy to learn how to make stronger steel. ) ●●●
214 element ( Gold is a chemical element that does not rust. ) ●●●
215 molecule ( A molecule of water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. ) ●●●
216 hydrogen ( Hydrogen is the most common element in the whole universe. ) ●●●
217 oxygen ( Every living animal needs oxygen from the air to breathe. ) ●●●
218 nitrogen ( Nitrogen gas makes up most of the air we breathe. ) ●●●
219 carbon ( All living things on Earth are made of carbon. ) ●●●
220 arsenic ( Arsenic is a highly toxic element used in some pesticides. ) ●●●
221 bronze ( The ancient statue was made of dark, heavy bronze. ) ●●●
222 copper ( Copper is used for wires because it conducts electricity well. ) ●●●
223 phosphorus ( Phosphorus is a key nutrient found in healthy soil. ) ●●●
224 sulfur ( Sulfur is a yellow mineral with a very strong smell. ) ●●●
225 acid ( You should handle the strong acid with great care. ) ●●●
226 fluoride ( Toothpaste often contains fluoride to help protect teeth. ) ●●●
227 petroleum ( Petroleum is the raw material used to produce gasoline. ) ●●●
228 resin ( The glue was made from a sticky natural resin. ) ●●●
229 sulfuric acid ( Sulfuric acid is a powerful chemical used in many factories. ) ●●●
230 zinc ( Zinc is often used to coat steel and prevent rust. ) ●●●
231 antioxidant ( Berries are a great source of healthy antioxidants. ) ●●●
232 rectangle ( The classroom table is a large wooden rectangle. ) ●●●
233 square ( She cut the paper into a perfect small square. ) ●●●
234 cone ( The ice cream was served in a crunchy sugar cone. ) ●●●
235 radius ( The radius of the circle is exactly ten centimeters. ) ●●●
236 diameter ( The diameter of the pipe is too small for this job. ) ●●●
237 equation ( He solved the complex math equation in his head. ) ●●●
238 infinity ( The concept of infinity is used in many math problems. ) ●●●
239 cyberspace ( Many people interact with each other in cyberspace today. ) ●●●
240 decode ( The expert was hired to decode the secret message. ) ●●●
241 thermostat ( Adjust the thermostat if the room feels too cold. ) ●●●
242 laptop ( I always carry my laptop when I go to a cafe. ) ●●●
243 sonar ( The ship used sonar to map the ocean floor. ) ●●●
244 electrode ( The technician attached the electrode to the battery. ) ●●●
245 canal ( The large boat moved slowly through the narrow canal. ) ●●●
246 sewer ( The city needs to fix the old sewer system. ) ●●●
247 fountain ( The children were playing near the water fountain. ) ●●●
248 clog ( Hair and soap can easily clog the bathroom drain. ) ●●●
249 plumbing ( We had to call someone to fix the kitchen plumbing. ) ●●●
250 janitor ( The janitor cleans the school building every night. ) ●●●
251 highway ( We drove on the highway for three hours today. ) ●●●
252 bypass ( Using the bypass is faster than going through the city. ) ●●●
253 intersection ( Turn left at the next intersection to find the shop. ) ●●●
254 aircraft ( The museum has many different types of historical aircraft. ) ●●●
255 aviation ( He has always been interested in the history of aviation. ) ●●●
256 license ( You must pass a test to get a driver’s license. ) ●●●
257 locomotive ( The old steam locomotive is now in a museum. ) ●●●
258 mileage ( This car gets very good mileage on long trips. ) ●●●
259 navigate ( Sailors used the stars to navigate across the ocean. ) ●●●
260 runway ( The plane waited on the runway for ten minutes. ) ●●●
261 shuttle ( There is a free shuttle from the hotel to the airport. ) ●●●
262 timetable ( Check the bus timetable to see when the next one comes. ) ●●●
263 toll-free ( You can call this toll-free number for help. ) ●●●
264 surcharge ( There is an extra fuel surcharge for international flights. ) ●●●

英単語練習(社会・人文科学系:英検準1級)

●●●は単語・例文の日本語意味


1 federation ( The country is part of a large federation of states. ) ●●●
2 Congress ( Congress voted in favor of the new environmental protection law. ) ●●●
3 Senate ( The Senate will meet tomorrow to discuss the new education bill. ) ●●●
4 majority ( The majority of the residents voted to build a new library. ) ●●●
5 embassy ( We had to go to the embassy to get our passports renewed. ) ●●●
6 ambassador ( The ambassador worked hard to improve relations between the two countries. ) ●●●
7 diplomat ( A diplomat must be able to handle difficult conversations with care. ) ●●●
8 commander ( The commander ordered the soldiers to set up a camp near the river. ) ●●●
9 bomber ( The stealth bomber was designed to be invisible to radar. ) ●●●
10 weaponry ( The museum exhibits various types of historical weaponry. ) ●●●
11 arsenal ( The army maintains a large arsenal of advanced equipment. ) ●●●
12 pact ( The two rival nations finally signed a peace pact. ) ●●●
13 territory ( The islands have been a disputed territory for many years. ) ●●●
14 refugee ( Thousands of refugees crossed the border to escape the war. ) ●●●
15 monetary ( The central bank decided to change its monetary policy to fight inflation. ) ●●●
16 devalue ( The sudden economic crisis caused the government to devalue the currency. ) ●●●
17 minting ( The minting of gold coins was a common practice in ancient times. ) ●●●
18 inflation ( High inflation has made it difficult for families to buy basic goods. ) ●●●
19 GDP ( The country’s gross domestic product saw a steady increase this year. ) ●●●
20 rating ( The hotel received a five-star rating for its excellent service. ) ●●●
21 courthouse ( A large crowd gathered outside the courthouse for the high-profile trial. ) ●●●
22 innocence ( He maintained his innocence throughout the long legal battle. ) ●●●
23 imprisonment ( The man was sentenced to ten years of imprisonment for the robbery. ) ●●●
24 probation ( He was released early but will remain on probation for two years. ) ●●●
25 informant ( The police received a tip from a secret informant. ) ●●●
26 robbery ( A local jewelry store was the target of an armed robbery last night. ) ●●●
27 trafficking ( New laws were passed to stop illegal human trafficking. ) ●●●
28 gangster ( The detective spent years tracking the local gangster group. ) ●●●
29 smuggler ( The border patrol caught a smuggler carrying illegal items. ) ●●●
30 poverty ( The organization works hard to reduce poverty in developing countries. ) ●●●
31 brainwashing ( He claimed the cult used brainwashing techniques on its members. ) ●●●
32 manufacturer ( This company is a leading manufacturer of high-quality electronics. ) ●●●
33 retailer ( Many small retailers are struggling due to the increase in online shopping. ) ●●●
34 auction ( The rare painting was sold at a public auction for a record price. ) ●●●
35 output ( The factory increased its monthly output to meet the high demand. ) ●●●
36 prototype ( The engineers are currently testing the latest prototype of the electric car. ) ●●●
37 monopoly ( The government is trying to prevent a monopoly in the technology industry. ) ●●●
38 questionnaire ( Please complete this questionnaire after your stay at the hotel. ) ●●●
39 respondent ( Over half of the respondents said they preferred the new design. ) ●●●
40 conference ( Leaders from many nations attended the global economic conference. ) ●●●
41 pavilion ( Each country had a pavilion at the international flower show. ) ●●●
42 CEO ( The CEO announced a major change in the company’s future direction. ) ●●●
43 auditor ( An independent auditor was hired to check the school’s finances. ) ●●●
44 workshop ( I attended a photography workshop to learn how to use my new camera. ) ●●●
45 nternship ( She applied for a summer internship at a famous law firm. ) ●●●
46 bulletin board ( Important notices are posted on the bulletin board in the hallway. ) ●●●
47 adhesive ( You need a strong adhesive to fix the broken parts of the vase. ) ●●●
48 paycheck ( He was excited to receive his first paycheck from his new job. ) ●●●
49 pension ( Many elderly people rely on their monthly pension for living expenses. ) ●●●
50 recreation ( The city offers many different facilities for public recreation. ) ●●●
51 union ( The labor union is negotiating for better working conditions. ) ●●●
52 unemployment ( The government is trying to reduce the high rate of unemployment. ) ●●●
53 dinosaur ( The museum’s most popular exhibit is the skeleton of a giant dinosaur. ) ●●●
54 evolution ( The theory of evolution explains how species change over time. ) ●●●
55 archaeologist ( The archaeologist discovered ancient coins while excavating the site. ) ●●●
56 excavation ( The archaeological excavation of the city took several years to complete. ) ●●●
57 ancient ( We visited several ancient ruins during our trip to Greece. ) ●●●
58 remains ( The scientists studied the ancient remains found in the desert. ) ●●●
59 shipwreck ( Divers found many interesting artifacts inside the old shipwreck. ) ●●●
60 mummy ( The museum has a very well-preserved Egyptian mummy on display. ) ●●●
61 millennium ( The celebration marked the beginning of a new millennium. ) ●●●
62 monarch ( The monarch ruled the nation for over fifty years. ) ●●●
63 ancestor ( My ancestors came to this city from Europe a hundred years ago. ) ●●●
64 throne ( The king sat on his gold throne during the coronation ceremony. ) ●●●
65 aristocrat ( The aristocrat lived in a large mansion in the countryside. ) ●●●
66 tyrant ( The people rebelled against the cruel tyrant who had ruled for a decade. ) ●●●
67 warrior ( The ancient story tells of a brave warrior who saved his village. ) ●●●
68 peasant ( In the past, many peasants worked long hours in the fields. ) ●●●
69 piracy ( Modern piracy is still a serious threat in some international waters. ) ●●●
70 settler ( The first settlers arrived in the spring to build a new community. ) ●●●
71 slaughter ( The historical records describe a brutal slaughter during the invasion. ) ●●●
72 dagger ( The archaeologists found an ancient bronze dagger in the tomb. ) ●●●
73 cemetery ( We visited the cemetery to pay our respects to our ancestors. ) ●●●
74 graveyard ( The old graveyard behind the church is filled with history. ) ●●●
75 tomb ( Many treasures were discovered inside the king’s ancient tomb. ) ●●●
76 catacomb ( Tourists can explore the underground catacombs beneath the city. ) ●●●
77 coffin ( The heavy wooden coffin was carried by six family members. ) ●●●
78 monument ( A grand monument was built in the park to honor the war heroes. ) ●●●
79 worship ( Many people gather at the temple for daily worship. ) ●●●
80 morality ( The story teaches children about the importance of morality and kindness. ) ●●●
81 sermon ( The priest gave an inspiring sermon about peace and forgiveness. ) ●●●
82 sin ( In many religions, lying is considered a serious sin. ) ●●●
83 archbishop ( The archbishop led the special religious service on Sunday. ) ●●●
84 bishop ( The bishop visited all the small churches in the region. ) ●●●
85 priest ( The local priest is very well respected by the community. ) ●●●
86 chapel ( A small and quiet wedding was held in the mountain chapel. ) ●●●
87 choir ( The school choir practiced hard for their performance at the festival. ) ●●●
88 missionary ( The missionary spent many years helping people in remote villages. ) ●●●
89 pilgrim ( Many pilgrims travel to the holy site during the festival. ) ●●●
90 publication ( The publication of his new book is expected early next month. ) ●●●
91 myth ( Many ancient cultures have myths about the origin of the world. ) ●●●
92 proverb ( There is an old proverb that says, Practice makes perfect. ) ●●●
93 stopover ( We had a short stopover in Paris on our way to London. ) ●●●
94 safari ( They went on a safari in Africa to see wild lions and elephants. ) ●●●
95 atlas ( I used an old atlas to find the small island in the Pacific Ocean. ) ●●●
96 aroma ( The rich aroma of fresh coffee filled the whole house. ) ●●●
97 artistry ( The chef showed great artistry in the way he presented the meal. ) ●●●
98 auditorium ( The school auditorium was filled with parents for the performance. ) ●●●
99 scenery ( We stopped the car to enjoy the beautiful mountain scenery. ) ●●●
100 panorama ( From the top of the tower, you can see a panorama of the city. ) ●●●
101 pillar ( The large stone pillars support the roof of the ancient temple. ) ●●●
102 carving ( He created a beautiful wood carving of a small bird. ) ●●●
103 plaster ( The workers used plaster to smooth out the walls of the room. ) ●●●
104 collage ( The children made a colorful collage using pieces of paper. ) ●●●
105 masterpiece ( This painting is considered a true masterpiece of the 19th century. ) ●●●
106 patron ( The wealthy businessman was a well-known patron of the arts. ) ●●●
107 graffiti ( The city is working to clean the graffiti off the subway walls. ) ●●●
108 recital ( She practiced her violin every day for the upcoming recital. ) ●●●
109 finale ( The fireworks display was the grand finale of the festival. ) ●●●
110 rehearsal ( We have one final dress rehearsal before the opening night. ) ●●●
111 debut ( The young actress made her stage debut last year in London. ) ●●●
112 vandalism ( The park was closed due to an act of vandalism over the weekend. ) ●●●
113 pageant ( The town held a colorful pageant to celebrate its long history. ) ●●●
114 fiction ( I enjoy reading historical fiction more than mystery novels. ) ●●●
115 parody ( The movie is a funny parody of famous science fiction films. ) ●●●
116 prologue ( The prologue provides the background information for the story. ) ●●●
117 paradox ( It is a paradox that the more we learn, the more we realize we don’t know. ) ●●●
118 metaphor ( The author used the storm as a metaphor for the main character’s anger. ) ●●●
119 undergraduate ( The university has over ten thousand undergraduate students. ) ●●●
120 doctorate ( She recently received her doctorate in environmental science. ) ●●●
121 dormitory ( Many students live in the school dormitory during their first year. ) ●●●
122 nursery ( My son goes to a nursery while I am at work. ) ●●●
123 curriculum ( The school added a new coding class to its summer curriculum. ) ●●●
124 bilingual ( She is bilingual and can speak both English and French perfectly. ) ●●●
125 sentence ( You must use a complete sentence to answer every question. ) ●●●
126 phrase ( I learned a useful phrase for ordering food in Italian. ) ●●●
127 pronunciation ( He is working hard to improve his English pronunciation. ) ●●●
128 adjective ( The teacher asked us to list five adjectives to describe the scene. ) ●●●
129 martial arts ( Many people practice martial arts for self-defense and discipline. ) ●●●
130 referee ( The referee blew the whistle to end the game. ) ●●●
131 gymnastics ( She has been taking gymnastics classes since she was five years old. ) ●●●
132 stamina ( Running a marathon requires a great deal of physical stamina. ) ●●●

英熟語練習
  • 英検準1級

英熟語練習(英検準1級)

●●●は単語・例文の日本語意味


1 fall back on ~ ( Even if the business fails, they have money to fall back on. ) ●●●
2 hold off ( She is holding off on buying groceries until she gets paid. ) ●●●
3 rule out ( We cannot rule out the possibility of his innocence. ) ●●●
4 fall for ~ ( They fell for the false promises of the politician. ) ●●●
5 miss out ( Don’t miss out on all the fun by staying home! ) ●●●
6 come down with ~ ( She came down with a cold right before the ceremony. ) ●●●
7 shake up ( The new sales manager wanted to shake up the department. ) ●●●
8 hold out ( The union held out until their demands were met. ) ●●●
9 let up ( You’re almost there, so don’t let up now. ) ●●●
10 call for ~ ( This position calls for full commitment to our company’s ideals. ) ●●●
11 come into ~ ( She came into some money when her grandfather died. ) ●●●
12 dispose of ~ ( Please make sure to properly dispose of dangerous chemicals. ) ●●●
13 chip in ( Everyone chipped in to help pay for his Christmas present. ) ●●●
14 stick with ~ ( They decided to stick with their original marketing plan. ) ●●●
15 go for ~ ( You should go for the new management position that opened up. ) ●●●
16 make off with ~ ( The robbers made off with over $200,000 in cash. ) ●●●
17 cover for ~ ( She sometimes covers for other employees when they are sick. ) ●●●
18 bring on ~ ( Lack of sleep can bring on many health problems. ) ●●●
19 stick around ( A few people stuck around after the show in hopes of meeting the actors. ) ●●●
20 fall on ~ ( The responsibility to fix this problem falls on you. ) ●●●
21 catch on ( Once we started playing the new game, I caught on pretty quickly. ) ●●●
22 set off ( They set off on a journey across the world. ) ●●●
23 win over ( It took her boyfriend a while to win over her parents. ) ●●●
24 fall through ( Our plans fell through at the last minute. ) ●●●
25 track down ( Police are working hard to track down the person responsible for the crime. ) ●●●
26 sell out ( The singer was accused of selling out when he started making pop music. ) ●●●
27 drag on ( The CEO’s speech dragged on for hours. ) ●●●
28 die down ( Let’s go to the store after the rain dies down. ) ●●●
29 break down ( Her daughter finally broke down and admitted to skipping school. ) ●●●
30 make up ( They finally made up after talking about their feelings. ) ●●●
31 call off ( The event was called off because of bad weather. ) ●●●
32 live up to ~ ( Don’t bother trying to live up to others’ expectations. ) ●●●
33 bring up ( She brought up rent costs at the meeting with the real estate agent. ) ●●●
34 sum up ( The first few paragraphs summed up the findings of the research. ) ●●●
35 split up ( The couple split up only a month after getting married. ) ●●●
36 stick up for ~ ( She stuck up for her friend when he was bullied. ) ●●●
37 step down ( The CEO of the company stepped down last week. ) ●●●
38 give out ( After 15 years of use, the car’s engine finally gave out. ) ●●●
39 burn out ( He burned out from working three jobs for so long. ) ●●●
40 rough up ( The police officer was suspended for roughing up a suspect during questioning. ) ●●●
41 draw on ~ ( She drew on her knowledge of coding to create the website. ) ●●●
42 back off ( He wants them to back off and leave him alone. ) ●●●
43 hold back ( If you have an idea in a meeting, don’t hold back. ) ●●●
44 knock down ( They knocked down several houses to build the new expressway. ) ●●●
45 round up ( The dog rounded up all the sheep in the pasture. ) ●●●
46 see through ~ ( She saw through her boyfriend’s lies right away. ) ●●●
47 map out ( Let’s map out what we’ll do during the next campaign. ) ●●●
48 bring out ( He brings out the best in the people on his team. ) ●●●
49 feel for ~ ( She feels for the homeless people she sees every day. ) ●●●
50 pile in ( Everyone piled in when the train’s doors opened. ) ●●●
51 wrap up ( They wrapped up the meeting at around 4 p.m. ) ●●●
52 pass off ( The shop owner was fined for trying to pass off copies of paintings as originals. ) ●●●
53 take in ( He took in many sights on his vacation. ) ●●●
54 leave off ( Do you remember where we left off yesterday? ) ●●●
55 jump at ~ ( She jumped at the chance to study abroad. ) ●●●
56 kick off ( They kicked off the event with a speech by the company president. ) ●●●
57 grow out of ~ ( She grew out of chewing on her fingernails. ) ●●●
58 dish out ( Few people can just dish out $1,000 without thinking about it. ) ●●●
59 cut back on ~ ( He decided to cut back on eating out. ) ●●●
60 make up for ~ ( Nothing can make up for the promise you broke. ) ●●●
61 go over ~ ( He did not have time to go over his essay before turning it in. ) ●●●
62 give away ( The critic’s review gave away all the plot points. ) ●●●
63 keep up ( Because of her part-time job, she is struggling to keep up at school. ) ●●●
64 come along ( Your oil painting is coming along really nicely. ) ●●●
65 add up to ~ ( Not surprisingly, the team’s hard work added up to a winning season. ) ●●●
66 point to ~ ( The increasing number of job applications points to the poor state of the economy. ) ●●●
67 settle down ( The substitute teacher had a difficult time getting the students to settle down. ) ●●●
68 dry up ( Financing dried up during the recession several years ago. ) ●●●
69 straighten out ( It took days to straighten out the mess you caused. ) ●●●
70 set aside ( He sets aside money every month to pay for school. ) ●●●
71 turn in ( It’s late, so we’ll be turning in for the night. ) ●●●
72 hang onto ~ ( You should hang onto these books so your kids can read them someday. ) ●●●
73 tear down ( They are going to tear down the library and build apartments. ) ●●●
74 shape up ( If you don’t shape up, you may lose your job. ) ●●●
75 set out to do ( She set out to create a giant vegetable garden. ) ●●●
76 cover up ( The police covered up their involvement in the incident. ) ●●●
77 turn away ( They turned away customers when they ran out of products. ) ●●●
78 put in ( They put in a new bathroom in their house. ) ●●●
79 get into ~ ( She got into robotics when she was in elementary school. ) ●●●
80 act on ~ ( Don’t just blindly act on the advice of others. ) ●●●
81 kick back ( He spends most weekends just kicking back. ) ●●●
82 stem from ~ ( It is possible the rise in vision problems stems from increased computer use. ) ●●●
83 stir up ( The mischievous boys stirred up trouble at their school. ) ●●●
84 push for ~ ( They pushed for a new scholarship program to be started. ) ●●●
85 carry away ( She got carried away at the party and drank far too much. ) ●●●
86 throw up ( She almost threw up on the roller coaster. ) ●●●
87 set down ( The moment she gets a new idea, she sets it down on paper. ) ●●●
88 endear A to B ( Your behavior endears you to people of all ages. ) ●●●
89 pull over ( He pulled over to check if he had a flat tire. ) ●●●
90 live on ~ ( He could not live on such a low income. ) ●●●
91 drag out ( He tends to drag out his stories, which makes them boring. ) ●●●
92 come down to ~ ( The company’s failure comes down to poor financial management. ) ●●●
93 blow up ( She blew up at her boss for ignoring her complaint. ) ●●●
94 pass up ( They passed up the chance to go to Bali. ) ●●●
95 see about doing ( He went into the office to see about renting an apartment in the area. ) ●●●
96 branch out ( The company is trying to branch out into other markets. ) ●●●
97 wind up ( He wound up in the hospital after a football injury. ) ●●●
98 relate to ~ ( She had trouble relating to people that led such different lifestyles. ) ●●●
99 tighten up ( They tightened up security before the president’s visit. ) ●●●
100 spring up ( The new type of cafés started to spring up all over the country. ) ●●●
101 contend with ~ ( He had to contend with heavy traffic on his way to the airport. ) ●●●
102 tune in ( Thousands tune in to her radio show every week. ) ●●●
103 measure up to ~ ( Unfortunately, the mayor did not measure up to everyone’s expectations. ) ●●●
104 check up on ~ ( He had not heard from his daughter in a while, so he called to check up on her. ) ●●●
105 turn around ( It seems that the economy is finally beginning to turn around. ) ●●●
106 want for ~ ( She never wanted for anything as a child because her family was rich. ) ●●●
107 go astray ( Her letter went astray and never reached its destination. ) ●●●
108 cross out ( Let’s cross out the names of everyone not attending. ) ●●●
109 mess with ~ ( Please try to avoid messing with the program’s settings. ) ●●●
110 speak for ~ ( You should not speak for others without their permission. ) ●●●
111 head off to ~ ( Every morning at seven, Bob heads off to his construction job. ) ●●●
112 buy out ( He bought out his partners and became the company’s sole owner. ) ●●●
113 happen on ~ ( They happened on a cute café while exploring the town. ) ●●●
114 give over ( She gave over control of the team to her subordinate. ) ●●●
115 bounce back ( He bounced back after his short stay in the hospital. ) ●●●
116 stop up ( A large number of leaves stopped up the drain, which led to the flooding. ) ●●●
117 bet on ~ ( He was betting on the real estate market going up when he bought the house. ) ●●●
118 get around ( It is hard for him to get around at his age. ) ●●●
119 fall off ( Viewers of the program began to fall off rapidly. ) ●●●
120 spell out ( He refused to spell out every detail of the plan. ) ●●●
121 break away from ~ ( The horse broke away from the others and won. ) ●●●
122 pull in ( The train pulled in several minutes late. ) ●●●
123 talk A into doing ( She talked her husband into getting them a puppy. ) ●●●
124 count for ~ ( He feels like none of his hard work counted for anything. ) ●●●
125 wrestle with ~ ( She wrestled with the math problem for ages. ) ●●●
126 kick around ( They kicked around ideas until they found one they liked. ) ●●●
127 phase out ( Our company will phase out this older model computer next year. ) ●●●
128 tune up ( The mechanic tunes up people’s engines at lower prices. ) ●●●
129 head out ( It’s about time for us to head out. ) ●●●
130 come off ( She can come off as shy, but actually she is just quiet. ) ●●●
131 put forth ( She puts forth only her best ideas to her boss. ) ●●●
132 branch off ( Tourists love to explore the small alleys that branch off from the main road. ) ●●●
133 hang around ( The local kids like to hang around the mall. ) ●●●
134 round out ( He rounded out his writing career with an autobiography. ) ●●●
135 pay off ( Her work paid off when she got a raise. ) ●●●
136 go by ( Many years went by before he saw his family again. ) ●●●
137 bear with ~ ( It will take me a few minutes to locate the data, so please bear with me. ) ●●●
138 go along with ~ ( She thought it was a bad idea, but she went along with the group anyway. ) ●●●
139 touch on ~ ( She touched on many important issues in her speech. ) ●●●
140 come before ~ ( He bowed his head when he came before the judge. ) ●●●
141 narrow down ( Before you can choose a car, first you’ll need to narrow down your options. ) ●●●
142 spring from ~ ( Her interest in art springs from her mother’s job. ) ●●●
143 fill in for ~ ( Helen filled in for her colleague while he was on vacation. ) ●●●
144 adhere to ~ ( Please adhere to our rules to ensure your safety. ) ●●●
145 settle for ~ ( Don’t settle for anything less than you deserve. ) ●●●
146 catch up on ~ ( He caught up on the news after work. ) ●●●
147 get down to ~ ( It has been fun chatting, but we should really get down to work. ) ●●●
148 put forward ( They put forward several ideas to reduce costs. ) ●●●
149 lay down ( The teacher laid down some strict rules on the first day of class. ) ●●●
150 set in ( The cold weather used to set in around November. ) ●●●
151 fall away ( His anger fell away as soon as he saw the kitten. ) ●●●
152 sit by ( We cannot just sit by and do nothing. ) ●●●
153 eat up ( Preparing to move ate up a whole week. ) ●●●
154 burn off ( Running outside is a free way to burn off some calories. ) ●●●
155 cling to ~ ( The child clung to his father’s arm in fear. ) ●●●
156 pull off ( The race car driver pulled off some dangerous maneuvers. ) ●●●
157 go at ~ ( When he encounters a problem, he goes at it with everything he has. ) ●●●
158 get at ~ ( We don’t really understand what you’re trying to get at. ) ●●●
159 come through ( He came through for his team by scoring the winning shot. ) ●●●
160 turn out ( People from all over the country turned out for the concert. ) ●●●
161 be drawn into ~ ( He was drawn into an argument between his mother and his wife. ) ●●●
162 blow over ( The scandal soon blew over, and everyone forgot about it. ) ●●●
163 shove aside ( Poor people in the community are getting shoved aside. ) ●●●
164 attend to ~ ( She has too many clients to attend to alone. ) ●●●
165 back down ( He backed down from the deal at the last minute. ) ●●●
166 pull through ( It was a risky surgery, but she managed to pull through. ) ●●●
167 stand down ( He stood down as CEO after his scandal. ) ●●●
168 give off ( The candle gives off a fruity scent when burned. ) ●●●
169 sink in ( It took a while for it to sink in that she would never see her dog again. ) ●●●
170 brush off ( She brushed off the criticisms of her new album, saying it is not meant for everyone. ) ●●●
171 get away with ~ ( The thief got away with her crime without punishment. ) ●●●
172 back up ( A scientist should not make claims without data to back them up. ) ●●●
173 draw up ( She hired a lawyer to draw up the contract. ) ●●●
174 roll up ( The chef rolled up his sleeves before getting to work. ) ●●●
175 run through ~ ( They ran through the important talking points once more before calling the client. ) ●●●
176 play up ( The politician is trying to play up his former volunteer work. ) ●●●
177 do away with ~ ( It is time we did away with those archaic rules. ) ●●●
178 take on ( Our company does not make enough money to take on more staff. ) ●●●
179 hand off ( She handed off the documents to her boss. ) ●●●
180 bank on ~ ( He is banking on being chosen for the scholarship. ) ●●●
181 make out ( It is too noisy to make out what anyone is saying. ) ●●●
182 call on ~ ( Feel free to call on me any time you’re in the neighborhood. ) ●●●
183 build up ( An internship is a great way to build up work experience. ) ●●●
184 turn down ( I’m trying to study, so could you turn down your music? ) ●●●
185 let down ( His mother let him down when she missed his recital. ) ●●●
186 count on ~ ( We cannot count on her help in this matter. ) ●●●
187 get by ( He had trouble getting by on such a small salary. ) ●●●
188 lay off ( The large IT company announced it will lay off thousands of employees. ) ●●●
189 opt for ~ ( The company opted for the most expensive security plan available. ) ●●●
190 wear off ( The effects of the drug should wear off in about four hours. ) ●●●
191 wash away ( The rain washed away the dust that covered everything. ) ●●●
192 give in ( The company finally gave in to employees’ demands for more vacation time. ) ●●●
193 make over ( She used the money to make over her entire kitchen. ) ●●●
194 sign out ( The book he wanted to borrow was already signed out. ) ●●●
195 wave off ( He approached the old woman to help her, but she waved him off. ) ●●●
196 try out ( The company tried out a new HR software. ) ●●●
197 stumble on ~ ( She stumbled on the book in a small used bookstore. ) ●●●
198 talk up ( She talked up the skills of her team. ) ●●●
199 scoop up ( He used a measuring spoon to scoop up the flour. ) ●●●
200 go through with ~ ( They decided to go through with their plan. ) ●●●
201 pick over ( She spent the whole morning picking over the applications for the job. ) ●●●
202 scale down ( The company decided to scale down operations in many cities. ) ●●●
203 lift off ( The crowd watched in awe as the rocket lifted off. ) ●●●
204 hold down ( The nurses had to hold down the child when they gave him the shot. ) ●●●
205 clean out ( It took them eight days to clean out the house. ) ●●●
206 air out ( He aired out his house as soon as he got back from vacation. ) ●●●
207 look out for ~ ( Look out for wild animals when hiking in the mountains. ) ●●●
208 grow into ~ ( She grew into a very successful young woman. ) ●●●
209 close in ( The tiger slowly closed in on the deer. ) ●●●
210 step up ( We must step up operations to meet demand. ) ●●●
211 tell on ~ ( She told on her brother for taking her doll. ) ●●●
212 smooth over ( He tried to smooth over the argument between his two friends. ) ●●●
213 pack up ( Everyone packed up their belongings and went home. ) ●●●
214 tuck in ( He tucks in his daughter every single night. ) ●●●
215 wash down ( He used the hose to wash down his daughter’s high chair. ) ●●●
216 go under ( The company almost went under during the recession, but somehow it survived. ) ●●●
217 turn over ( She turned over the problem in her mind for a while. ) ●●●
218 cut in ( Sorry to cut in, but could you repeat that? ) ●●●
219 look down on ~ ( He looks down on anyone who has less money. ) ●●●
220 pass out ( She almost passed out from standing up too fast. ) ●●●
221 slip on ( He slipped on his shoes before going out the door. ) ●●●
222 play out ( The full consequences of laying off so many employees have yet to play out. ) ●●●
223 pull back ( She finally pulled back from purchasing the company. ) ●●●
224 skim over ( He skimmed over his notes before starting the meeting. ) ●●●
225 tip over ( The jar tipped over and fell on the ground. ) ●●●
226 press for ~ ( Many people pressed for the dean’s resignation when the scandal came out. ) ●●●
227 stand over ~ ( 人をそばで監視する ) ●●●
228 touch up ( She quickly touched up her makeup in the bathroom. ) ●●●
229 get in on ~ ( 活動などに加わる、市場に参入する ) ●●●
230 put through ( I’ll put you through to Ms. Chan right away. ) ●●●
231 shut out ( He bought some heavy curtains to shut out the sunlight. ) ●●●
232 face off ( The two teams faced off in an epic battle. ) ●●●
233 pick through ~ ( He picked through the trash for his ticket. ) ●●●
234 drive off ( The bear drove off the people near her cubs. ) ●●●
235 pass for ~ ( Your uncle is young enough to pass for your brother. ) ●●●
236 hold over ( They decided to hold over their decision another day. ) ●●●
237 run down ( She accidentally ran down a deer last night. ) ●●●
238 slip by ( So much time slipped by while they were arguing. ) ●●●
239 put up with ~ ( You shouldn’t put up with that kind of behavior. ) ●●●
240 pin down ( We need to pin down the reason for the problem. ) ●●●
241 rub in ( OK, you won. You don’t have to rub it in. ) ●●●
242 clear out ( They cleared out the house in a matter of days. ) ●●●
243 doze off ( The man dozed off at his desk while working. ) ●●●
244 take up ( She decided to take up knitting as her new hobby. ) ●●●
245 drive out ( The rising cost of rent is driving out many low-income families. ) ●●●
246 set up ( The school set up a new scholarship for its students. ) ●●●
247 act up ( My allergies always act up at this time of year. ) ●●●
248 run out ( She could not believe how quickly her savings ran out. ) ●●●
249 single out ( He was singled out on his team for a raise. ) ●●●
250 break up ( The couple decided to break up because of their differences. ) ●●●
251 deal in ~ ( She deals in antique furniture for the most part. ) ●●●
252 break out ( Everyone was surprised when war broke out in the region. ) ●●●
253 water down ( The movie version of the book watered down the main character’s often offensive remarks. ) ●●●
254 pass on ( She plans to pass on the antique jewelry to her children. ) ●●●
255 fall apart ( Her old sneakers finally fell apart after years of use. ) ●●●
256 settle in ( They settled in to their new home very quickly. ) ●●●
257 step out ( He stepped out of the train to let others off. ) ●●●
258 mark down ( The store marked down all of their Christmas goods. ) ●●●
259 break in on ~ ( I’m sorry to break in on your conversation, but may I ask you something? ) ●●●
260 sit in on ~ ( Parents are welcome to sit in on the class for the first few days of school. ) ●●●
261 buy up ( The company bought up all the land in the area. ) ●●●
262 size up ( This article sizes up all of the candidates in the upcoming election. ) ●●●
263 let off ( They were let off with a warning from police. ) ●●●
264 mark out ( They marked out the area where they would place the new building. ) ●●●
265 feed off ~ ( The small birds feed off tree nuts. ) ●●●
266 flag down ( Unfortunately, they were not able to flag down a taxi. ) ●●●
267 rise above ~ ( She rose above her poverty to become very successful. ) ●●●
268 figure on ~ ( You should figure on about $50 in fees. ) ●●●
269 hold up ( The sales team is holding up well under the pressure. ) ●●●
270 tell off ( The teacher told off the students for disrupting the class. ) ●●●
271 live down ( He will never be able to live down his embarrassment. ) ●●●
272 feel out ( The company wants to feel out the market before they release another product. ) ●●●
273 hammer out ( We need to hammer out the details of our plan. ) ●●●
274 throw off ( She threw off her clothes and quickly got into the bath. ) ●●●
275 pass over ( He was passed over for a raise by his boss. ) ●●●
276 pull up ( The taxi driver pulled up to the curb. ) ●●●
277 pass down ( The story of the town has been passed down for hundreds of years. ) ●●●
278 come by ~ ( A translation of the novel is hard to come by. ) ●●●
279 take to ~ ( Most of the students took to the new teacher immediately. ) ●●●
280 head off ( They attempted to head off a recession by lowering interest rates. ) ●●●
281 cough up ( They had to cough up an extra $100 for their overweight bags. ) ●●●
282 stop over ( We stopped over in Toronto on our way back. ) ●●●
283 drive up ( Demand is driving up costs in many sectors. ) ●●●
284 follow up ( We need to follow up on our satisfaction survey. ) ●●●
285 level off ( Inflation probably will not level off for some time. ) ●●●
286 deal out ( The company dealt out small bonuses to all of the employees. ) ●●●
287 stick by ~ ( We’ll stick by you no matter what happens. ) ●●●
288 show up ( She showed up to the party three hours late. ) ●●●
289 write back ( He promised his mother he would write back soon. ) ●●●
290 stack up ( Traffic stacked up behind the site of the accident. ) ●●●
291 tuck away ( She keeps all of her jewelry tucked away in the safe in her closet. ) ●●●
292 crack up ( You really crack me up with all your jokes. ) ●●●
293 rip off ( He ripped off the bandage after a few hours. ) ●●●
294 scratch out ( She scratched out her name from the list. ) ●●●
295 whip up ( This campaign should whip up some interest in your movie. ) ●●●
296 rack up ( The loan has been racking up some serious interest. ) ●●●
297 shove off ( She told the pushy salesperson to shove off. ) ●●●
298 bottom out ( Maybe the recession has finally bottomed out. ) ●●●
299 nod off ( She almost nodded off while she was driving home. ) ●●●
300 send for ~ ( Enter your name and address to send for our free seasonal catalog. ) ●●●
301 stay off ~ ( Her doctor warned her to stay off sugary foods. ) ●●●
302 act out ( She acted out the scene she saw at the supermarket. ) ●●●
303 fix up ( We are planning to fix up the attic so that we can use it as an office. ) ●●●
304 carry through ( We still intend to carry through with our plan to open an office in Singapore. ) ●●●
305 roll in ( The money came rolling in as soon as they launched the app. ) ●●●
306 answer for ~ ( He will answer for his crimes in a court of law. ) ●●●
307 stand up to ~ ( The politician promised to stand up to corporate greed. ) ●●●
308 free up ( I’ll try to free up some time in my schedule. ) ●●●
309 weigh on ~ ( The thought of losing weighed heavily on his shoulders. ) ●●●
310 tie up ( She tied up her boat to the dock before leaving. ) ●●●
311 grow on ~ ( His personality is starting to grow on me. ) ●●●
312 let out ( He accidentally let out his pet parrot. ) ●●●
313 lock A in B ( His daughter accidentally locked herself in the bedroom. ) ●●●
314 watch over ~ ( Her parents promised to watch over the kids while she and her husband were away. ) ●●●
315 blast off ( On July 16, 1969, the Apollo 11 rocket blasted off into space. ) ●●●
316 go back on ~ ( How dare you go back on your promise to me? ) ●●●
317 lay into ~ ( The boss really laid into him about his mistake. ) ●●●
318 force down ( She forced down the food even though she hated it. ) ●●●
319 bring off ( There are only a few actors in the whole world who could bring off such a difficult role. ) ●●●
320 pile up ( His laundry is really starting to pile up. ) ●●●
321 ease into ~ ( We want you to ease into the job slowly. ) ●●●
322 break off ( He broke off in the middle of his speech to check his notes. ) ●●●
323 dream up ( She dreamed up an amazing idea for a video game. ) ●●●
324 carry over ( His childhood trauma carried over into his adult life. ) ●●●
325 get on with ~ ( If everyone is done eating, let’s get on with the meeting. ) ●●●
326 turn to ~ ( She turned to music to reduce stress. ) ●●●
327 make do with ~ ( We will have to make do with the materials we have. ) ●●●
328 kick in ( It will take about 15 minutes for the painkiller to kick in. ) ●●●
329 pitch in ( Everyone pitched in to clean up after the party. ) ●●●
330 hang on ~ ( Everything hangs on whether we can get funding or not. ) ●●●
331 fall under ~ ( Her books all fall under the fiction category. ) ●●●
332 send out for ~ ( Since the meeting will run late, let’s send out for some pizza. ) ●●●
333 fire up ( They are all fired up about the concert tomorrow. ) ●●●
334 check off ( He checked off everything he had completed on his list. ) ●●●
335 gear up ( The baseball team is gearing up for another successful season. ) ●●●
336 derive from ~ ( A significant percentage of English words derive from Latin. ) ●●●

口語表現


英文法

英文法理解のステップ
英文法を習得するためには、段階的に理解を深めていくことが効果的です。以下に、初心者から上級者までの英文法理解のステップを示します。特に受験英語や大学入試を意識した内容にしています。

1️⃣ 基礎理解(文の仕組みを知る)
英文の基本構造を理解する。
品詞の理解(名詞・動詞・形容詞・副詞など)
・文の要素(主語・動詞・目的語・補語・修飾語)
・基本文型(SV/SVO/SVC/SVOO/SVOC)
・be動詞と一般動詞の使い分け
・時制(現在・過去・未来
)
理解チェック:
“She is a teacher.” の文型は?
・“I gave him a book.” は第何文型?


2️⃣ 基本文法の習得(文法ルールを身につける)
正しい英文を作るための文法ルールを覚える。
・助動詞(can, will, must など)
・不定詞・動名詞
・比較(原級・比較級・最上級)
・受動態
・接続詞(and, but, because, if など)
理解チェック:
・“He must have gone there.” の意味と文法構造は?
・“She is taller than I.” はなぜ “me” じゃないの?


3️⃣ 応用文法の理解(読解・作文への応用)
英文法を意識して長文読解や英作文で使えるようにする。
関係詞(who, which, that, whose など)
・仮定法(If I were, If I had, would など)
・分詞構文
・倒置・強調構文
・名詞節・副詞節・形容詞節
理解チェック:
・“If I had studied harder, I would have passed.” はどういう意味?
・“The man talking to Mary is my uncle.” の “talking” は何?


4️⃣ 実践・運用力の強化(問題演習・実際の使用)
文法知識を意識しなくても使えるスキルにする。
方法:
文法問題の演習(4択、整序、誤文訂正など)
・英文法を使った短文作成・瞬間英作文
・長文問題で文法を意識しながら読む
・英作文で「自分で文法を選ぶ」練習


5️⃣ 定着と深化(アウトプットとフィードバック)
自分の弱点を見つけて修正し知識を定着させる。
方法:
・模試・過去問を解いて文法知識を実戦で確認
・解説を読み、自分のミスを記録(文法ノートの作成)
・人に教える/説明することで定着を図る


アドバイス:
1️⃣2️⃣までは 反復と暗記 が大切。
3️⃣以降は文脈での理解 と 運用力 を重視。
苦手な文法分野はリスト化して「復習リスト」を作ると効率的。
文法問題(標準)
  • 文法問題
  • 文法問題(解説)
第1章 文の種類
001 平叙文/肯定文と否定文
次の文を否定文にしなさい。
1) I am a student at this school.
2) He knows your sister very well.
3) I will be at home this evening.
002 Yes/No 疑問文 / 疑問詞を使った疑問文
( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) “( ) you like pop music? “Yes, I do.”
2) “( ) he angry last night? “No, he wasn’t.”
3) “( ) broke the glass?” “I did.”
4) “( ) are you going?” “To the city hall.”
003 命令文 / 感嘆文
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) この花を摘んではいけません。
( ) pick these flowers.
2) 図書館の中では静かにしなさい。
( ) quiet in the library.
3) あの先生は話すのがなんて速いんだろう!
( ) fast that teacher speaks!
4) これはなんて簡単な問題なんだろう!
( ) ( ) easy problem ( ) ( )!
004 選択疑問文 / 命令文の様々な形
( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) “Who called me up, Jane ( ) Cathy?” “Cathy did.”
2) ( ) go to a movie, shall we?
第2章 動詞と文型
005 自動詞と他動詞
太字の動詞に注意して、それぞれの文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) A big car stopped in front of my house.
2) The driver stopped the car.
3) Don’t play on the street.
4) Let’s play tennis after school.
006 述語動詞
( )内の動詞を適切な形に変えなさい。
1) Kate is a student and (study) Japanese every day.
2) Last Sunday, my father (cut) some branches off the tree.
3) I (go) to my uncle’s log cabin with my brother last summer.
007 SV / SVC /SVO
太字の語が、補語、目的語のどちらであるか答えなさい。
1) Did you get my e-mail?
2) The teacher got angry with him?
3) We became friends at university.
4) He has a lot of friends all over the world.
008 SVOO
次の文中の目的語を指摘しなさい。
1) Ms.Kim teaches us math.
2) He gave me some magazines.
3) I got a letter from him.
009 SVOC
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) We call the dog Max.
2) Our coach made her the team’s captain.
3) You will find this book easy.
010 SVO+to / for 〜
与えられた前置詞を用いて、SVOの文に書き換えなさい。
1) Mr. Evans teaches us English. (to)
2) I’ll buy you lunch. (for)
3) I chose her a nice dress. (for)
4) Please show me the photo. (to)
011 There+be動詞
( )の中から、適当なものを選びなさい。
1) There (is/are) a ball in the box.
2) There (was/were) many students in the station.
3) There is (a/the) book on the desk.
012 注意すべき自動詞と他動詞
次の文の誤りを訂正して、正しい英文にしなさい。(誤りはそれぞれ1カ所ある)。
1) He entered into the room.
2) When I opened the door, two men approached to me.
3) He agreed me on that point.
013 群動詞 / SVCで用いられる動詞
( )に入れるのにもっとも適切な語を、下から1つずつ選びなさい。
1) His story may ( ) strange, but it is true.
2) Your dream will soon ( ) true.
3) You must ( ) quiet in the library.
4) These roses ( ) sweet.
[ come / keep / sound / smell ]
014 SVOの文型で注意すべき目的語/ SVOOの文型で用いられる動詞
( )に適語をいれなさい。ただし、何も入れる必要のない場合は×を入れること。
1) Maggie taught herself ( ) French.
2) Tom made a house ( ) the dog.
3) Please bring me ( ) the dog.
4) He sold his CD player ( ) me for six thousand yen.
015 SVOCの文型で用いられる動詞
太字の語に注意をして、それぞれの文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Please get me the dictionary on the desk.
2) I’ll get supper ready as soon as possible.
3) We left her a lot of work.
4) Don’t leave the door open, please.
第3章 動詞と時制
016 現在形
( )内の動詞を現在形か進行形にしなさい。
1) This orange (taste) bad; it (be) not good to eat.
2) Mary (play) a piece by Bach on the piano now; she (like) music very much.
3) The sun (rise) in the east and (set) in the west.
4) My sister usually (wear) contact lenses, but she (wear) glasses today.
017 過去形・過去進行形
( )内の動詞を適切な形に変えなさい。
1) I wanted to be a sailor when I (be) a boy.
2) My father often (tell) me interesting stories in my childhood.
3) He ran to the station and (catch) the last train.
4) My mother (watch) TV when I came home.
018 未来形・未来進行形
日本語に合うように、( )内に適語を入れなさい。
1) 「熱い、手をやけどしちゃった!」「僕が氷を取ってきてあげるよ!」
“Ouch! I burned my hand!” “I ( ) get some ice for you!”
2) この8月にスペインに引っ越すので、スペイン語を覚える必要があります。
I need to learn Spanish because I ( ) ( ) ( ) move to Spain this August.
3) 明日の今ごろは、彼らはパーティをしているでしょう。
At this time tomorrow they ( ) ( ) having a party.
019 時や条件を表す接続詞の後で用いる現在形
次の文の( )内の動詞を正しい形に直しなさい。
1) I’ll finish my home work before my sister (come) back.
2) I’ll give him this CD if he (want) it.
3) Don’t get off the bus till it (stop).
020 進行形の注意すべき用法
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) It’s getting dark. Let’s go home.
2) I was leaving my house when the telephone rang.
3) That teacher is constantly forgetting his student’s names.
021 未来を表す様々な表現
( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) My sister ( ) to be married next week.
2) They were ( ) to leave their house when it began to rain.
3) Sam ( ) leaving Japan at the end of this month.
4) I was on the ( ) ( ) going to bed when he called me.
第4章 完了形
022 現在完了形の形と働き / 過去形と現在完了形
次の文の( )内の動詞を、現在完了形にしなさい。
1) I (finish) my work. So, I can go shopping.
2) Cindy (lose) her watch. She is going to buy a new one today.
023 「完了・結果」「経験」「継続」を表す現在完了形 / 「動作の継続」を表す現在完了進行形
日本語の意味に合うように( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 私はまだクリスマスカードを書いていません。
I ( ) not ( ) my Christmas cards yet.
2) 私は彼からメールを受け取りました。
I ( ) ( ) an e-mail from him.
3) 今までに外国へ行ったことがありますか?
( ) you ( ) been abroad?
4) 日本に来てどのくらいになりますか?
How ( ) have you ( ) in Japan?
5) 1週間雨が降り続いています。
It ( ) ( ) raining ( ) a week.
024 現在完了と時を表す副詞
次の文の下線部を訂正して、正しい英文にしなさい。
1) I’ve left my bag in the train yesterday.
2) Recently more and more people begin to use smartphones.
3) My sister has been ill in bed yesterday.
025「完了・結果」「経験」「継続」を表す過去完了形 / 「動作の継続」を表す過去完了進行形 / 2つの出来事の時間的な前後関係を表す過去完了形
(  )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。

1) The last bus (has already left / had already left) when I reached the bus stop.
2) I (have been / had been) abroad three times before I was twenty.
3) Judy (has been living / had been living) in this country since last year. She’ll go back home in March.
4) He (was reading / had been reading) the novel for two hours before I called him.
5) I lost the watch which my uncle (bought / had bought) for me.
026「完了・結果」「経験」「継続」を表す未来完了形
次の文の下線部を訂正して、正しい英文にしなさい。
1) I finished my homework by the time the TV program begins.
2) I will see the movie five times if I go to see it again.
3) Jack has been sick in bed for two weeks by tomorrow.
027「今」に視点を置かない現在完了形
( )内のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) The game will begin when the players (have arrived / will have arrived).
2) Please wait here until I (have come / will have come).
3) Don’t drive a car when you (haven’t had / will haven’t had) enough sleep.
第5章 助動詞
028「能力・可能」を表すcan / be able to
(  )内から正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) I (can / be able to) help you.
2) I (could / was able to) reserve two seats for the concert.
3) You will (can / be able to) ride a bicycle soon.
4) I (could / couldn’t) find the house key this morning.
029「許可・依頼」を表すcan
canに注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Can I ask you a question?
2) You can use my bike if you need it.
3) Can you tell me the way to the station?
030「許可」を表すmay
mayに注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) “May I ask you a personal question?” “Sure.”
2) Students may not use these computers.
3) You may leave the classroom after the bell rings.
031「義務・必要」を表すmust / have to
must, have to に注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) I must get more exercise.
2) She had to get up early this morning.
3) You must not play video games all day long.
4) You don’t have to attend the meeting.
032「義務・当然の行動を表すshould / ought to /「忠告」を表すhad better
日本語に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 今すぐ病院へ行くべきです。
You ( ) go to the hospital right now.
2) 先生に助言を求めたほうがいいな。
I ( ) better ask the teacher for advice.
3) 親にそんな口のきき方をすべきではない。
You ought ( ) ( ) speak to your parents like that.
4) あの失敗のことは考えるなよ。
You had ( ) ( ) think about that mistake.
033 can / could / may / might / will / would
助動詞に注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Winter in Tokyo can be very cold.
2) You may feel some shaking when the plane takes off.
3) That will be his house. I can see his car in the garages.
034 must / can’t / should / ought to
助動詞に注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) This watch must be your father’s.
2) This cannot be the right bus. It’s going south.
3) He should win the race.
4) He ought to be tired after the tennis practice.
035「意志」・「習慣」を表すwill / would
will, wouldに注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) My father would often play catch with me.
2) When she was a little girl, she wouldn’t touch any animals.
3) I will solve this problem by myself.
4) My dog likes running in the field, but today she won’t get out of the house.
036「依頼」を表すwill / would / 相手の意向を尋ねるshall
will, shallに注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Will you drive me home?
2) Shall I give you the concert ticket?
3) Shall we watch the baseball game on TV?
037 need・used toの用法
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )内に適切な助動詞を下から選んで入れなさい。ただし、同じものを2度使わないこと。
1) 部屋をそうじする必要はありません。もう私がやりましたから。
You ( ) clean the room. I’ve already cleaned it.
2) 私が子供のころ、父はとてもがんこでした。
My father ( ) be very stubborn when I was a child.
3) スペインに住んでいたころはよく美術館に行ったものだ。
I ( ) often visit museums when I lived in Spain.
[used to / would / needn’t
]
038「過去のことに関する推量」表す〈助動詞+have+過去分詞〉
(  )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) A: I missed the TV program last night.
B: My brother (may record / may have recorded) it.
2) A: They’re very late.
B: Yes, they (cannot / must) have lost their way; they didn’t have a map.
3) She (cannot / must) have won the game; she looked very sad.
039「過去の行為に対する非難や後悔」を表す〈助動詞+have+過去分詞〉
助動詞に注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) He should have gone to the doctor earlier.
2) You ought to have taken my advice.
3) I need not have got up early this morning.
040 may / mightを含む慣用表現
助動詞に注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Jim would rather go by train than fly.
2) I would like to read your poems.
3) She may well be right.
4) We can’t find a taxi on this street. We might as well walk.
041 that節で用いられるshouldの用法
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )内に適語を入れなさい。
1) 彼女があの光景を見てびっくりするのも当然だよ。
It’s ( ) that she ( ) be surprised at that sight.
2) 歯医者に行く必要があるよ。
It is ( ) that you ( ) see a dentist.
3) 彼はその会議を延期することを要求した。
He ( ) that the meeting ( ) be postponed.
第6章 受動態
042 受動態の基本形
(  )内の動詞を適切な形にしなさい。
1) This window (break) by Jim yesterday.
2) These pictures (taken) by my wife last year.
3) This skirt (make) by my mother.
4) Magazines (sell) at the convenience store.
043 受動態の様々な形(助動詞使用・進行形・完了形)
(  )内の動詞を適切な形にしなさい。
1) The wall will (paint) next week.
2) My car (fix) now.
3) The store (close) since last week.
4) Rare animals can (see) in the forest.
044 受動態の様々な形(否定文)
日本語に合うように、(  )内に適語を入れなさい。
1) この写真は私の兄が写したものではありません。
This picture ( ) ( ) ( ) by my brother.
2) この箱は開けてはいけません。
This box must ( ) ( ) ( ).
045 受動態の様々な形(Yes/No疑問文 / 疑問詞を使った疑問文)
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) この化石はあなたのお父さんによって発見されたのですか?
( ) this fossil ( ) by your father?
2) この鳥はどこでつかまえられたのですか?
( ) ( ) this bird ( )?
3) ラジオはだれによって発明されたのですか?
( ) was the radio ( ) ( )?
046 語順に注意する受動態
(  )内の動詞を適切な形にしなさい。
1) The actress (ask) a lot of questions by the reporter yesterday.
2) He (call) Ken by everyone now.
3) The news (tell) to her by her aunt last night.
047 群動詞の受動態
(  )内の群動詞を適切な形にしなさい。
1) The experiment (carry out) by the students last month.
2) The typhoon was approaching, so the game (put off).
3) When I was a child, a party (look forward to) by everybody.
048 say, believeなどの受動態
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) It is known that she is an excellent pianist.
2) It was said that he was a son of a well-known actor.
049 受動態で表す動作と状態 / getを使った受動態
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) The gate is already closed.
2) The gate is usually closed at five.
3) My glasses got broken while I was playing soccer.
050 注意すべき受動態の表現(前置詞に注意/心理状態を表す受動態)
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )内に適語を入れなさい。
1) 彼はそのニュースを聞いてがっかりした。
He ( ) ( ) at the news.
2) 彼女は新しい仕事に満足している。
She ( ) ( ) with her new job.
3) 彼の祖父は戦争で命を落とした。、
His grandfather ( ) ( ) in the war.
第7章 不定詞
051 不定詞の名詞的用法
次の日本語の部分を不定詞を用いて英語にしなさい。
1) His ambition is (パイロットになること).
2) It is not easy(このレースに勝つこと).
3) Why did you decide(先生になること)?
052 不定詞の形容詞的用法
日本語に合うように、与えられた語句を並びかえて、英文を完成させなさい。
1) その老人には世話をしてくれる人が必要だ。
The old man needs (him / to / someone/ look after).
2) 私には今読む本がない。
I have (books / read / to / no) now.
3) 父はチェスをしてくれる人を見つけた。
My father found (with / play / someone / chess / to).
4) 彼女は上野駅で私と待ち合わせるという約束を破った。
She broke (meet / her promise / to / me) at Ueno Station.
053 不定詞の副詞的用法
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) I went to the theater to buy a ticket.
2) My mother was very glad to receive a letter from you.
3) You were lucky to see the famous actor.
4) The bird flew away, never to return.
054 SVO+to不定詞
日本語の意味に合うように、与えられた語句を並べかえて、英文を完成させなさい。
1) 私の父は私がその自転車を買うことを許してくれた。
My father allowed (buy / me / the bicycle / to).
2) 警察は群衆を強制的にその広場から出させた。
The police forced (the square / the crowd / leave / to)
3) 彼は私に休みをとるように勧めた。
He advised (take / a / me / to / day off).
055 不定詞の意味上の主語
不定詞の意味上の主語を指摘して、全文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) It is difficult for me to solve the problem.
2) It was a mistake for the government to carry out the plan.
3) I want my father to stop drinking so much.
056 不定詞の否定語(副詞)の位置
日本語に合うように、与えられた語句を並べかえて、英文を完成させなさい。
1) 医者は私の父にたばこを吸わないようにと警告した。
The doctor warned (smoke / not / my father / to).
2) 姉は決して間食しないことにしている。
My sister makes it a rule (never / eat / to) between meals.
057 使役動詞・知覚動詞を使った表現
(  )内の語句のうち、正しい方を選びなさい。
1) Let me (try / to try) it again.
2) I heard someone (shout / to shout) in the distance.
3) The boy was made (turn / to turn) off the TV by his mother.
4) I noticed a tall man (enter / to enter) the building.
5) I’ll get my father (buy / to buy) a new computer.
058 不定詞のさまざまな形
各組の文がほぼ同じ意味になるように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) It seems that you are interested in my success story.
You ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) in my success story.
2) It seems that he told a lie.
He ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a lie.
3) It seems that the baby in that car is crying.
The baby in that car ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).
4) I don’t want anyone to do it so carelessly.
I don’t want it ( ) ( ) ( ) so carelessly.
059 自動詞+to不定詞(happen/prove/turn/come/get+to不定詞)
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 私はたまたまその歌手のとなりに座った。
I ( ) ( ) ( ) next to the singer.
2) その絵はにせものであることがわかった。
The painting ( ) ( ) ( ) be a fake.
3) どうやって彼女と知り合いになったのですか。
How did you ( ) ( ) know her?
060 自動詞+to不定詞(be to不定詞)
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) We are to meet at the art museum tomorrow.
2) Not an animal was to be seen in the desert.
3) You are to return the book to me by tomorrow.
061 不定詞の注意すべき用法(難易を表す形容詞+to 不定詞 / too … to不定詞 / … enough to不定詞 / so … as to不定詞 / so as to不定詞 / in order to不定詞)
日本語の意味に合うように、あたえられた語句を並べかえて、英文を完成させなさい。
1) 彼女とうまくやっていくのは難しい。
She is (hard / get along / to) with.
2) そのかばんは片手で運ぶには重ずぎる
The bag is (carry / too / to / heavy) in one hand.
3) 彼女はその講義を理解することができるくらいには賢かった。
She was (enough / understand / to / smart) the lecture.
4) その若い男の人は、勇敢にもおぼれている子供を救った。
The young man was (as / brave / so / save / to) the drowning child.
5) 私のいとこはその資格を取るために一生懸命勉強した。
My cousin studied hard (order / get / in / to / the license).
062 不定詞の注意すべき用法(疑問詞+to不定詞 / 独立不定詞 / 代不定詞)
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 今日何をすべきか教えてください。
Tell us ( ) ( ) do today.
2) どうやったらその計画を実行できるかが問題だ。
( ) ( ) put the plan into practice is the question.
3) 言うまでもないことだが、健康は富に勝る。
( ) ( ) ( ), health is above wealth.
4) 「このかばんを運ぶのを手伝っていただけますか。」「もちろん、よろこんで。」
“Could you help me with this bag?” “Sure, I’d be happy ( ).”
第8章 動名詞
063 動名詞の働き
( )内の動詞を適切な形にしなさい。
1) (Make) model cars is my hobby.
2) One American tradition is (eat) turkey on Thanksgiving Day.
3) I enjoy (read) books in the library.
4) Mike is fond of (watch) horror movies.
064 動名詞の意味上の主語と否定語の位置
日本語の意味に合うように、( )内に適合を入れなさい。
1) 私の母は、私の兄が写真家として働いていることを自慢に思っている。
My mother is proud of ( ) ( ) ( ) as a photographer.
2) あなたが私の部屋でたばこを吸うのが嫌です。
I don’t like ( ) ( ) in my room.
3) 私は食事の作法を知らないことに恥じ入っています。
I am ashamed of ( ) ( ) table manners.
065 動名詞のさまざまな形
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適合を入れなさい。
1) 私は父に怒られることを恐れていました。
I was afraid of ( ) ( ) by my father.
2) ジェーンはその花びんを割ったことを認めました。
Jane admitted of ( ) ( ) the vase.
3) 私はその芝居の第一幕を見逃したことを後悔しています。
I regret ( ) the first act of the play.
066 動名詞を使った重要表現
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適合を入れなさい。
1) 私は通信販売のカタログが届くのを楽しみに待っている。
I’m ( ) ( ) ( ) receiving the mail-order catalogue.
2) 私が勝ったという事実は否定できない。
( ) ( ) ( ) denying the fact that I was the winner.
3) 私はコーヒーを飲みたい気がする。
I ( ) ( ) ( ) a cup of coffee.
067 動名詞と不定詞(動名詞を目的語にする他動詞 / 不定詞を目的語にする他動詞)
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなささい。
1) Have you considered (moving / to move) out of this country?
2) Sorry. I didn’t mean (offending / to offend) you.
3) He refused (to come / coming) with us.
4) May I suggest (taking / to take) a vote on this matter?
068 動名詞と不定詞(目的語が動名詞と不定詞で意味が異なる他動詞 / 目的語が動名詞でも不定詞でもよい他動詞 / 動名詞と不定詞の使い分けに注意すべき表現)
日本語の意味に合うように、( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) 間違いを見つけてみなさい。
Try (finding / to find) the error.
2) ジムは試しにベッドのかわりにふとんで寝てみた。
Jim tried (to sleep / sleeping) on a futon instead of a bed.
3) もう雨はやみましたか?
Have it stopped (raining / to rain) yet?
第9章 分詞
069 名詞を修飾する分詞(限定用法)
( )内の動詞を適切な分詞の形に変えなさい。
1) She was shocked at the (break) guitar.
2) There is a cat (sleep) on the roof.
3) This is a picture (paint) by Picasso.
4) She received (disappoint) news.
070 補語になる分詞(叙述用法) (SV+分詞)
( )内の動詞を適切な分詞の形に変えなさい。
1) She kept (cry) in front of her mother’s grave.
2) The treasure lay (hide) in the cave.
3) We stood (talk) for about an hour.
071 補語になる分詞(叙述用法) (SVO+分詞)
( )内の動詞を適切な分詞の形に変えなさい。
1) When I came home, I found my wife (sleep) on the sofa.
2) Don’t leave the door (unlock).
3) I want this problem (solve) by tomorrow.
072 have+O+分詞
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適合を入れなさい。
1) 彼は自分の犬を浜辺で走らせておいた。
He ( ) his dog ( ) on the beach.
2) 私はローマでパスポートを盗まれた。
I ( ) my passport ( ) in Rome.
3) 私は昨日、自転車を修理してもらった。
I ( ) my bicycle ( ) yesterday.
073 see+O+分詞
日本語の意味に合うように、( )内に適語を入れなさい。
1) 私は人ごみの中で自分の名前が呼ばれるのを聞いた。
I ( ) my name ( ) in the crowd.
2) パットは、女の子が川で泳いでいるのを見た。
Pat ( ) a girl ( ) in the river.
3) 私はだれかがどあをノックしているのを聞いた。
I ( ) someone ( ) on the door.
074 分詞構文 (分詞構文の働き / 分詞構文が表す内容)
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Hiking in the forest, we came across a bear.
2) Having nothing to do, I went to bed early.
3) I drive to the office every morning listening to the radio.
4) He managed to solve the problem, supported by his classmates.
075 分詞構文 (否定の位置)
指定された動詞を使って、日本語の意味に合うように( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 時間がなかったので、今朝は新聞を読まなかった。(have)
( ) ( ), I didn’t read the newspaper this morning.
2) 私の忠告に従わなかったので、息子はかぜをひいた。(take)
( ) ( ) my advice, my son caught a cold.
076 分詞構文の応用 (分詞構文のさまざまな形)
日本語に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) お金を全部使ってしまったので、彼女は渋谷から家まで歩いた。
( ) ( ) all her money, she walked home from Shibuya.
2) サラダと一緒に食べると、このパスタはおいしい。
This pasta is delicious ( ) ( ) with a salad.
077 分詞構文の応用 (独立分詞構文)
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) It being very hot last night, I couldn’t sleep well.
2) Generally speaking, Japanese people work hard.
3) Judging from her elegant dress, she must be going to the party.
078 付帯状況を表すwith+(代)名詞+分詞
日本語の意味に合うように、与えられた語句を並びかえて、英文を完成させなさい。ただし、不要な語が1語ある。
1) 彼は目を閉じたまま、いすに座っていた。
He was sitting in the chair ( his eyes / closed / with / closing ).
2) 彼はエンジンをかけたまま車から出た。
He got out of the car ( run / with / the engine / running ).
079 分詞を使った表現
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) ビンの中に牛乳はほとんど残っていなかった。
There ( ) little milk ( ) in the bottle.
2) 日曜日にはよく川に釣りに行った。
I went ( ) ( ) the river on Sundays.
3) 彼の家は、わけなく見つかった。
We ( ) no trouble ( ) his house.
第10章 比較級
080 原級を使った比較
次の文を日本語にしなさい。
1) This camera is as small as that one.
2) Jenny has three times as many as books as Tom
3) I cannot read English as fast as you.
4) Write your name as nearly as you can.
081 比較級を使った比較
日本語に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 私の弟は私よりも上手に絵を描きます。
My brother draws pictures ( ) ( ) me.
2) 私の家はその野球選手の家よりもずっと小さい。
My house is ( ) ( ) ( ) the baseball player’s house.
3) この問題はその問題ほど難しくない。
This question is ( ) hard ( ) that one.
082 最上級を使った比較
日本語の意味に合うように、与えられた語句を並びかえて文を完成させなさい。
1) これはロンドンでもっとも古い教会です。
This is ( the / London / church / in / oldest).
2) ここはこの町でもっともよいフランス料理店の1つです。
This is ( French restaurants / of / the / best / one ) in this town.
3) メルボルンはオーストラリアで2番目に大きな都市です。
Melbourne is ( in / largest / the / city / second ) Australia.
4) 彼はこの劇団で抜群にうまい役者です。
He ( best / is / by far / actor / the ) in this theater company.
083 原級・比較級を使って最上級の意味を表す
次の文と同じ意味になるように、原級と比較級を用いた3つの文をつくりなさい。
Ted is the tallest boy in this class.
084 原級を用いたさまざまな表現
日本語の意味に合うように、与えられた語句を並べかえて英文を完成させなさい。
1) この本は歴史に関するエッセイというよりは、むしろ小説だ。
This book is ( a historical essay / not so / as / a novel / much ).
2) その事故で100人もの人がけがをした。
( one hundred / as / as / people / many ) got injured in the accident.
3) 彼はあいかわらずだれにでも友好的だ。
He is ( friendly / as / as / to / everyone ) ever.
4) その仕事は終わったも同然だ。
The work is ( finished / good / as / as ).
085 比較級を用いたさまざまな表現(1)
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) She bought the cheaper of the two sweaters.
2) I like her all the better for her kindness.
3) It is getting warmer and warmer.
4) The more he practiced, the better he played the piano.
086 比較級を用いたさまざまな表現(2)
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) I don’t want to read the novel, still less buy it.
2) This computer is technically inferior to that model.
3) She wanted to receive a higher education.
4) You ought to know better than to play with fire.
087 noを使った比較表現
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) This car is no less fast than that one.
2) He speaks no less than five languages.
3) There were no more than three passengers on the bus.
088 最上級を用いたさまざまな表現
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) The fastest train cannot reach Osaka before noon.
2) This lake is deepest here..
3) I have at most twenty minutes to solve this problem.
4) You should be back by eight o’clock at the latest.
第11章 関係詞
089 whoとwhich
次の文の( )に適切な関係代名詞を入れなさい。
1) I know a man ( ) has ten cats in his house.
2) I visited a church ( ) was built about 200 years ago.
090 whomとwhich
次の文の( )に適切な関係代名詞を入れなさい。
1) She’s talking with the boy ( ) lives next door.
2) That is the woman ( ) I saw in the restaurant yesterday.
3) The ring ( ) my wife liked best was very expensive.
091 whose
次の文の( )に適切な関係代名詞を入れなさい。
1) I have a friend ( ) is a lawyer.
2) This is the woman ( ) purse has been stolen.
3) I know a musician ( ) son became the number-one hit this year.
4) The bicycle ( ) front tire is flat is mine.
092 that
( )内の関係代名詞から、適切でないものを一つずつ選びなさい。
1) This is a letter from a friend ( who / that / whose ) lives in Ireland.
2) Did you buy the CD ( who / which / that ) Jack recommended to us?
3) He is the man ( whose / that ) daughter is a famous painter.
093 前置詞と関係代名詞
( )に適切な関係代名詞を入れなさい。
1) I found a box in ( ) there were some pretty dolls.
2) This is the cafeteria in ( ) I met my husband for the first time.
3) I know the girl with ( ) you were talking.
094 what
日本語の意味に合うように、whatを使って英文を完成させなさい。
1) それは私の言ったことではない。
That is not ( ).
2) 君にはちょっと休息が必要だ。
( ) is some rest.
3) 私にとって難しいことは、コンピュータの操作のしかただ。
( ) for me is how to operate a computer.
095 関係代名詞の継続用法
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) He has a daughter, who lives in London.
2) We went to the party, which was boring.
3) He said Nicky had bought a diamond ring, which was true.
4) He passed the entrance examination, which surprised all his friends.
096 関係副詞 (where, when, why, how)
次の( )に適切な関係副詞を入れなさい。ただし、where, when, why, howを一度ずつ使うこと。
1) Chicago is a city ( ) it is very cold in winter.
2) I can’t think of any reason ( ) they gave up the plan.
3) There are times ( ) everyone needs to be alone.
4) This is ( ) I finished the work in one day.
097 関係副詞の継続用法
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) He was taken to the police station, where he told the truth.
2) Someone broke into the house in the middle of the night, when the alarm rang.
098 複合関係詞
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適切な関係詞を入れなさい。
1) この事故に責任のある人はだれでも処罰されるだろう。
( ) is responsible for this accident will be punished.
2) どこでも好きなところに座りなさい。
Sit ( ) you want.
3) ぼくは消しゴムを2つ持っている。どちらでも好きなほうを使っていいよ。
I have two erasers. You use ( ) you like.
099「譲歩」を表す複合関係詞
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適切な関係詞を入れなさい。
1) 何が起ころうとも、私のことをあてにしていいよ。
( ) happens, you may count on me.
2) だれが会いに来ても、私は外出中だと伝えてください。
( ) comes to see me, tell them I’m out.
3) どこにいようとも、私はいつもあなたのことを思っています。
( ) I am, I am always thinking of you.
4) 私たちの犬はどんな遠くまで行っても、必ず家に帰ってくる。
( ) far our dog goes, he always comes home.
100 関係代名詞の働きをするasとthan
( )にasかthanを入れなさい。
1) These books are written in such easy English ( ) beginners can understand.
2) There were more people at the party ( ) I expected.
101 関係代名詞のさまざまな用法
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) In England there are many sayings the meanings of which I can’t understand.
2) While I was in Paris, I got to know a lot of people, most of whom were Japanese.
3) He is trying to make a list of all the songs which he thinks are popular among young people.
4) His success is an example of what is called the American Dream.
5) She is not what she was ten years ago.
6) Facts are to the scientist what words are to the poet.
102 関係形容詞
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) I gave the child what little money I had with me.
2) Lend me what magazines you have about diving.
3) The doctor told her to take a few days’ rest, which advice she didn’t follow.
第12章 仮定法
103 ifを使った仮定法 (直接法と仮定法/仮定法過去/仮定法過去完了/主節時制相違)
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 明日晴れたら、ピクニックに行きます。
If it ( ) fine tomorrow, we’ll go on a picnic.
2) 彼女の電話番号を知っていたら、電話するんだが。
If I ( ) her phone number, I ( ) call her.
3) もし、宇宙人と話すとしたら何を言う?
What ( ) you say if you ( ) with an alien?
4) もし私がお金持ちだったら、そのお屋敷が買えるのに。
If I ( ) rich, I ( ) buy the mansion.
5) もし、君がもう少し注意深ければ、そんな間違いはしなかっただろうに。
If you ( ) ( ) a little more careful, you ( ) not ( ) ( ) such a mistake.
6) もっと早起きしていたら、彼女は学校に間に合っただろうに。
She ( ) ( ) ( ) in time for school if she ( ) ( ) up earlier.
7) もしその電車に間に合っていれば、私は、そのパーティーに出席しているのに。
If I ( ) ( ) the train, I ( ) ( ) present at the party.
104 wishやas ifの後の仮定法
日本語の意味に合うように、( )内の語を適切な形に変えなさい。
1) 彼の自宅の住所を知っていればなあ。
I wish I ( know) his home address.
2) 彼女は私にうそをつかなければよかったのに。
I wish she ( not tell ) a lie to me.
3) 彼女は、彼といっしょにいることができたらと思った。
She (wish) she could stay with him.
4) 君はまるでスターであるかのようにふるまう。
You behave as if you (are) a star.
5) 彼女はまるで私に以前一度も会ったことがないかのような顔つきだった。
She looked as though she (has) never (met) me before.
105 未来のことを表す仮定法
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) What would happen if he were to tell others about our secret?
2) If you should be unable to come, please let me know soon.
106 ifが出てこない仮定法
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) その本が日本語で書かれていたら、私は楽に読めただろうに。
( ) the book ( ) ( ) in Japanese, I would have read it easily.
2) もしも私が遅れるようなことがあれば、待たずに出発してください。
( ) I be late, please start without me.
3) もう少し暖かければ、散歩に出かけるのだが。
( ) it a little warmer, we would go out for a walk.
4) 彼が踊っているのを見れば、君は笑い出すだろう。
( ) see him dancing, you would burst out laughing.
5) コンピュータがなければ、彼はまったく仕事ができないでしょう。
( ) ( ) the computer, he couldn’t do his work at all.
6) もう少し運があれば、彼女は試合に勝つことができただろうに。
( ) a little more luck, she could have won the game.
7) スパイだったら、本当の名前を言うことはないだろう。
A secret agent ( ) never tell you his real name.
8) 2年前だったら、あなたのプロポーズに応じていたことでしょう。
Two years ago, I ( ) ( ) accepted your proposal.
107 仮定法を使った慣用表現
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) If it were not for air, nothing could live on the earth.
2) If it had not been for your help, we couldn’t have finished the job.
3) It’s about time you started working
4) If only I had seen the film!
108 仮定法を使ったていねいな表現
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Would it be rude if I opened the present now?
2) Would you mind if I smoked here?
3) I was wondering if you could pass me the sugar.
第13章 疑問詞と疑問文
109 疑問代名詞
( )に入れるのに適切な疑問詞を下から選びなさい。
1) “( ) are you thinking about? “Well, nothing in particular.”
2) “( ) is this new car? “It’s John’s.”
3) “( ) did he take to the zoo?” “He took his son there.”
4) “( ) of these T-shirts do you want?” “The blue one.”
5) “( ) went to the party with her?” “Her father did.”
[ Who / Whose / Whom / What / Which]
110 疑問形容詞
疑問詞に対する答えとして適切なものをA)〜D)の中から一つずつ選びなさい。
1) Whose camera is this?
2) What kind of car did you buy?
3) What color do you like?
4) Which shirt do you like?
A) The red one in the middle.
B) I like green.
C) It’s my sister’s.
D) A compact.
111 疑問副詞
( )に適切な疑問詞を入れなさい。
1) “( ) are you going?” “To the park.”
2) “( ) did he change his mind?” “Because his mother gave him some good advice.”
3) “( ) much did you pay for the book?” “Fifteen dollars.”
4) “( ) will you be back?” “At ten.”
5) “( ) was the show?” “Oh, it was great.”
112 疑問詞と前置詞
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) だれを待っているの?
( ) are you waiting ( )?
2) だれにその小包を送るつもりなのですか?
( ) are you going to send the parcel ( )?
113 間接疑問
次の疑問文を、指定された書き出しに続く間接疑問文にしなさい。
1) Why did ‘t you come? (You must tell me …)
2) What kind of music do you like? (I want to know …)
3) When is she going to leave? (The problem is …)
114 否定疑問文
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 「あなたはあのバンドのメンバーではないのですか。」「メンバーですよ。」
“( ) you a member of that band?” “( ), I am.”
2) 「その場所に行かなかったの?」「行かなかったよ。」
“( ) ( ) visit that place?” “( ), I didn’t.”
3) 「彼女は日本語を話せないの?」「いいや、話せるよ。」
“( ) ( ) speak Japanese?” “( ), she ( ).”
115 疑問文への答え方
疑問文に対する答えとして適切なものをA)からD)から1つずつ選びなさい。
1) What do you think this is?
2) Do you know what this is?
3) Do you mind if I smoke here?
4) Can I use your bathroom?


A) Sure. Go ahead.
B) It’s a kind of toy.
C) No. I have no idea.
D) No, I don’t mind.
116 付加疑問文
( )に適語を入れて、付加疑問文を作りなさい。
1) These flowers smell sweet, ( ) ( )?
2) There is no one in the room, ( ) ( )?
3) You’ve already made up your mind, ( ) ( )?
117 修辞疑問文/平叙文疑問文/聞き返し疑問文/応答疑問文
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) そんなことをしてなんの役に立つんだろうか。
( ) is the use of doing such a thing?
2) 「専攻は哲学です。」「何を専攻しているって?」
“I’m majoring in philosophy.” “ You’re majoring in ( )?”
3) 「ジャックとべティが結婚したんだってさ。」「へえ、そうなの。」
“Jack and Betty got married.” “Oh, ( ) they?”
118 疑問文の慣用表現
日本語の意味に合うように、( )の語句を並べかえて英文を完成させなさい。
1) 何のためにここに来たの?
What ( come / you / for / here / did )?
2) 明日の天気はどうなりそうですか。
What’s ( like / to / going / be / the weather ) tomorrow?
3) どうして彼女の家に行ったのですか。
( went / come / to / how / you ) her house?
4) イタリア料理の店で夕食を食べるのはどうですか。
( eating / how / dinner / about ) at an Italian restaurant?
第14章 否定
119 not / never / no
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) ティムは兄からではなく、いとこから手紙を受け取った。
Tim received a letter from his cousin, ( ) from his brother.
2) 私には衣類を洗たくする時間がない。
I have ( ) time to wash my clothes.
3) だれもこの絵には興味をもたないだろう。
( ) will be interested in this picture.
4) 私は彼にうそをつくなと言った。
I told him ( ) to tell a lie.
5) 私は決して朝食を食べない。
I ( ) eat breakfast.
120 否定語の位置
次の文を否定文にしなさい。
1) I think he is a good violinist.
2) I hope she will accept his offer.
121 節の代わりをするnot
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 「明日は雨が降るだろうか。」「降らないといいね。」
“Will it rain tomorrow?” “I ( ) ( ).”
2) 「彼はよくなるだろうか。」「よくならないとおもうよ。」
“ Will he get well?” “I’m ( ) ( ).”
122 準否定語
( )内から正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) He ( hardly / seldom) goes out on Sundays.
2) I could ( hardly / seldom ) understand the lecture.
3) They had ( few / little ) snow in Osaka.
4) He is a man of ( few / little ) words.
123 部分否定・二重否定
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Not all of the members attended the meeting.
2) None of the members attended the meeting.
3) He doesn’t always buy that weekly magazine.
4) I’m not quite satisfied with your plan.
5) It’s not impossible to swim across this river.
124 否定の慣用表現
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 彼のおかしな髪型を見て、笑わずにはいられなかった。
I ( ) ( ) laughing at his funny hairstyle.
2) 海で泳ぐ時はいくら注してもしすぎることはない。
You ( ) be ( ) careful when you swim in the sea.
3) 健康を損なって初めてそのありがたさがわかる。
We ( ) appreciate the blessing of health ( ) we lose it.
4) 私が食卓につくとすぐに電話が鳴った。
I had ( ) sat down at the table ( ) the telephone rang.
5) 彼は1日中テレビばかり見ている。
He does ( ) ( ) ( ) TV all day long.
125 否定語を使わない否定表現
日本語の意味に合うように、( )の語句を並べかえて英文を完成させなさい。
1) 彼はあまりに眠かったので、宿題ができなかった。
He was ( sleepy / do / too / to ) his homework.
2) 彼女は決して約束を破るような人間ではないでしょう。
She would be the ( person / break / to / last / her promise ).
3) 彼の話は決して退屈ではなかった。
His story ( but / was / anything / boring ).
4) 彼の新しい小説は、とてもじゃないがおもしろいとは言えない。
His new novel ( from / is / far / interesting ).
5) その町を訪れる時は、私は必ず彼と会います。
I ( meet / to / fail / him / never ) when I visit that town.
第15章 話法
126 直接話法と間接話法の形
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 彼はその時、次のコンサートの準備をしていると言った。
He ( ) me that ( ) ( ) preparing for his next concert ( ).
2) 私の母は、その前の日に私のスニーカーを洗ったと、私に言った。
My mother told me that ( ) ( ) washed ( ) sneakers the day before.
3) ジョンは、彼の娘が次の日、空港で私たちを出迎えると言った。
John said that ( ) daughter ( ) meet us at the airport the ( ) day.
127 平叙文以外の間接話法 (疑問詞疑問文・Yes/No疑問文・命令文)
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語をいれなさい。
1) 彼は私に、私がそのロックグループのファンなのかと尋ねた。
He asked me ( ) ( ) ( ) a fun of the rock group.
2) その少年は私に、どこでその本を見つけることができるのかと尋ねた。
The boy ( ) me where I ( ) find the book.
3) その女性は息子に、彼はどうしてそんなことを言ったのかと尋ねた。
The woman ( ) her son ( ) ( ) ( ) said such a thing.
4) 彼は息子に新聞を持ってくるように言った。
He ( ) his son ( ) ( ) ( ) the newspaper.
5) 先生は少年たちにホールで走らないようにと言った。
The teacher ( ) the boys ( ) ( ) ( ) in the hall.
6) 彼女は私にいっしょに来るように頼んだ。
She ( ) me ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ).
128 提案文・勧誘文・感嘆文
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語をいれなさい。
1) 彼は私に、その辞書を買うように助言した。
He ( ) ( ) ( ) buy that dictionary.
2) 彼は弟にキャッチボールをやろうと提案した。
He ( ) to his brother that they play catch.
3) 彼女は、私のバイクはなんてうるさいのかと文句を言った。
She ( ) ( ) how noisy my motorcycle was.
4) 少年たちは、勝ったと喜んで叫んだ。
The boys cried out in ( ) they ( ) ( ).
129 従属節を含む文 / and, butなどで結ばれた文 / 種類の異なる文
次の文を間接話法で表現しなさい。
1) Bill said, “I don’t know how the accident will affect the economy.”
2) Betty said to me, “I have a headache, but I will go to the movie with you.”
3) I said to the salesperson, “I like this type of shirt. Do you have a large size?”
第16章 名詞構文・無生物主語
130 名詞構文
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) We got to the station before the arrival of her train.
2) She denied her knowledge of the fact.
3) I understood her anxiety about her grandmother’s heart operation.
4) Let’s have a walk in the park.
5) My father is a fast walker.
131 無生物主語
日本語の意味に合うように、( )の語句を並べかえて英文を完成させなさい。
1) あなたは、どうして彼があのレスラーを負かすことができると思ったのですか。
( made / think / what / you ) he could defeat that wrestler?
2) 急用のため、昨日は来れなかった。
( from / kept / me / urgent business ) coming yesterday.
3) このグラフから、物価の急騰は明らかです。
( a sharp rise / the / shows / graph ) in prices.
4) 彼女の表情から、そのプレゼントが気に入っていないことがわかった。
( she / her expression / that / showed ) was not pleased with the present.
5) 数分歩くと、私たちは湖に出た。
( brought / a few minutes’ walk / to / us ) the lake.
第17章 強調・倒置・挿入・省略・同格
132 特定の語句をつけ加える強調 / 同じ語の繰り返しによる強調
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適切な語句を与えられた語群から選んで入れなさい。
1) 私はたしかにメアリーにスカーフをあげました。
I ( ) give a scarf to Mary.
2) いったい全体どうしてそんなことをしているんだい?
Why ( ) are you doing such a thing?
3) 私たちがトーナメントで優勝する可能性は少しもないだろう。
There will be no chance ( ) of our winning the tournament.
4) 彼は同じジョークを何度も何度も言う。
He tells the same jokes ( ).
[ did / whatever / on earth / again and again ]
133 強調構文
次の文を強調構文を使って、( )内の語句を強調する英文に書き換えなさい。
Beth teaches music at the university.
1) (Beth)
2) (music)
3) (at the university)
134 関係詞などを使った強調
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 彼に欠けているのは、知識ではなく経験だ。
( ) he is lack in ( ) not knowledge but experience.
2) このボタンを押すだけでいいのです。
( ) you have to do ( ) ( ) this button.
135 倒置
( )の語句をならべかえて英文を完成させなさい。
1) Never ( failed / I / have / to watch the TV program ).
2) No ( he / other mistake / did / make ).
3) Away ( the bank robber / ran ).
4) Amazing ( the show / was / at the Mirage Hotel in Las Vegas ).
136 挿入
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) The concert was, in the end, called off.
2) The book, to my surprise, sold well also in Japan.
3) This experiment, I’m afraid, is a failure.
137 省略
次の文で省略できる部分を指摘しなさい。
1) Mr. Jones wasn’t angry, but Ms. Smith was angry.
2) You can eat this pudding if you want to eat it.
3) Did you visit Hollywood while you were traveling in the United States?
138 同格
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Carter, a friend of mine, graduated from Oxford University.
2) My son is pleased with his name of Daisuke.
3) We heard the news that a thief had broken into Bill’s house.
第18章 名詞
139 普通名詞・集合名詞・物質名詞・抽象名詞・固有名詞の用法
(  )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) (A freedom / Freedom) is as important as equality.
2) (Wine is / Wines are) made from grapes.
3) The Japanese are (a hardworking people / hardworking peoples).
4) He drank (three cups of coffee / three cup of coffees).
5) You must write in (ink / an ink), not with (pencil / a pencil).
140 数えられない名詞を普通名詞として使う
(  )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) I will never forget your many (kindness / kindnesses).
2) You must not throw (stone/stones) in the park.
3) I want to be (Edison/an Edison).
4) The bus (fare/fee) is 210 yen.
141 規則変化・不規則変化
次の名詞の複数形を書きなさい。
1) pencil 2) city 3) foot 4) woman
5) Japanese 6) passer-by 7) box 8) child
142 複数形の意味と用法
下線の語句の意味に注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) It is bad manners to make a noise when you eat soup.
2) We got to know each other during our college days.
3) I changed trains for Nara at Kyoto.
143 所有格・B of Aの形を用いて所有を表す
次の文の必要な語を所有格に直して、正しい英文にしなさい。
1) I borrowed Henry motorcycle yesterday.
2) It is ten minutes walk to the museum.
3) My sister sometimes stays at our grandmother.
第19章 冠詞
144 冠詞の働き
次の文の(  )に適切な冠詞を入れなさい。無冠詞にするのが正しいときには×を入れなさい。
1) There is ( ) apple on the table.
2) I ate a slice of cake. ( ) cake was delicious.
3) All living things live in ( ) nature.
4) My daughter went to ( ) bed at ten last night.
145 不定冠詞の用法
必要なところにaまたはanを入れて、正しい英文にしなさい。
1) I bought mountain bike yesterday.
2) There are 60 minutes in hour.
3) My father works five days week.
146 定冠詞の用法
必要なところにtheを入れて、正しい英文にしなさい。
1) Do you mind if I open window?
2) We are paid by week.
3) Can you play guitar?
4) I want to travel around world some day.
147 無冠詞になる場合
文中の不要な冠詞に×をつけなさい。
1) He filled the glass with the milk.
2) She went to the post office by a bicycle.
3) We don’t have to go to the school on Sundays.
4) Let’s play the baseball in the park.
148 冠詞の位置
必要なところにa / an / theのいずれかを入れて、正しい英文にしなさい。
1) What nice handkerchief you have!
2) I have never seen so big airplane.
3) She gave me such interesting book.
4) Has he spent all money I gave to him?
第20章 代名詞
149 人称代名詞(格変化/ばくぜんと「人々」を指すyou/they/we / 所有代名詞)
次の文の太字を適切な代名詞に変えなさい。
1) I bought a pair of shoes for my son. My son was pleased with them.
2) Mike and I are good friends. Mike and I made the model plane in two days.
3) Your room is as large as my room.
4) I borrowed a bicycle from Bob. Bob’s bicycle was nice.
150 人称代名詞(再帰代名詞の再帰用法 / 強調用法)
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) あなた自身が私にそう言ったのよ。
You told me so ( ).
2) 私たちはパーティーで楽しく過ごした。
We enjoyed ( ) at the party.
151 itの用法
次の文の下線部のitが指している語句を答えなさい。
1) I have lost my handkerchief. I bought it only yesterday.
2) It is difficult to win the race.
3) I think it necessary that you should do the homework by yourself.
152 指示代名詞
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) The city library is a long way from here. That is the problem.
2) The population of China is much larger than that of Japan.
153 不定代名詞(one / another / the other / others)
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) “Do you have a red pen?” “Yes, I have (it / one).
2) I have this kind of wallet. Please show me (another / other).
3) Hold the racket in one hand and the ball in (another / the other).
4) We have four children. One is a college student, and (others / the others) are high school students.
154 不定代名詞(some / any)
( )内にsomeかanyのいずれかを入れて、英文を完成させなさい。
1) If there is ( ) milk left, could I drink ( )?
2) I’d like ( ) information about the trip.
3) I haven’t met ( ) of her family yet.
155 不定代名詞(both / either / neither/ all / none / each / someone / everything)
( )内の語のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) I have two pretty birds and I like (all / both) of them.
2) (No / None) of the ten girls watched the TV drama last night.
3) My uncle gave candies to (each / every) of us.
4) I have (everything / something) to do today.
第21章 形容詞
156 形容詞の用法
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) China has ( a large population / large a population ).
2) Please give me ( hot something / something hot ) to drink.
3) Look at the ( sleeping / sleep ) baby.
4) They caught the bear ( alive / live ).
5) My son was taller than all the ( boys present / present boys ).
157 分詞形容詞
( )内の語のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) It’s so ( bored / boring ) to spend the weekend alone.
2) We were very ( shocked / shocking ) to hear the news.
158 主語に注意すべき形容詞 / 可能性・確実性を表す形容詞 / such
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) He is ( likely / possible ) to succeed as a singer.
2) It is ( sad / sorry ) to see him resign.
3) It is ( sure / certain ) that he will win the election.
4) We can’t stay home on ( a such nice day / such a nice day ).
159 数量を表す形容詞
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) Taking too ( much / many ) salt is not good for your health.
2) She had ( a few / a little ) friends in New York City.
3) This town doesn’t have ( few / many ) parks.
第22章 副詞
160「様態」「場所」「時」「頻度」「程度」を表す副詞
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) Bob opened ( carefully the box / the box carefully ).
2) She ( almost / always ) goes to school by bicycle.
3) I’m going to live ( in Paris next year / next year in Paris).
4) My sister is traveling ( in abroad / abroad ) now.
161 文を修飾する副詞
副詞が何を修飾しているのか考え、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) She lives happily with her grandchildren.
2) Happily, the typhoon didn’t approach Japan.
162 注意すべき副詞の形と意味
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) Mayumi is sometimes ( late / lately ) for school.
2) I can ( hard / hardly ) believe the news.
3) The boy ( near / nearly ) fell into the river.
163 very/much/ago/before/already/yet/still/too/either/neither
( )内の語のうち、適切なほうを選びなさい。
1) I met him two weeks ( ago / before ).
2) This is a ( very / much ) interesting novel.
3) She didn’t go to the party, and I didn’t, ( too / either ).
4) I haven’t received the card ( yet / already ).
164 so
日本語の意味に合うように、与えられた語句を並べかえなさい。
1) 「ナンシーはパーティーに来るの?」「ええ、たぶん。」
“Is Nancy coming to the party?” “( so / guess / I ).”
2) 私は昨日学校に遅刻したが、兄もそうだった。
I was late for school yesterday, and ( my brother / was / so ).
165 2つの文の論理関係を表す副詞
( )内の語のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) Let’s take a taxi. It’s getting dark. ( Besides / Nonetheless ), it’s starting to rain.
2) I tried hard to solve the problem. ( However / Therefore ), I couldn’t.
第23章 前置詞
166 at / in / on
(  )内の前置詞から、正しいものを選びなさい。
1) I saw your father standing ( at / in / on ) the bus stop.
2) I usually get up ( at / in / on ) ten ( at / in / on ) Sundays.
167 from / to / for
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適切な前置詞を入れなさい。
1) 私たちはパリからロンドンまで飛行機で飛んだ。
We took the plane ( ) Paris ( ) London.
2) 私はジュリアのためにダイヤモンドの指輪を買った。
I bought a diamond ring ( ) Julia.
3) 冬休みのあいだにこの本を読んでみたら?
Why don’t you read this book ( ) winter vacation?
168 of / by / until / with
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適切な前置詞を入れなさい。
1) 彼は18歳で両親から独立した。
He became independent ( ) his parents at the age of eighteen.
2) 突然、知らない人から話しかけられた。
Suddenly, I was spoken to ( ) a stranger.
3) 父は8時には家に帰っているでしょう。
My father will come home ( ) eight o’clock.
4) トムはナイフでそのロープを切った。
Tom cut the rope ( ) a knife.
169 about / after / before / along / across / through / around / in front of / behind / opposite / into / out of / onto / over / under / above / below / between / among
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適切な前置詞を入れなさい。
1) この川は森を抜けて、海へ注いでいます。
This river runs ( ) the forest and flows into the sea.
2) その家の裏には、きれいな庭があった。
There was a beautiful garden ( ) the house.
3) マイクの点数は平均より下だった。
Mike’s score was ( ) average.
4) 子どもたちがウサギのまわりに集まった。
The children gathered ( ) the rabbit.
5) 私は松林の中に小さな小屋を見つけた。
I found a small cabin ( ) the pine trees.
170 群前置詞
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 病気のため、彼は旅行をキャンセルしなければならなかった。
He had to cancel the trip ( ) ( ) ill health.
2) 家にいないで、外に出よう。
Let’s go out ( ) ( ) staying home.
第24章 接続詞
171 等位接続詞の用法(and, but, or, nor, so, for)
日本語に合うように、(  )内のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) 彼は野球選手であるだけではなく、フットボールの選手でもある。
He is not only a baseball player ( and / but ) also a football player.
2) 寒くなってきた。それで私たちは家に帰った。
It was getting colder, (so / for) we went home.
3) パーティーにいったほうがいいよ。そうしないと彼女に会う機会を逃してしまう。
You should go to the party, ( and / or ) you will miss the chance to see her.
4) 私の兄も私も早起きだ。
Bothe my brother ( and / nor ) I are early risers.
5) 私は有名でないし、なりたいとも思わない。
I’m not famous, ( and / nor ) do I wish to be.
172 名詞節を導く従属接続詞の用法
1) 困ったことに、ジムは飛行機での旅行が好きではないんだ。
The problem is ( ) Jim doesn’t like traveling by air.
2) 彼が明日映画を見に行くかどうか知っていますか。
Do you know ( ) he is going to see a movie tomorrow?
3) 私は娘が入試に合格したという知らせを受け取った。
I received the news ( ) my daughter had passed the entrance exam.
4) ゲーリーがその申し出を受けるかどうかは定かではない。
It is uncertain ( ) Gary will take the offer.
173 副詞節を導く従属接続詞の用法
(  )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) My mother was very delighted ( when / while ) I gave her a present.
2) I’ll wait here ( by the time / until) school is over.
3) I will fix the roof ( in case / for fear ) we have heavy rain.
4) It was ( so / such ) a nice day that we decided to go for a drive.
5) My father doesn’t use taxis ( if / unless ) it is absolutely necessary.
6) (Although / Because ) we did our best, we lost the game.
第1章 文の種類(解説)
001 平叙文/肯定文と否定文
次の文を否定文にしなさい。
1) I am a student at this school.
I am not a student at this school.
(= I’m not a student at this school.)

「否定の短縮形」
・are not → aren’t
・is not → isn’t
・was not → wasn’t
・were not → weren’t
・do not → don’t
・does not → doesn’t
・did not → didn’t
・cannot → can’t
・could not → couldn’t
・will not → won’t
・would not → wouldn’t
・should not → shouldn’t
・must not → mustn’t
「主語+be動詞の短縮形」
I am → I’m
we are → we’re
you are → you’re
he is → he’s
she is → she’s
it is → it’s
they are → they’re

2) He knows your sister very well.
He does not know your sister very well.
(= He doesn’t know your sister very well.)

3) I will be at home this evening.
I will not be at home this evening.
(= I won’t be at home this evening.)
002 Yes/No 疑問文 / 疑問詞を使った疑問文
( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) “(Do) you like pop music? “Yes, I do.”
2) “(Was) he angry last night? “No, he wasn’t.”
3) “(Who) broke the glass?” “I did.”
※「だれが」のように疑問詞が主語になる場合は〈疑問詞+動詞〉という語順になる。
・Who made you angry? (何が君を怒らせたんだい?)

4) “(Where) are you going?” “To the city hall.”
※疑問詞が主語でない場合は〈疑問詞+be動詞/助動詞+主語〉という語順になる。
003 命令文 / 感嘆文
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) この花を摘んではいけません。
(Don’t) pick these flowers.
※「〜するな」という禁止の意味を表すには、〈Don’t[Do not]+動詞の原形〉を用いる。
Never mind. (気にするなよ。)のようにNeverを用いることもある。

2) 図書館の中では静かにしなさい。
(Be) quiet in the library.
3) あの先生は話すのがなんて速いんだろう!
(How) fast that teacher speaks!
※副詞の意味を強調したいときは、〈How+副詞+主語+動詞〉という語順にする。
また、感嘆文では、〈主語+動詞〉を省略することもある。
・How strange! (変だな!)

4) これはなんて簡単な問題なんだろう!
(What) (an) easy problem (this) (is)!
※〈形容詞+名詞〉の意味を強調して強い感情を表すときは、〈What (a/an)+形容詞+名詞+主語+動詞〉という語順にする。
また、感嘆文では、〈主語+動詞〉を省略することもある。
・What a nice day! (なんてすてきな日なんだろう!
また、whatで始まる感嘆文では、形容詞が入らないこともある。
・What a surprise! (びっくりしたな!)
004 選択疑問文 / 命令文の様々な形
( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) “Who called me up, Jane (or) Cathy?” “Cathy did.”
※「Aですか、それともBですか」と、相手に複数の選択肢の中から選択することを求める場合には、”…A or B?”の形を用いる。
疑問詞のwhichを用いて「どちらですかと尋ねることもできる。
・Which are you looking for? (どちらを探していますか?)
Whichを使った疑問文には次のような形もある。
Which is your coat? (どちらがあなたのコートですか。)
Which book do you want? (どちらの本がほしいですか。)

2) (Let’s) go to a movie, shall we?
※〈Let’s+動詞の原形〉で、「〜しよう」という提案・勧誘を表す。これにshall we?を付け加えると、ややていねいなニュアンスがでる。誘いに応じるときはYes, let’s., 断るときはNo, let’s not.と答える。
Let’s…の否定形は、Let’s not…が用いられ、「〜しないようにしよう」という意味を表す。
Let’s not talk about it. (そのことを話すのはやめよう。)
第2章 動詞と文型(解説)
005 自動詞と他動詞
下線を引いた動詞に注意して、それぞれの文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) A big car stopped in front of my house.
(大きな車が私の家の前で止まった。)
※主語のA big carについて「止まった」ことを表している。この場合の動詞stopは「止まる」という意味で使われている。このように、主語と動詞の組み合わせで意味を表す動詞は自動詞。
自動詞として用いられる動詞 (go, die, fall, happen, wait)

2) The driver stopped the car.
(運転手が車を止めた。)
※stopの後ろにthe carを続けて、「車を止める」という意味を表している。このように、動詞の働きを受ける名詞を後に続けて意味を表す動詞が他動詞。stop the carのthe carのように、動詞の後に続ける名詞のことを目的語と呼ぶ。
他動詞として用いられる動詞 (bring, find, like)

3) Don’t play on the street.
(通りで遊んではいけません。)
※playは自動詞と他動詞の両方で用いられる動詞。ここでは、「遊ぶ」という意味の自動詞。
4) Let’s play tennis after school.
(放課後、テニスをしましょう。)
※playは自動詞と他動詞の両方で用いられる動詞。ここではテニスを「する」という意味の他動詞。
また、自動詞と他動詞で形が異なるものもある。
・lie(横たわる)[自動詞]— lay(〜を横たえる)[他動詞]
・rise(上がる)[自動詞]— raise(上げる)[他動詞]
006 述語動詞
( )内の動詞を適切な形に変えなさい。
1) Kate is a student and (studies) Japanese every day.
※現在のことを表している文で、主語が3人称単数の場合は、述語動詞に3単元のsをつける。
2) Last Sunday, my father (cut) some branches off the tree.
※「先週の土曜日」という過去のことを表しているのでcutの過去形cutを使用する。
3) I (went) to my uncle’s log cabin with my brother last summer.
※「昨年の夏」という過去のことを表しているのでgoの過去形wentを使用する。
007 SV / SVC /SVO
太字の語が、補語、目的語のどちらであるか答えなさい。
1) Did you get my e-mail? 目的語
※You got my e-mail. の疑問文。
S V O (S≠O)

2) The teacher got angry with him. 補語
※The teacher got angry with him.
S V C (S=C)

3) We became friends at university. 補語
※We became friends at university.
S V C (S=C)

4) He has a lot of friends all over the world. 目的語
※He has a lot of friends all over the world.
S V O (S≠O)
008 SVOO
次の文中の目的語を指摘しなさい。
1) Ms. Kim teaches us math.
※Ms. Kim teaches us math.
   S   V    OO
() ()

teach A B (AにBを教える)
2) He gave me some magazines.
※He gave me some magazines.
S V O O
() ()

give A B (AにBをあげる)
3) I got a letter from him.
※I got a letter from him.
S V O (S≠O)
009 SVOC
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) We call the dog Max.
(私達はその犬をマックスと呼んでいる。)
※We call the dog Max.
S V O C (形容詞か名詞)

call A B (AをBと呼ぶ)
2) Our coach made her the team’s captain.
(私達のコーチは彼女をチームのキャプテンにした。)
※Our coach made her the team’s captain.
S V O C (形容詞か名詞)

make A B (AをBにする)
3) You will find this book easy.
(この本はやさしいとあなたは思うでしょう。)
※You will find this book easy.
S V O C (形容詞か名詞)

find A B (AがBだと思う)
010 SVO+to / for 〜
与えられた前置詞を用いて、SVOの文に書き換えなさい。
1) Mr. Evans teaches us English. (to)
Mr. Evans teaches English to us.
2) I’ll buy you lunch. (for)
I’ll buy lunch for you.
※〈buy A lunch〉Aに昼食をおごる
3) I chose her a nice dress. (for)
I chose a nice dress for her.
※〈choose A B〉AにBを選んであげる
4) Please show me the photo. (to)
Please show the photo to me.
※〈show A B〉AにBを見せる
011 There+be動詞
( )の中から、適当なものを選びなさい。
1) There (is) a ball in the box.
※〈There+be動詞…〉という表現では、be動詞の後の名詞が単数か複数かでbe動詞の形を変える。また、be動詞以外の自動詞を使って、〈There VS…〉の文を作ることができる。
〈There VS…〉の文を作ることができる自動詞 (exist, live, come, arrive, happen)
・Once upon a time, there lived a very happy prince. (昔々とても幸せな王子様が住んでいました。)

2) There (were) many students in the station.
3) There is (a) book on the desk.
012 注意すべき自動詞と他動詞
次の文の誤りを訂正して、正しい英文にしなさい。(誤りはそれぞれ1カ所ある)。
1) He entered into the room.
He entered the room. (彼は部屋に入った。)
※自動詞と間違えやすい他動詞 (discuss, approach, resemble, enter, oppose attend)
2) When I opened the door, two men approached to me.
When I opened the door, two men approached me. 
(私がドアを開けた時、二人の男が私に近づいてきた。)
3) He agreed me on that point.
He agreed with me on that point.(彼はその点で私に同意した。)
※ 他動詞と間違いやすい自動詞
(agree with, agree to, complain to, complain about, apologize for, apologize to)
・He’ll agree to our proposal. (彼は私たちの申し出に同意するだろう。)
My mother complained to me about my grades.
(私の母は、私に成績のことで文句を言った。)
He didn’t apologize for his behavior.
(彼は自分のふるまいのことで謝らなかった。)
You should apologize to her.(あなたは彼女に謝るべきです。)
013 群動詞 / SVCで用いられる動詞
( )に入れるのにもっとも適切な語を、下から1つずつ選びなさい。
1) His story may (sound) strange, but it is true.
※(彼の話は奇妙に聞こえるかもしれないが、それは本当である。)
①「~の感じがする」を表す動詞 (feel, smell, taste, look, sound)
・This milk tastes sour.(この牛乳はすっぱい味がする。)
②「~に思われる」を表す動詞 (seem, appear)
He appeared a normal person.(彼はふつうの人のように思われた。)

2) Your dream will soon (come) true.
※(あなたの夢はすぐにかなうでしょう。)
「~になる」を表す動詞 (become, get, grow, turn)
The sky turned gray.(空が暗くなった。)
The meat in the refrigerator went bad.(冷蔵庫の肉が腐った。)

3) You must (keep) quiet in the library.
※(あなたは図書館でずっと静かにしていなければならない。)
「~である、~のままである」を表す動詞 (be, keep, like, remain, stay)
His death remains a mystery. (彼の死は謎のままである。)

4) These roses (smell ) sweet.
(これらのバラは甘い香りがする。)
014 SVOの文型で注意すべき目的語/ SVOOの文型で用いられる動詞
( )に適語をいれなさい。ただし、何も入れる必要のない場合は×を入れること。
1) Maggie taught herself (×) French.
※(マギーは独学でフランス語を勉強した。)
SVOOで用いられる動詞
① give型(「相手の元に何かを届かせる」タイプ:SVOに変換する場合は前置詞にtoを使う)
(give, lend, show, hand, offer, pass, pay, sell, send, teach, tell)
② buy型(「相手のために何かをする」タイプ:SVOに変換する場合は前置詞にforを使う)
(buy, find, cook, make, choose, get, leave, play, sing)
SVOOで注意すべき動詞
① askを用いてSVOOからSVOに変換する場合は、前置詞ofを用いる。
Can I ask you a favor? お願いがあるのですが。)
Can I ask a favor of you?
② SVOOを<SVO+to/for+相手>に書き換えられない動詞
cost, take, save, envy
This watch cost me 7,500 yen.(この腕時計は7,500円かかりました。)
The journey took us three days.(私たちはその旅に3日を要した。)

2) Tom made a house (for) the dog.
※ (トムはその犬のために家を作ってあげた。)
= Tom made the dog a house.

3) Please bring me (×) the dog.
※ (私にその犬を持ってきてください。)
Bringは、「相手の元に何かを届かせる」という意味合いでも、「相手のために何かを持ってくる」という意味合いでも用いることができる。
= Please bring the dog to me.
= Please bring the dog for me.

4) He sold his CD player (to) me for six thousand yen.
※(彼は彼のCDプレーヤーをを私に6千円で売ってくれた。)
=He sold me his CD player for six thousand yen.
015 SVOCの文型で用いられる動詞
下線をを引いた語に注意をして、それぞれの文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Please get me the dictionary on the desk.
机の上の辞書を私に持ってきてください。
※上記はSVOO
2) I’ll get supper ready as soon as possible.
できるだけ早く夕食の準備をします。
※ SVOCで用いられる動詞
① make型:「OをCにする」(Oの状態について述べる)
make, get, keep, leave, paint, bake, cut, dye
・ Mick painted it black.(ミックはそれを黒く塗った。)
② call型:「OをCと呼ぶ」(Oの名や役職などについて述べる)
call, elect, name
③ think型:「OをCと考える」(Oについての認識を述べる)
think, believe, find, consider

3) We left her a lot of work.
私達は彼女にたくさんの仕事を残した。
※上記はSVOO
4) Don’t leave the door open, please.
どうか、ドアをあけたままにしないでください。
第3章 動詞と時制(解説)
016 現在形
( )内の動詞を現在形か進行形にしなさい。
1) This orange (tastes) bad; it (is) not good to eat.
※一般動詞の現在形は、動詞の原形と同じ形。主語が3人称単数の場合は、原形に-sまたは-esをつける。動詞には状態を表す状態動詞と動作を表す動作動詞がある。tasteは状態動詞。
状態動詞の種類
① 心理を表す動詞 (like, love, hate, hope, want, think, believe, know, understand, remember, forget)
② 知覚・感覚を表す動詞 (see, look at, hear, listen to, feel, smell, taste)
③ その他の状態を表す動詞 (be, remain, have, own, belong to, contain, exist, resemble)

2) Mary (is playing) a piece by Bach on the piano now; she (likes) music very much.
※現在進行形は、今まさにしている途中の動作を表す事ができる。また、ある期間にわたって、繰り返している動作や、し続けている動作を表すこともある。
3) The sun (rises) in the east and (sets) in the west.
※現在形は、過去・現在・未来を通じて変化のない事実を表す事ができる。
4) My sister usually (wears) contact lenses, but she (is wearing) glasses today.
※上記文では、現在形のwearsは「ふだんくり返ししていること」を表し、現在進行形のis wearingは「(ふだんとは違って)今まさにしていること」を表している。
017 過去形・過去進行形
( )内の動詞を適切な形に変えなさい。
1) I wanted to be a sailor when I (was) a boy.
※過去のある時期に存在した状態を表現する場合には、状態動詞の過去形を用いる。
2) My father often (told) me interesting stories in my childhood.
※動作動詞の過去形は、過去に繰り返し行われた動作を表すこともできる。
3) He ran to the station and (caught) the last train.
※過去のある時に1回行われた動作を表すことも、過去形の場合は可能である。
4) My mother (was watching) TV when I came home.
※過去進行形は「過去のある時」にしている最中だった動作を表す。したがって、「過去のある時」がいつなのか、文脈上明確になっていなければならない。上記文ではwhen I came homeが「過去のある時」にあたる。
018 未来形・未来進行形
日本語に合うように、( )内に適語を入れなさい。
1) 「熱い、手をやけどしちゃった!」「僕が氷を取ってきてあげるよ!」
“Ouch! I burned my hand!” “I (will) get some ice for you!”
※〈will+動詞の原形〉には、単純未来と意思未来がある。上記は主語の意思を表す意思未来。単純未来とは、話し手や主語の意思とは関係なく、自然のなりゆきで起こるであろうことを表す。(It will rain tomorrow.)
2) この8月にスペインに引っ越すので、スペイン語を覚える必要があります。
I need to learn Spanish because I (am) (going) (to) move to Spain this August.
※〈be going to +動詞の原形〉は話す前からすでにするつもりでいたことを表すのに用いられる。また、「起こりそうな兆候を推測」する場合にも使う。(It’s going to rain.)
3) 明日の今ごろは、彼らはパーティをしているでしょう。
At this time tomorrow they (will) (be) having a party.
※〈will be+動詞のing形〉は、「今」から未来のある時を予測したとき、その時に「行われている最中」であると思われる動作を表す。また、「(何らかの都合で)未来のある時にする予定に決まっている動作」を表すこともある。(This train will soon be arriving at Mizue station.) どちらも主語の意思と関係ないことについて使うのがふつう。
019 時や条件を表す接続詞の後で用いる現在形
次の文の( )内の動詞を正しい形に直しなさい。
1) I’ll finish my home work before my sister (comes) back.
※主節が未来を表す場合、beforeのような「時」を表す接続詞の後に続く節の中で、「実際に成り立つ」と考えられることを扱う際には、動詞は単純な現在形にする。未来のことであっても「実際にあること」と考えて現在形で表す。この場合の従属節は、副詞節となる。「時」を表す接続詞 (when, before, after, until[till], by the time, as soon as) しかしながら、従属節で今から未来のことを推測する場合には、willが必要となり、名詞節となる。
・Tell me when she will come back. (名詞節) (彼女がいつ戻ってくるのか教えてください。)
・Tell me when she comes back. (副詞節) (彼女が戻ってきたら教えてください。)

2) I’ll give him this CD if he (wants) it.
※主節が未来を表す場合、ifのような「条件」を表す接続詞の後に続く節の中では、「実際に成り立つ」と考えられることを扱うことになるので、動詞は単純な現在形にする。未来のことであっても「実際にあること」と考えて現在形で表す。「条件」を表す接続詞 (if, unless) しかしながら従属節で、今から未来のことを推測する場合には、willが必要となり、名詞節となる。
I wonder if it will rain tomorrow. (名詞節) (明日雨が降るかなぁ。)
I’ll stay home if it rains tomorrow. (副詞節) (明日雨が降れば家にいます。)
また、if 節の中で、相手に対する依頼を表す場合や、2・3人称の主語で強い意思を表す場合にはwill必要。
I’ll be happy if you will make a speech at the conference.
(あなたが会議でスピーチをしてくださるなら嬉しいのですが。)
If you will go out in this storm, I won’t stop you.
(この嵐の中をどうしても出かけるつもりなら、止めません。)
また、過去のある時点から見た未来を表す場合、時や条件を表す副詞節であれば、過去形を使うことになる。
He decided to wait at the station until his wife came.

3) Don’t get off the bus till it (stops).
020 進行形の注意すべき用法
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) It’s getting dark. Let’s go home.
(暗くなってきました。家に帰りましょう。)
※何らかの変化を含む動詞を進行形にすると、「変化している途中」を表すことになる。
変化を含む動詞 (die, stop, get, become, grow)

2) I was leaving my house when the telephone rang.
(電話が鳴った時、私は家を出ようとしていました。)
※過去のある時点でそうなるだろうと思ったことを表すために過去進行形が使われる。
3) That teacher is constantly forgetting his student’s names.
(あの先生はいつも、生徒達の名前を忘れてばかりいます。)
※現在進行形が、always, constantlyなどの頻度を表す副詞(句)を伴うと、その動作がしばしば反復されることを表す。
021 未来を表す様々な表現
( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) My sister (is) to be married next week.
※〈be to 不定詞〉「〜することになっている」
2) They were (about) to leave their house when it began to rain.
※〈be about to+動詞の原形〉「まさに〜しようとしている」
3) Sam (is) leaving Japan at the end of this month.
※未来の予定を表す時に現在進行形がよく使われる。この場合、未来の行動に向けて、今、心構えをしていたり、具体的な準備をしているという内容が含まれる。
4) I was on the (point) (of) going to bed when he called me.
※〈be on the point of+動詞のing〉「まさに〜しようとしている」
第4章 完了形(解説)
022 現在完了形の形と働き / 過去形と現在完了形
次の文の( )内の動詞を、現在完了形にしなさい。
1) I (have finished) my work. So, I can go shopping.
(仕事を終えました。ですので、買い物に行くことができます。)
※過去に仕事を終え、現在も仕事が終わっている状態にある。

2) Cindy (has lost) her watch. She is going to buy a new one today.
(シンディーは自分の腕時計をなくしてしまった。彼女は新しいのを買うつもりです。)
※過去に腕時計をなくしてしまい、現在もなくした状態にある。
参考: 現在では、おもにアメリカ英語で、現在完了形を使うべきところで過去形を使うことがある。だからと言って、むやみに過去形を使うことはせず、現在完了形と過去形を使い分けるようにしましょう。
023 「完了・結果」「経験」「継続」を表す現在完了形 / 「動作の継続」を表す現在完了進行形
日本語の意味に合うように( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 私はまだクリスマスカードを書いていません。
I (have) not (written) my Christmas cards yet.
※現在完了の「完了・結果」を表す用法では上記のyet([否定文で]まだ…ない, [疑問文]もう…したか)や、already,(すでに), just(…したばかり), now(経った今)といった副詞を伴うことが多い。
〈現在形で現在完了形の意味を表すことのできる動詞〉
hear, forget, find, understand
・I hear you quit your job. (あなたが仕事をやめたって聞いたんだけど。)
(=I have heard you quit your job.)
I forget her name. (彼女の名前を忘れた。)
(=I have forgotten her name.)
〈be動詞+自動詞の過去分詞〉で「結果」を表す動詞 (ただし、文章体)
go, come, fall, finish
All my money is gone. (有り金が全部なくなった。[→今はお金がない])
(= All my money has gone.)
Spring is come. (春が来た。[→今は春だ])
(= Spring has come.)

2) 私は彼からメールを受け取りました。
I (have) (received) an e-mail from him.
3) 今までに外国へ行ったことがありますか?
(Have) you (ever) been abroad?
※現在完了の「経験」を表す用法では、上記のever([疑問文で]今までに)やbefore(以前に), never(1度も〜ない), often(しばしば), once(1度), twice(2度), many times(何度も)のような回数や頻度を表す副詞(句)を伴うのがふつう。
〈have beenとhave gone〉
He has been to Thailand. (彼はタイに行ったことがある。) [経験]
He has gone to Thailand. (彼はタイに行ってしまった。[今はここにいない])[完了・結果]
I have just been to the supermarket.
(たった今、スーパーマーケットに行ってきたところだ。[→もう買い物を終えて戻ってきた])[完了・結果]
〈never, everを過去形とともに用いて「経験」を表す〉
I never went to such a beautiful island before.
(あんなに美しい島にはこれまで1度も行ったことがない。)
(= I have never been to such a beautiful island before.)
Did you ever see such a beautiful sunset?
(こんなに美しい夕焼けを今まで見たことがありますか?)
(= Have you ever seen such a beautiful sunset?)

4) 日本に来てどのくらいになりますか?
How (long) have you (been) in Japan?
※現在完了の「継続」用法では、上記のHow long…?(どのくらいのあいだ…?)やalways(ずっと/前々から), for(〜のあいだ), since(〜以来)の様な表現を用いて表すのがふつう。
5) 1週間雨が降り続いています。
It (has) (been) raining (for) a week.
※「(今まで)ずっと〜し続けている」という動作の継続を表す場合に、現在完了進行形を用いる。現在完了形の「継続」用法との意味の違いは、たいがい、無視できるほどわずかである。とはいえ、一般に、長期にわたって安定した状態を表す場合には、現在完了形が好まれる。動詞には下記の動作動詞が用いられる。
learn, study, rain, snow, sleep, stay, play, wait, work
We have studied English for five years.
We have been studying English for five years.
(私たちは5年間英語の勉強をしています。)
また、現在完了進行形は継続していた動作自体は少し前に終わったものの、その動作の「余韻」がその時点で色濃く残っている時にも使われる。
I’m very tired. I’ve been running. (とても疲れているんだ。ずっと走っていたからね。)
024 現在完了と時を表す副詞
次の文の下線部を訂正して、正しい英文にしなさい。
1) I’ve left my bag in the train yesterday.
I left my bag in the train yesterday.
(私は、昨日、自分のカバンを電車におき忘れました。)
※〈現在完了形とともに使うことのできない表現の例〉
yesterday, last night[week/month/year], then, just now, …ago, when I was…, When…?, What time…?, in 1972, on July 4 など。
〈現在完了形とともに使うことができる表現の例〉
before, ever, lately, just, now, today, recently, so far, this week[month/year], for the last[past] …days, for…, since… など。
・Have you written a letter to him this month? (今月、彼に手紙を書きましたか?)

2) Recently more and more people begin to use smartphones.
Recently more and more people have begun to use smartphones.
(最近、ますます多くの人々がスマートフォンを使い始めています。)
※〈「最近」を表す表現と時制: lately, recently〉
lately: 現在完了形で用いるのがふつう。
recently: 現在完了形と過去形で用いる。
nowadays, these days: 現在形と現在進行形で用いる。
・They got married recently. (彼らは最近結婚した。)
・Many people nowadays travel abroad. (最近は海外旅行をする人が多い。)

3) My sister has been ill in bed yesterday.
My sister was ill in bed yesterday.
025「完了・結果」「経験」「継続」を表す過去完了形 / 「動作の継続」を表す過去完了進行形 / 2つの出来事の時間的な前後関係を表す過去完了形
(  )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) The last bus (had already left) when I reached the bus stop.
(私がバス停に到着した時には、最終バスはすでに出発してしまっていた。)
※過去完了形の「完了・結果」用法。

2) I (had been) abroad three times before I was twenty.
(私は、20歳になる前に海外へ3度行ったことがあった。)
※過去完了形の「経験」用法。

3) Judy (has been living ) in this country since last year. She’ll go back home in March.
(ジュディは昨年からずっとこの国に住んでいます。彼女は3月に帰国します。)
※現在完了進行形の「動作の継続」用法。

4) He (had been reading) the novel for two hours before I called him.
(私が彼に電話する前の2時間、彼はずっと小説を読んでいた。)
※過去完了進行形の「動作の継続」用法
〈継続していた動作自体は少し前に終わったものの、その動作の「余韻」がその時点で色濃く残っている時にも使われる。〉
・I was very tired because I had been working too hard.
(あまりにも懸命に働いていたので、私はとても疲れていた。)

5) I lost the watch which my uncle (had bought) for me.
(私はおじさんが買ってくれた腕時計をなくした。)
※過去完了の「大過去」用法。過去に起こった2つの出来事について、実際に起こった順序とは逆の順序で述べる場合、時間的に前に起こった出来事を過去完了に用いる。
上記文では、「買った」のは「なくした」時よりも前のことであるが、英文では先にlostがあるため、「買った」をhad boughtと過去完了形にして、2つの出来事の時間的な前後関係を明確にしている。
〈2つの出来事をどちらも過去形で表す場合〉
起こった通りの順序で述べる場合
・My uncle bought a watch for me and I lost it.
(おじさんが私に時計を買ってくれたのだが、私はそれをなくした。)
beforeやafterがついていたり、文脈から時間の前後関係が明らかにわかる場合
・I went to the park after I finished [had finished] my home work.
(私は宿題を終えた後、公園に行った。)
・I visited the town I lived [had lived] in when I was a boy.
〈過去完了形で実現されなかった期待を表す動詞〉
expect, hope, intend, want, thinkなど、期待や願望を表す動詞が過去完了形でもちいられると、それが実現されなかったことを表すことができる。
・I had expected you to come. (君にきてほしかった(のに来なかった)。)
026「完了・結果」「経験」「継続」を表す未来完了形
次の文の下線部を訂正して、正しい英文にしなさい。
1) I finished my homework by the time the TV program begins.
I will have finished my homework by the time the TV program begins.
(そのテレビ番組が始まる頃までには、私は宿題を終えてしまっているでしょう。)
※未来完了形の「完了・結果」用法

2) I will see the movie five times if I go to see it again.
I will have seen the movie five times if I go to see it again.
(もう1回見たら、私はその映画を5回見たことになる。)
※未来完了形の「経験」用法

3) Jack has been sick in bed for two weeks by tomorrow.
Jack will have been sick in bed for two weeks by tomorrow.
(明日でジャックは2週間病気で寝ていることになる。)
※未来完了形の「継続」用法
「動作の継続」は未来完了進行形で表す。
・Next year, I will have been working at the company for 30 years.
(来年で、私はこの会社に30年間勤め続けたことになる。)
027「今」に視点を置かない現在完了形
( )内のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) The game will begin when the players (have arrived).
(その選手たちが到着したら、その試合は始まるでしょう。)
※現在完了形は、「今」という時点から離れて、「未来に実際にあると想定すべきこと」を表す時に用いられることもある。上記では、「選手たちが到着した状況」を思い浮かべ、「それ以前に起きていたことやしていたこと」とつながっているので、完了形を用いて表現できる。

2) Please wait here until I (have come).
(私が来るまでここで待っていてください。)
3) Don’t drive a car when you (haven’t had) enough sleep.
(十分な睡眠をとっていない時に、車の運転をしてはいけない。)
※現在完了形は、「今」という時点から離れて、「一般論」を表す時に用いられることもある。上記の場合は、「(話している)今」の状況に限らず、いつでも成り立つ「一般的な事実」を扱っている。「睡眠不足の時に車を運転してはいけない」というのは、「今」だけに限らない一般論である。
第5章 助動詞(解説)
028「能力・可能」を表すcan / be able to
(  )内から正しいほうを選びなさい。
① I (can) help you.
※ (私はあなたを助けることができる。)
上記のように、canは「~することができる」という、現在の能力を表す場合にもちいられる。canの代わりにbe able toを用いてI am able to help youと言うこともできるが、canを使うのがふつう。willのような助動詞がある場合にI will be ableto help you.というふうにbe able toを使う。

② I (was able to) reserve two seats for the concert.
※ (私はそのコンサートの2席を予約することができた。)
上記文のように、「~することが(実際に)できた」という過去に実行したことを表す時には、was able toを用い、couldを用いることはできない。
〈couldとwas able to 違い〉
・「能力があって、実際のその動作を行った」という、過去の1回の動作[行為]を表す場合: was able to
単に「そうする能力があった」ということを表す場合: couldかwas able to
She could [was able to] speak French.
(彼女はフランス語を話すことができた)
動作[行為]が達成できなかった場合(否定文): couldn’tかwasn’t able to
I couldn’t [wasn’t able to] reserve two seats for the concert.
(私はそのコンサートの2席を予約することができなかった。)

③ You will (be able to) ride a bicycle soon.
※ (あなたはすぐに自転車に乗ることができるでしょう。)
上記文のようにwillのような助動詞がある場合はbe able toを使う。

④ I (couldn’t) find the house key this morning.
※ (私は、今朝、家のカギを見つけることができなかった。)
上記文を肯定文にした場合、2)の解説により、couldを使用することはできず、was able toのみの使用になる。
029「許可・依頼」を表すcan
canに注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Can I ask you a question?
質問してもいいですか?
※ 「~してもいいですか」と相手の許可を求める場合は、Can I…?を用いることができる。Could I…?を使うと、Can I…?よりもていねいな言い方になる。
・Could I use your phone?(電話をお借りしてもよろしいですか?)
〈Can I…?への答え方〉
「はい、どうぞ」: of course (you can). / Yes, please (do). / Sure.
「しないでください」: I’m afraid you can’t. / I’m sorry, you can’t.
〈申し出「~しましょうか」や依頼「~をください」の用法〉
Can I carry your bag? (かばんを運びましょうか?
Can I have a newspaper, please? (新聞をください。)

2) You can use my bike if you need it.
必要なら私の自転車を使ってもいいですよ。
※ 「~してもよい」という許可を表すのに、口語では上記のようにcanがよく用いられる。「~してはいけない」という不許可を表すときは、can’t[cannot]を用いることができる。
3) Can you tell me the way to the station?
駅までの道を教えてくれませんか?
※ Can you …?は「~してくれませんか?」という依頼の意味を表す。Could you…?を使うと、よりていねいな言い方になる。Possiblyを使って、Could you possiblyとすると、さらにていねいな依頼を表すことができる。
Can you lend me another fifty dollars?
(もう10ドル、貸し手くれませんか?)
Could you lend me another fifty dollars?
(もう10ドル、貸していただけないでしょうか?)
Could you possibly lend me another fifty dollars?
(もう10ドル、なんとか貸していただけないでしょうか?)
030「許可」を表すmay
mayに注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) “May I ask you a personal question?” “Sure.”
「個人的な質問をしてもよろしいですか?」「どうぞ。」
※ 「~してもよろしいですか」と相手の許可を求める場合には、May I…?を用いることができる。ただし、これはやや堅苦しい言い方なので、Can I… ?が使われることのほうが多い。
2) Students may not use these computers.
学生はこれらのコンピュータを使ってはいけない。
※ may notは「~してはいけない」という不許可を表す。強く禁止するときにはmust notを用いる。
3) You may leave the classroom after the bell rings.
ベルが鳴った後なら、教室を出てもかまわない。
※ You may…は上の立場の人が許可を与える言い方。したがって、May I…?に対するYes, you may.という返答は、こどもや下の立場の人に許可する感じを与える。
〈May I…?への答え方〉
・「はい、どうぞ」: of course (you can). / Yes, please (do). / Sure.
・「しないでください」: I’m afraid you can’t. / I’m sorry, you can’t.
031「義務・必要」を表すmust / have to
must, have to に注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) I must get more exercise.
もっと運動をしなくちゃ。
※ mustは「〜しなければならない」という現在(あるいは未来)の義務や必要を表す。また、上記や下記の文のように、mustは話し手の決意を表すこともある。
・ I must go on a diet. (私はダイエットをしなければならない。)

2) She had to get up early this morning.
彼女は今朝、早起きしなければならなかった。
※ 過去の義務や必要を表したい場合には、上記のようにhad toを使う。未来の義務や必要を表す場合は、will have toを使う。
You’ll have to replace this light bulb.
(この電球を取り替えなければならないでしょう。)
〈must / have toを使った文の疑問文〉
Must I apologize to him? (私が彼に謝らなければならないの?)
= Do I have to apologize to him?
〈have toと同じ意味のhave got to〉
口語では、have toとほぼ同じ意味でhave got toという形が用いられる。haveが
省略形(‘ve)になることも多い。have gotは〈have+過去分詞〉という形であるが、
完了形の意味を表すわけではない。
You’ve got to be more patient, Mary.
(メアリー、もっとがまん強くないといけないよ。)
〈強い勧めを表すmust〉
You must … の形で「ぜひ…してね」という意味の強い勧めや勧誘を表すことがある。この表現は親しい人に対して使われる。
You must visit Kyoto when you come to Japan.
(日本に来たら京都にはぜひ行ってね。)
You must come and visit me.
(ぜひ遊びに来てくださいね。)

3) You must not play video games all day long.
一日中テレビゲームをしてはいけません。
※ must notは「〜してはいけない」という禁止を表す。
4) You don’t have to attend the meeting.
その会議に出る必要はないよ。
※ don’t have toは「〜しなくてもよい、する必要はない」という不必要を表す。
She doesn’t have to take the test.
(彼女はそのテストを受ける必要はありません。)
032「義務・当然の行動を表すshould / ought to /「忠告」を表すhad better
日本語に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 今すぐ病院へ行くべきです。
You (should) go to the hospital right now.
※ shouldは上記のように「~すべきだ」という義務や当然の行動を表す。
2) 先生に助言を求めたほうがいいな。
I (had) better ask the teacher for advice.
※ 〈had better+動詞の原型〉で「~したほうがいい/~しなければいけない/~しなさい」という意味を表す。
3) 親にそんな口のきき方をすべきではない。
You ought (not) (to) speak to your parents like that.
※ shouldとほぼ同じ意味でought toを使うことができ、否定形はought not toという語順。
4) あの失敗のことは考えるなよ。
You had (better) (not) think about that mistake.
※ had betterの否定形はhad better notという語順。
033 can / could / may / might / will / would
助動詞に注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Winter in Tokyo can be very cold.
東京の冬はとても寒いことがある。
※ 上記ではcanを使って、「ありうる」という可能性があることを表している。Canは「論理的にそういうことがありうる」という可能性を表す。「そういうことがあるかもしれない」と話し手が思っていることを表すときはcouldを使う。また、canが疑問文で用いられると、強い疑問を表す場合がある。この場合、驚きや不信感を示唆することが多い。
Can his story be true? (彼の話が真実だなんて、ありうるだろうか。)

2) You may feel some shaking when the plane takes off.
飛行機が離陸する時、いくらか揺れを感じるかもしれません。
※ mayは「〜かもしれない」という推量を表す。mightもほぼ同じ意味で使われることが多いが、mightを使うとmayよりもやや可能性が低いことを表すことができる。
3) That will be his house. I can see his car in the garages.
あれが彼の家だろう。彼の車が車庫の中にあるのが見えるから。
※ 「たぶん〜だろう」という話し手の推測を表すときに、willやwouldを使う。wouldを使うと、willよりも控え目でていねいな言い方になり、willよりも自身のなさを表すこともある。
〈注意〉可能性や推量を表すcould/might/wouldは形は過去形だが、過去のことを表しているのではない。
034 must / can’t / should / ought to
助動詞に注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) This watch must be your father’s.
この腕時計は君のお父さんのものに違いない。
※ 上記のように「〜に違いない」と話し手が確信していることを表すときに、mustを使う。
2) This cannot be the right bus. It’s going south.
これが正しいバスのはずがない。南に向かっているもの。
※ 上記のように「〜のはずがない」と話し手が思っている場合はcan’t[cannot]を使う。この意味では、must notは使わない。また、can’tの代わりにcouldn’tを使うこともできる。
She couldn’t be over forty years old. (彼女が40歳を超えているはずがない。
〈参考〉have to [have got to]も「〜に違いない」の意味で使える。
You’ve got to be kidding. (冗談でしょ。)

3) He should win the race.
彼はきっとそのレースに勝つだろう。
※ 「〜のはずだ/きっと〜だ」という意味でshouldを用いることがある。
4) He ought to be tired after the tennis practice.
テニスの練習の後なので、きっと彼は疲れているはずだ。
※ ought toはshouldとほぼ同じ意味を表す。
〈参考〉mustは「絶対そうだ」、shouldは「きっとそうだ」、mayは「そうかもしれない」というニュアンス。mustは間違いなくそうだと思っている場合、shouldはそうでない可能性もある場合、mayはどちらかわからない場合に使う。
035「意志」・「習慣」を表すwill / would
will, wouldに注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) My father would often play catch with me.
父は私とキャッチボールをすることがよくあった。
※ 「よく〜したものだった」という過去の習慣や繰り返される動作を表すには上記のようにwouldを用いる。この用法では、動作が繰り返されることを示すために、oftenやsometimesなどの頻度を表す副詞を伴うことが多い。「よく〜する」という現在の習慣や繰り返される動作を表す場合はwillを使う。
〈参考〉used toも過去の習慣を表す。

2) When she was a little girl, she wouldn’t touch any animals.
彼女が小さかたころ、どんな動物にもさわろうとはしなかった。
※ 上記のようにwould not[wouldn’t]を使うと、「どうしても〜しとうとしなかった」という過去における拒絶を表すことができる。
3) I will solve this problem by myself.
私はこの問題を独力で解きます。
※ 「〜する/〜するつもりだ」という主語の意志を表すときは、willを用いる。また、「どうしても〜しようとする/必ず〜する」という主語の強い意志を表す場合にも、willを使う。この場合、wouldを使えば過去における強い意志を表すことになる。この場合は短縮形(I’llなど)は使わない。
He will[would] have his own way in everything.
(彼は何でも自分の思いどおりにしようとする[した]。)

4) My dog likes running in the field, but today she won’t get out of the house.
私の犬は野原を走るのが好きなのに、今日は家のそとに出ようとしない。
※ 現在における拒絶を表す場合にはwill not[won’t]を使う。
〈習性・傾向を表すwill〉
「〜するものだ」という主語の習性や傾向をwillで表すことができる。一般的なこと、物質の性質や習性、傾向を表すときに使う。
Teenagers will not do as they are told.
(10代の子は言われたとおりにはしないものだ。)
Gasoline will float on water.
(ガソリンは水に浮くものだ。)
036「依頼」を表すwill / would / 相手の意向を尋ねるshall
will, shallに注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Will you drive me home?
私を家まで車で送ってくれませんか。
※ 「〜してくれませんか」という意味で、相手の意志を尋ねたり、依頼をする場合に、上記のようにWill you …?という形を用いる。Would you …?を用いると「〜していただけませんか」というややていねいな依頼になる。なお、依頼を表す場合はCan[Could] you …?を用いることも多い。
〈参考〉依頼を表す文でpleaseを用いると、よりていねいな表現になる。
Will you please close the window?
Can you close the window, please?
〈参考〉「〜しませんか」という意味で、相手に何かを勧める場合に、Will you …?
やWon’t you …?を用いることがある。
Will you try my chocolate cake?
(私の作ったチョコレートケーキを食べてみませんか。)
Won’t you have a seat? (お座りになってください。)

2) Shall I give you the concert ticket?
そのコンサートの切符をあげましょうか。
※ 上記のように「〜しましょうか」と、自分が何かをすることを相手に申し出る場合には、Shall I …?を用いる。
〈参考〉Do you want me to …?も同じ意味でよく使われる。
Do you want me to give Jim a call?
(あなたは私に、ジムに電話をかけてほしいですか。→ジムに電話をかけましょうか。)

3) Shall we watch the baseball game on TV?
その野球の試合をテレビで見ませんか[見ましょうよ]。
※上記のように「〜しましょうよ」と、相手といっしょに何かをすることを提案する場合には、Shall we …?を用いる。
037 need・used toの用法
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )内に適切な助動詞を下から選んで入れなさい。ただし、同じものを2度使わないこと。
1) 部屋をそうじする必要はありません。もう私がやりましたから。
You (needn’t) clean the room. I’ve already cleaned it.
※ needは「〜する必要がある」という意味で、おもに上記のような否定文や疑問文で用いられる。needを助動詞として使うとややかたい表現になるため、ふつうは動詞として使う。
〈注意〉needの使い方
① 肯定文では一般動詞として〈need to do〉の形で「〜する必要がある」という意味。
・He needs to have a haircut. (彼は散髪する必要がある。)
“Do we need to pay for the tickets in cash?” “No, you don’t need to.”
(「チケット代を現金で払う必要がありますか。」「いいえ、その必要はあ
りません。」)
② 助動詞needには過去形がないので過去のことを述べるときは一般動詞として用いる。
She needed to change trains at Shinjuku.
(彼女は新宿で電車を乗り換える必要があった。)
Did you need to show them your ID card?
(あなたは彼らに身分証明書を見せる必要がありましたか。)
I didn’t need to give a speech at the meeting.
(会合でスピーチをする必要はなかった。)

2) 私が子供のころ、父はとてもがんこでした。
My father (used to) be very stubborn when I was a child.
※ 上記のように、used toは「(今はそうではないが)以前は〜であった」という過去の状態を表す。また、「(今はそうではないが)以前はよく〜したものだった」という過去の習慣的行為も表すことができる。
I used to go to a gym after work, but now I don’t.
(以前は仕事の後にジムに行ったものだが、今は行かない。)

3) スペインに住んでいたころはよく美術館に行ったものだ。
I (would) often visit museums when I lived in Spain.
※ 〈used toとwouldの違い〉
used toとwouldはどちらも過去の習慣を表すが、used toは過去と現在を対比して、今では成り立たなくなってしまった過去の事実を述べる。一方、wouldは話し手が個人的に過去を回想するという意味合いが強く、現在との対比は特に意識されない。
I used to go to the movies every Sunday, but now I don’t.
(日曜日にはいつも映画を見に行ったものだが、今は行かない。)
I would often go to the movies when I was young.
(若いころはよく映画を見に行ったものだ。)
〈dareを使った慣用表現〉
How dare you …? 「よくもまあ…できるものだ」
How dare you tell such a lie to me?
(私に向かってよくもまあそんなうそがつけるものだ。)
I dare say[I daresay]…「おそらく…だろう」
I dare say[I daresay] prices will rise.
(おそらく物価は上がるだろう。)
〈参考〉dare(〜する勇気がある/思い切って〜する)はneedと同様に、助動詞としても、一般動詞としても使われる。
I dare not[daren’t] express my true feelings.
(私には自分の本当の気持ちを表現する勇気がない。)
Dare you propose to her? (彼女にプロポーズする勇気はありますか。)
dareは否定文と疑問文において用いられることが多い。ただし口語では以下のような表現を用いるのがふつう。
I am afraid to express my true feelings.
Do you have the courage to propose to her?
肯定文では、一般動詞として〈dare to do〉の形で用いることが多い。
The climbers dare to climb Mt. Everest in winter.
(登山家たちは、思い切って冬にエベレスト山に登ろうとしている。
You must dare to do what is right.
(正しいことをする勇気がなければなりません。)
助動詞dareには過去形がある。
He dared not mention the subject again.
(彼にはその話題をふたたび口に出す勇気がなかった。)
〈be supposed toの使い方〉
shouldと同じような意味で使われるbe supposed toという表現がある。
〈be supposed to+動詞の原形〉
You’re supposed to come to school at eight.
(学校には8時に来ることなっている→来なければならない。)
You’re not supposed to take pictures here.
(ここでは写真をとってはいけません。)
be supposed toを使うのは、そのようにする取り決めができているような場合や、社会的にすべきことを述べる場合である。
038「過去のことに関する推量」表す〈助動詞+have+過去分詞〉
(  )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) A: I missed the TV program last night. (昨夜、そのテレビ番組を見逃した。)
B: My brother (may have recorded) it.(私の弟が録画したかもしれない。)
※ 〈may have+過去分詞〉は、上記のように「〜したかもしれない/〜だったかもしれない」という意味を表す。mightを使って〈might have+過去分詞〉としてもほぼ同じ意味を表す。
2) A: They’re very late. (彼らはとても遅い。)
B: Yes, they (must) have lost their way; they didn’t have a map.
(ええ、道に迷ったに違いない。地図を持っていなかったから。)
※ 〈must have+過去分詞〉は、「〜したに違いない/〜だったに違いない」という意味で過去のことに関して確信していることを表す。

3) She (cannot) have won the game; she looked very sad.
(彼女はその試合に勝ったはずがない。とても悲しそうだったから。)
※ 〈cannot have+過去分詞〉は、上記のように「〜したはずがない/〜だったはずがない」という意味を表す。〈couldn’t have+過去分詞〉を使うこともできる。
039「過去の行為に対する非難や後悔」を表す〈助動詞+have+過去分詞〉
助動詞に注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) He should have gone to the doctor earlier.
彼はもっと早く医者に行くべきだったのに。
※ 〈should have+過去分詞〉は「〜すべきだったのに(実際はしなかった)」という意味で、過去において実行されなかったことに対する非難や後悔の気持ちを表す。また、「(きっと)〜したはずだ」という意味も表す。
The game should have started at noon.
(正午にはその試合は始まっていたはずだ。)
〈注意〉〈should not have+過去分詞〉は「〜すべきではなかったのに(実際はしてしまった)」という意味
We should not have turned left at the last corner.
(先ほどの角を左に曲がるべきではなかったのに。)

2) You ought to have taken my advice.
君は私の忠告を聞くべきだったのに。
※ 〈ought to have+過去分詞〉も〈should have+過去分詞〉ほぼ同じ意味を表す。
〈注意〉〈ought not to have+過去分詞〉も〈should not have+過去分詞〉とほぼ同じ意味を表す。

3) I need not have got up early this morning.
今朝早く起きる必要はなかったんだ。
※ 〈need not[needn’t] have+過去分詞〉は、「〜する必要はなかったのに(実際にはしてしまった)」という意味を表す。
〈注意〉〈didn’t need to do〉との意味の違い
You need not have come.
(君は来る必要はなかったのに[実際は来てしまった]。)
You didn’t need to come.
(君は来る必要はなかった[実際に来たかどうかはわからない]。)
040 may / mightを含む慣用表現
助動詞に注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Jim would rather go by train than fly.
ジムは、飛行機で行くよりはむしろ列車で行きたがっている。
※ would rather doは「(むしろ)〜したい」という意味を表す。上記のように、than …が続くと、「…するよりは〜したい」という意味になる。
2) I would like to read your poems.
私はあなたの詩を読みたい。
※ would like to doは「〜したいと思うのですが」というていねいな申し出や希望を表す。want to doよりもていねいでひかえめな言い方である。
3) She may well be right.
彼女はたぶん正しいだろう。
※ may well …は「たぶん〜だろう」というmayよりも確信度の高い推量の意味。
〈参考〉may wellを「〜するのも当然だ/〜するのももっともだ」という意味で使
うこともある。どちらの意味になるかは、文脈から判断する。
You may well be angry with your brother.
(君が弟に腹を立てているのももっともだ。)
なお、might well …でmay well …と同じような意味を表すこともできる。
She might well complain of her boss.
(彼女が上司について文句を言うのももっともだ。)

4) We can’t find a taxi on this street. We might as well walk.
この通りではタクシーが見つからない。歩いたほうがよさそうだ。
※ might as well …は「〜したほうがいいのでは」という意味になる。「したくないならしなくてもいいけど、したほうがいいと思うよ。」というニュアンス。
〈参考〉might as wellは「助言」を表す表現なので、「忠告を」を表すhad betterとは意味合いに違いがある。
この表現ではmight の代わりにmayを使ってmay as wellとすることもできる。また、may as well … as 〜は「〜するより…するほうがよい」という意味になる。might as well … as〜は「〜するのは…するようなものだ」という意味(現実性がうすい)。
You may as well do your homework now as do it later.
(宿題をあとでするよりも、今したほうがいいよ。)
You might as well throwing your money as buying such a thing.
(あんなものを買うなんて、お金を捨てるようなものだよ。)
〈参考〉文語では〈May+主語+動詞の原形〉の形で、「どうか〜でありますように」という祈願を表す。
 May you find happiness! (ご多幸をお祈りします!)
041 that節で用いられるshouldの用法
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )内に適語を入れなさい。
1) 彼女があの光景を見てびっくりするのも当然だよ。
It’s (natural) that she (should) be surprised at that sight.
※ 〈It is+形容詞+that S should+動詞の原形〉という形で、当然・驚き・善悪などの話し手の感情や判断を表す。この形では次のような形容詞や、a pity(残念なこと)のような名詞が用いられる。
natural(当然の), right(正しい), strange(不思議な), surprising(驚くべき), wrong(悪い), a pity(残念なこと)
〈注意〉shouldを用いない場合
shouldを用いずに表すこともできるがその場合は動詞を適切な形に変える。
It is natural that she gets angry. (彼女が怒るのも当然だ。)
It is strange that he said so. (彼がそう言ったとは不思議だ。)
that以下で話者の主観が入らない事実を述べる場合にはshouldは用いない。
It is natural that babies cry. (赤ちゃんが泣くのは当然だ。)
([赤ちゃんは泣くものだ]というだれもが認める事実について述べている。)
〈It is … that S should have+過去分詞〉「~したなんて・・・だ」
過去のことについて「~したなんて・・・だ」と述べる場合には、that節中に〈should have+過去分詞〉の形を用いる。
It is strange that they should have canceled the concert.
(彼らがコンサートをキャンセルしたなんて不思議なことだ。)

2) 歯医者に行く必要があるよ。
It is (necessary) that you (should) see a dentist.
※ 〈It is +形容詞+that S should+動詞の原形〉で、必要・緊急などの意味を表す。この形で用いられるおもな形容詞は以下のとおり。
important(重要な), necessary(必要な), essential(必要不可欠な),
desirable(望ましい), urgent(緊急の)
〈注意〉should を用いずに、動詞の原形を用いる場合
アメリカ英語では、この形のthat節でshouldを用いずに、〈動詞の原形〉を用い
ることが多い。
It is important that you be sincere.(誠実であることは重要だ。)
また、動詞の原形ではなく、主語に合わせて動詞の形を変えることもある。
It is important that she goes there.(彼女がそこに行くことが重要だ。)

3) 彼はその会議を延期することを要求した。
He (insisted) that the meeting (should) be postponed.
※ 提案・要求・決定などを表す動詞に続くthat節ではshouldが用いられる。この構文で用いられるおもな動詞は以下のとおり。
advise(忠告する), decide(決定する), demand(要求する), insist(要求する),
order(命令する), propose(提案する), recommend勧める),
request(要求する), suggest(提案する)
Shouldを用いずに、〈動詞の原形〉を用いることも多い。
She suggested that we share the cost of the meal.
(彼女は食事代を割りかんにしようと提案した。)
〈参考〉that節で用いる動詞の原形を「仮定法現在」と呼ぶこともある。
〈shouldのその他の用法〉
① 疑問詞を含む疑問文でshouldを用いると、「いったい~、どうして~」という「意外・驚き・いらだち」などの感情を表す。
Why should anyone want to hurt you?
(いったいだれがあなたを傷つけたいなんて思うだろうか。)
[この文の場合は「そんなことを思うわけがない」という意味合いをもつ。]
② Lestなどで始まる副詞節で用いる。文語的な表現で、アメリカ英語ではshouldを用いずに、動詞の原形を用いることが多い。
Keep quiet lest you should wake the baby.
(赤ちゃんを起こさないように静かにしていなさい。)
③ I should say …のようにshouldを用いると、確信がない場合のためらいの気持ちや、ていねいでひかえめな気持ちを表すことがある。
I should say there were about 100 students in the hall.
(ホールにはおよそ100人の学生がいたと思いますよ。)
第6章 受動態(解説)
042 受動態の基本形
(  )内の動詞を適切な形にしなさい。
1) This window (was broken) by Jim yesterday. 
※ (この窓は昨日ジムによって壊された。)
上記の文は「壊す」という行為を受ける「される側」のThis windowを主語にした文。「壊される」という意味にするために、〈be動詞+過去分詞〉という受動態を使ってwas brokenとしている。「する側」のJimはbyの後に続ける。

2) These pictures (were taken) by my wife last year.
※ (これらの写真は昨年、私の妻によって写された。)
3) This skirt (was made) by my mother.
※ (このスカートは私の母によって作られた。)
4) Magazines (are[were] sold) at the convenience store.
※ (雑誌はコンビニで売られている[た]。)
上記のように、動作をする側がはっきりしていて、あえて表す必要がない場合に、受動態が使われる。また、下記のように「動作をする側がだれ[何]なのかがはっきりわからない場合にも受動態が使われる。
・This temple was built about 500 years ago.
(この寺は約500年前に建てられた。)
〈注意〉by…のない受動態が多い:動作をする側を表すby…は必ずなければなら
ないものではない。むしろby…がない文のほうが多い。また、する側がwe, you, theyなど、特定の人を指さない場合、受動態ではこれをby…の形で表現しない。
043 受動態の基本形 / 受動態の様々な形(助動詞使用・進行形・完了形)
(  )内の動詞を適切な形にしなさい。
1) The wall will (be painted) next week.
※ (来週、この壁は塗られるでしょう。)
能動態と同じように、受動態でも助動詞を用いることがある。その際は、will be paintedのように、〈助動詞+be+過去分詞〉という形になる。「~されるだろう」のように、未来のことを受動態で表すときは、〈will be+過去分詞〉という形にする。be going toを受動態の文で使うと、次のようになる。
・His new book is going to be published next week.
(彼の新しい本が来週、出版されることになっている。)

2) My car (is being fixed) now.
※ (私の車は今修理されているところです。)
「~されているところだ」のように、主語が何らかの動作を受けている途中であることを表すときは、受動態を進行形にする。
進行形は〈be動詞+動詞のing形〉で表すので、進行形の受動態は、〈be動詞+過去分詞〉のbe動詞をbeingにして、〈be動詞+being+過去分詞〉という形になる。
・My brother was being scolded by my mother when I came home.
(私が家に帰ってきた時、弟は母にしかられていた。)

3) The store (has been closed) since last week.
※ (その店は先週から閉まっている。)
完了形の意味を受動態で表したいときは、has been closedのように〈have/has/had been+過去分詞〉の形で表す。上記文では、「ずっと閉まっている」という意味を表している。
The thief had already been arrested when we arrived there.
(私たちがそこに着いた時には、泥棒はすでに逮捕されていた。)

4) Rare animals can (see be seen) in the forest.
※ (珍しい動物がその森で見られる。)
能動態と同じように、受動態でも助動詞を用いることがある。その際は、can be seenのように、〈助動詞+be+過去分詞〉という形になる。
044 受動態の様々な形(否定文)
日本語に合うように、(  )内に適語を入れなさい。
1) この写真は私の兄が写したものではありません。
This picture (was) (not) (taken) by my brother.
※ 受動態の否定文は、上記のように〈be動詞+not+過去分詞〉という形で表す。
2) この箱は開けてはいけません。
This box must (not) (be) (opened).
※ 上記のように助動詞を使った受動態の否定文の場合には〈助動詞+not be+過去分詞〉の形になる。
〈受動態の否定文では準否定語もnotと同じ位置に置く〉
never(一度も~ない)や、hardly(ほとんど~ない)もnotと同じ位置で使うことができる。
She was never allowed to go out at night.
(彼女は夜間に外出することを一度も許してもらえなかった。)
This kind of custom would hardly be accepted in Japan.
(この種の習慣は日本でほとんど受け入れられないだろう。)
045 受動態の様々な形(Yes/No疑問文 / 疑問詞を使った疑問文)
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) この化石はあなたのお父さんによって発見されたのですか?
(Was) this fossil (discovered) by your father?
※ 受動態のYes/No疑問文は、be動詞を文頭に出した〈be動詞+主語+過去分詞…?〉という形にする。助動詞を使う場合は、次のように助動詞を文頭に出すことになる。
Will this door be painted tomorrow?
(このドアは明日ペンキを塗られるのですか。)

2) この鳥はどこでつかまえられたのですか?
(Where) (was) this bird (caught)?
※ 上記のwhereやwhenのような疑問副詞を使って、「いつ」「どこ」のように尋ねる場合は、疑問詞の後に〈be動詞+主語+過去分詞〉を続ける。
When was this bridge built? (この橋はいつ造られたのですか)

3) ラジオはだれによって発明されたのですか?
(Who) was the radio (invented) (by)?
※ 「だれによって」のように、「する側」がだれ[何]なのかを尋ねるときは上記のようになる。
また、〈by+疑問詞〉をセットで文頭に出すこともできる。ただし、この形は文章体。
By who was the radio invented?
〈参考〉次の文でも、疑問詞は前置詞の目的語の働きをしている。
What is this tool used for? (この道具は何のために使われるのですか。)
046 語順に注意する受動態
(  )内の動詞を適切な形にしなさい。
1) The actress (was asked) a lot of questions by the reporter yesterday.
※ (その女優は昨日、記者によってたくさんの質問をされた。)
上記では「尋ねる相手」の女優を主語にして、「尋ねられる」を表すwas askedを続け、その後に「尋ねられたこと」であるa lot of questionsを直接続けている。the reporterを主語にして能動態の文を作ると、次のようなSVOOの文になる。
The reporter asked the actress a lot of questions.

2) He (is called) Ken by everyone now.
※ (彼は今、みんなにケンと呼ばれている。)
callは「相手を~と呼ぶ」という意味で使うことができる。「呼ぶ相手」を主語にすると、上記のような受動態の文を作ることができる。主語の後に「呼ばれている」を表すis calledを続け、その後に主語について述べる語(補語)を続ける。
everyoneを主語にして能動態の文を作ると、次のようなSVOCの文になる。
Everyone calls him Ken now.
主語について説明する語について尋ねる疑問文は次のようになる。
What is he called by everyone? (彼はみんなに何と呼ばれているの。)

3) The news (was told) to her by her aunt last night.
※ (その知らせは昨夜、彼女のおばによって彼女に告げられた。)
tellやsendのような「相手に物や情報をなどを届かせる」ことを表すgive型の動詞を使うと、上記文のような「物や情報」を主語にした受動態の文と下記のような「相手」を主語にした受動態の文を作ることができる。
She was told the news by her aunt last night.
また、her auntを主語にして能動態の文を作ると、次のようなSVOOの文およびSVOの文になる。
Her aunt told her the news last night.
Her aunt told the news to her last night.
SVOの文において、前置詞は、give型の動詞であればtoを、buy型の動詞であれば、for を用いる。
give型: give, lend , show, hand, offer, pass, pay sell, send, teach, tell
buy型: buy, find , cook ,make, choose, get, leave, play, sing
This apartment was found for me by my uncle.
(このアパートは、おじが私のために見つけてくれた。)
Toは人称代名詞が続く場合には省略することもある。ただしforを省略することはできない。
This watch was given (to) me by my father.
(この腕時計は父さんがぼくにくれたんだ。)
〈注意〉buy型の動詞を使った受動態
buy型の動詞は、「相手」を主語にした受動態の文を作ることはできない。
My mother made me a new dress. (母は私に新しいドレスを作ってくれた。)
→○A new dress was made for me by my mother.
×I was made a new dress by my mother.
〈参考〉buyは例外的に2種類の受動態を作ることが可能。「買い与える」という
    giveの意味合いが含まれる場合である。
He bought me a nice pair of shoes. (彼は私にすてきな靴を買ってくれた。)
→○A nice pair of shoes was bought for me by him.
→△I was bought a nice pair of shoes by him. [ただし、この形はあまり使われない]
047 群動詞の受動態
(  )内の群動詞を適切な形にしなさい。
1) The experiment (was carried out) by the students last month.
※ (実験は先月、生徒達によって実行された。)
複数の単語からなる群動詞は、まとめて1つの動詞とみなして受動態にする。上記文では、carry out~(~を実行する)を〈be動詞+過去分詞〉の形にしたため、was carried outとなっている。the studentsを主語にすると、The students carried out the experiment last month.という能動態の文ができる。

2) The typhoon was approaching, so the game (was put off).
※ (台風が近づいてきたので、その試合は延期された。)
3) When I was a child, a party (was looked forward to) by everybody.
※ (私が子供のころ、パーティーはみんなに楽しみにされていた。)
048 say, believeなどの受動態
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) It is known that she is an excellent pianist.
彼女はすばらしいピアニストとして知られている。
※ say, believe, expect, know, thinkなど「言う」「考える/思う」といった意味をもつ動詞は、目的語にthat節を伴う場合、上記文のように主語にitを用いた受動態の文を作ることができる。
2) It was said that he was a son of a well-known actor.
彼は有名な俳優の息子だと言われていた。
※ 上記文はThey said that he was a son of a well-known actor.という能動態の文を作ることができる。itを主語にしてまでわざわざ受動態を作るのは、「ばくぜんとした人々」を指すtheyを主語にするのが好ましくないと感じられたり、theyがほかのだれかをさしているように見えて誤解を与えかねない場合などである。
〈参考〉that節の主語を文の主語にして、He was said to be a son of a well-known actor.という文を作ることもできる。
049 受動態で表す動作と状態 / getを使った受動態
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) The gate is already closed.
その門はもう閉まっています。
※ 同じ動詞でも〈be動詞+過去分詞〉という形の受動態を使って、「~される」という「動作・変化」の意味と、「~されている」という「状態」の意味の両方を表す場合がる。上記文では「閉まっている」という「状態」を表す。どちらの意味で使われているかは文の内容や文脈から判断しなければならない。
2) The gate is usually closed at five.
その門はふつう、5時に閉まります。
※ 上記文では、「閉められる」という「動作」を表す。
3) My glasses got broken while I was playing soccer.
サッカーをしていた時に、私のメガネが壊れた。
※ 上記文のように、受動態を作るのに、be動詞の代わりにgetを使うことがある。getを使うのは、「~になった」のように変化を表す場合。
〈参考〉dress(~に服を着せる)のように、〈be動詞+過去分詞〉の形で状態を表し、〈get+過去分詞〉の形で動作を表すという具合に、両者を区別して使う動詞もある。
・She was dressed in red. (彼女は赤い服を着ていた。)
She got dressed quickly. (彼女はすばやく服を着た。)
050 注意すべき受動態の表現(前置詞に注意/心理状態を表す受動態)
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )内に適語を入れなさい。
1) 彼はそのニュースを聞いてがっかりした。
He (was) (disappointed) at the news.
※ 英語では、感情や心理状態を表す動詞の大部分は、「だれか(目的語)」をある心理状態にさせる」という意味の他動詞であるため、「~な気持ちになる」という意味を表すには、「~な気持ちにさせられる」という受動態で表す必要がある。
be surprised at[by]~(~に驚く)
be excited at[about]~(~に興奮している)
be satisfied with[at/about]~(~に満足する)
be disappointed at[about/in/with]~ (~にがっかりする)
be confused with[at/about]~(~に混乱する)
be shocked at[about]~(~にショックを受ける)

2) 彼女は新しい仕事に満足している。
She (is) (satisfied) with her new job.
3) 彼の祖父は戦争で命を落とした。
His grandfather (was) (killed) in the war.
※ 英語の受動態は、常に「られる」という日本語と対応しているわけではない。日本語では「ている」で表す表現を、英語では受動態で表すことがある。
Helen is married to an artist. (ヘレンは芸術家と結婚している。)
William was born and raised in New York.
(ウィリアムはニューヨークで生まれ育った。)
Please be seated. (座ってください。)
〈受動態と間違えやすい表現〉
英語の自動詞の中には、受動態の形をとっているわけではないのに、日本語で考えると受動的な意味を表すものもある。
Our new products are selling very well.
(我が社の新製品はとてもよく売れている。)
This tough steak doesn’t cut easily.
(このかたいステーキはなかなか切れない。)
Red wine stains don’t wash out easily.
(赤ワインのしみは、洗っても簡単には落ちません。)
Your paper reads like a novel.
(あなたの論文は小説のように読める。)
第7章 不定詞(解説)
051 不定詞の名詞的用法
次の日本語の部分を不定詞を用いて英語にしなさい。
1) His ambition is (パイロットになること).
His ambition is to become a pilot. 
※ (彼の野望はパイロットになることです。)
上記ではbe動詞の直後にto becomeという不定詞が続き、to became a
pilotが主語のHis ambitionの説明をしている。主語の内容を説明するのが補語な
ので、この不定詞は補語ということになる。不定詞は〈to+動詞の原形〉という形
で名詞の働きをすることができる。上記のように補語として使ったり、次のように
主語として使うこともできる。ただし、現代英語では不定詞を主語の位置におくこ
とはあまり見られない。
・To own a house is a dream of many Japanese.
(家を持つことは多くの日本人の夢だ。)

2) It is not easy(このレースに勝つこと).
It is not easy to win this race.
※ (このレースに勝つことは容易ではない。)
不定詞が主語になる場合は、上記のように形式主語のitを使ってIt is … という文の骨組みをまず見せ、その後に真の主語である不定詞を続けることが多い。

3) Why did you decide(先生になること)?
Why did you decide to become a teacher?
※ (なぜ君は先生になる決心をしたのですか?)
上記では他動詞のdecideの直後にto become a teacherという不定詞が続いている。このように、不定詞が名詞の働きをして他動詞の目的語になることもある。
なお、SVOCのOが不定詞の場合は、次のように形式目的語のitを使う。
・Sam finds it easy to make friends.
(サムは友人をつくることは簡単だと思っている。)
Sam finds it easyという文の骨組みをまず見せ、その後に真の目的語である不定詞を続けることになる。
052 不定詞の形容詞的用法
日本語に合うように、与えられた語句を並びかえて、英文を完成させなさい。
1) その老人には世話をしてくれる人が必要だ。
The old man needs (someone to look after him).
※ 上記のto look after himは直前の名詞someoneを修飾している。この文ではsomeoneはlook after himの主語の働きをしている。
2) 私には今読む本がない。
I have (no books to read) now.
※ 上記ではto readがno booksを修飾している。この文ではno booksはreadの目的語の働きをしている。
3) 父はチェスをしてくれる人を見つけた。
My father found (someone to play chess with).
※ 上記ではto play chess withがsomeoneを修飾している。この場合は、someoneは前置詞withの目的語の働きをしている。
〈参考〉修飾される名詞が前置詞の目的語の働きをする場合、その前置詞が省かれることもある。ただし、それは前置詞を省略しても文意に誤解が生じない場合である。
・I don’t have enough money to buy those shoes (with).
(その靴を買うのに十分なお金を持っていない。)
〈不定詞が「実際に起こったこと」を表す〉
文脈によっては、名詞を修飾する不定詞が「これからのこと」ではなく、「実際に起こったこと」を表す場合もある。
They were the first men to land on the moon.
(彼らは初めて月に降り立った男たちだった。)
名詞を修飾する不定詞が「実際に起こったこと」を表す場合は、原則的に次の3つの条件を満たしている。
① 過去の事柄を述べた文の中で不定詞が使われている。
② 修飾される名詞が不定詞の主語の働きをしている。
③ 修飾される名詞にlast, onlyや、first, secondなどの助数詞、あるいは形容詞の最上級がついている。

4) 彼女は上野駅で私と待ち合わせるという約束を破った。
She broke (her promise to meet me) at Ueno Station.
※ 上記では、不定詞の直前にある名詞her promise(彼女の約束)がどういうものかを、to meet meという不定詞が説明している。このように、不定詞が直前の具体的な内容を説明することがある。この場合、Her promise is to meet me.という文をつくることができ、直前の名詞と不定詞の関係は「同格」と呼ばれる。
〈不定詞と同格の関係にできる名詞〉
① decision など(←decide toのような不定詞を目的語にする他動詞から派生した名詞が多い)
We were surprised at her decision to become an actress.
(私たちは、女優になるという彼女の決心に驚いた。)
② ability など(←be able toのような不定詞を伴う形容詞から派生した名詞が多い)
Whales have the ability to communicate with each other.
(クジラにはお互いに意思を伝え合うという能力がある。)
③ time, wayなど一部の限られた名詞
It’s time to go.(もう行く時間だよ。)
What is the best way to prevent cancer?
(ガンを予防するもっともよい方法は何ですか?)
053 不定詞の副詞的用法
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) I went to the theater to buy a ticket.
私はチケットを買うために劇場に行った。
※ 上記文は、I went to the theater(私は劇場に行った)という行為の「目的」を、to buy a ticketという不定詞で表している。「目的」を表す不定詞は、直前にin orderやso asを加えてin order to buy …やso as to buy …とすることもある。
2) My mother was very glad to receive a letter from you.
私の母はあなたからの手紙を受け取ってとても喜んだ。
※ 上記文では、gladという形容詞にto receive a letter from youという不定詞が結びついて、「~して喜んだ」という意味になっている。このように、不定詞は感情を表す形容詞や動詞と結びつき、「感情の原因」を表すことができる。この場合、不定詞は「~して」と訳せることが多い。
・Jake was surprised to hear the news.
(ジェイクはその知らせを聞いて驚いた。)

3) You were lucky to see the famous actor.
その有名な俳優に会えるとは、あなたは幸運だった。
※ 上記文では、you were luckyと話し手が判断した根拠を、to see the famous actorで示している。このように、話し手の判断を示す表現と結びついて、不定詞がその判断の根拠を表すことがある。話し手の判断は、上記文でのlucky(幸運な)のような人物評価を表す形容詞で示される。判断の根拠を表す不定詞は、「~するとは」と訳せることが多い。
kindやcarelessのような人物評価を表す形容詞が判断の根拠を表す不定詞を伴う場合、次のように〈It is[was]+形容詞+of+人+to不定詞〉「~するとは〈人〉は…だ[だった]」という形にすることができる。
・It is kind of you to help me. (手伝ってくださるなんて、ご親切ですね。)
It was careless of you to make such a mistake.
(そんな間違いをするなんて、君は不注意だったね。)
〈人物評価を表す形容詞〉
kind/good/nice(親切な)
polite(ていねいな)
rude(無礼な)
brave(勇敢な)
smart/clever/wise(賢明な)
foolish/silly/stupid(愚かな)
careless(不注意な)
〈参考〉〈It is[was]+形容詞+of+人+to不定詞〉が感嘆文になると、it is はふつ
う省略される。
How brave (it is) of you to save the child from the fire!
(子どもを火事から助けたなんて、君はなんて勇敢なんだ!)

4) The bird flew away, never to return.
その鳥は飛び去って、二度と戻ってくることはなかった。
※ 上記文は、The bird flew away(その鳥が飛び去った)の後に、不定詞のnever to returnを続けて、「飛び去った、そして二度と戻ってこなかった」という意味を表している。この不定詞は、何かをした結果どうなったのか、という「結果」を表している。また、結果を表す不定詞の前にneverを入れて〈~, never to不定詞〉という形にすると「~, そして二度と…しなかった」という意味を表すことができる。(neverの前にコンマを入れることが多い)
〈成長して~になる〉
次のように、成長して何かになったことを表すときにも不定詞を使うことができる。
He grew up to be a professional soccer player.
(彼は成長してプロのサッカー選手になった。)
〈only to 不定詞〉
結果を表す不定詞の前にonlyを入れて〈~, only to不定詞〉とすると「~、しかし結局…しただけのことだった」という意味になる。(onlyの前にコンマを入れることが多い)
We ran to the store, only to find it closed.
(私たちは店まで走ったが、閉まっていることがわかっただけだった。)
ただし、不定詞の前にonlyが置かれていれば、必ず「結果」を表すというわけではない。次のように「目的」を表すこともある。
He bought an expensive car only to please her.
(彼は、彼女を喜ばせるためだけに、高価な車を買った。)
〈直前の形容詞を修飾する不定詞〉
不定詞の副詞的用法には、直前の形容詞を修飾する用法もある。
The older managers were slow to accept the new technology.
(年配の経営者たちは、新しい技術を受け入れるのが遅かった。)
054 SVO+to不定詞
日本語の意味に合うように、与えられた語句を並べかえて、英文を完成させなさい。
1) 私の父は私がその自転車を買うことを許してくれた。
My father allowed (me to buy the bicycle).
※ 上記の〈allow+O+to不定詞〉は「Oが~するのを許す」という意味になる。相手が何かを実行することを表す「Oに~させる」という意味を表している。
〈allowと同じ使い方をする動詞〉
allow(~するのを許す/許可する)
cause((結果的に)~させる)
compel(無理やり~させる)
enable(~することを可能にする)
force(無理やり~させる)
get(~してもらう)
permit(~するのを許す/許可する)
2) 警察は群衆を強制的にその広場から出させた。
The police forced (the crowd to leave the square).

3) 彼は私に休みをとるように勧めた。
He advised (me to take a day off).
※ 〈advise+O+to不定詞〉の形で、「Oに~するように勧める」という命令や依頼を表している。
〈adviseと同じ使い方をする動詞〉
tell(~するように言う/命令する)
advise(~するように勧める/忠告する)
ask(~するように頼む)
warn(~するように警告する/注意する)
〈その他のSVO+to不定詞で使う動詞〉
want(~してほしい)
expect/prefer(~することを望む)
persuade(説得して~させる)
remind(~することを思い出させる/気づかせる)
〈注意〉〈SVO+to不定詞〉では使えない動詞→that節を使う
suggest(提案する)
hope(望む)
・I suggest that you should stay at that hotel.
(そのホテルに泊まることをお勧めします。)
「~だと思う」の意味の動詞が〈SVO+to不定詞〉で使われる場合
believe, consider, thinkなど、「~だと思う」の意味の動詞は〈SVO+to be+補語〉の形をとれるものが多い。
I believe him to be a genius.(私は彼が天才だと思う。)
(= I believe that he is a genius.)
know(~だと考える)
understand(~だと了解する)
feel(~だと感じる)
find(~だとわかる)
055 不定詞の意味上の主語
不定詞の意味上の主語を指摘して、全文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) It is difficult for me to solve the problem.
me 私がその問題を解くのは難しい。
※ 上記文では、「私がその問題を解く」という意味になるように、for meで、不定詞to solveの意味上の主語を示している。このように、不定詞の意味上の主語を示す必要がある場合は、不定詞の直前にfor~を置き、〈for~+to不定詞〉の形にする。この場合、for の後の(代)名詞が不定詞の意味上の主語である。forの後には名詞や目的格の代名詞を置き、主格の代名詞は置けないことに注意。
〈注意〉人物評価を表す形容詞と不定詞の意味上の主語
    〈It is+形容詞+of+人+to不定詞〉の形をとる場合は、to不定詞の意味
上の主語はof の後の「人」である。
・It is kind of you to help me.
(手伝ってくださるなんて、あなたはご親切ですね。)

2) It was a mistake for the government to carry out the plan.
the government 政府がその計画を実行したのは誤りでした。
3) I want my father to stop drinking so much.
my father 私は父に(お酒を)飲みすぎるのをやめてほしい。
※ 上記文では、stop (やめる)するのは、want の目的語のmy fatherである。このように〈SVO+to不定詞〉の文では、動詞の目的語が不定詞の意味上の主語になる。
ただし、次の文のように、文の主語が不定詞の意味上の主語になる場合もある。
・He promised me to send a postcard from Hawaii.
(彼は私に、ハワイからはがきを送ると約束した。)
[はがきを送るのは「私」ではなく、主語の「彼」である。]
056 不定詞の否定語(副詞)の位置
日本語に合うように、与えられた語句を並べかえて、英文を完成させなさい。
1) 医者は私の父にたばこを吸わないようにと警告した。
The doctor warned (my father not to smoke).
※ 不定詞を否定するnot やneverなどの副詞は、toの直前に置く。上記文では、notが直後の不定詞to smokeを否定して、「たばこを吸わない」という意味になる。
〈注意〉目的を表す不定詞の否定形
「~しないように」という否定の意味にする場合は、〈in order not+to不定詞/so as not+to不定詞〉を用いる。〈not+to不定詞〉だけで目的を表すことはほとんどない。
・I studied hard in order not to fail the exam.
(試験に落第しないように、がんばって勉強した。)

2) 姉は決して間食しないことにしている。
My sister makes it a rule (never to eat) between meals.
057 使役動詞・知覚動詞を使った表現
(  )内の語句のうち、正しい方を選びなさい。
1) Let me (try) it again.
※ (もう一度、それを私に試させて。)
上記は、let me tryで「私に試させる」という意味になる。〈let+O+動詞の原形〉は、「Oが~することを許す/許可する」という意味を表す。このようにmake, let, haveは目的語の後にto不定詞ではなく、動詞の原形を置く。この形をとるmake([無理やり]~させる), let, have(~してもらう/させる)は使役動詞と呼ばれ〈使役動詞+O+動詞の原形〉の形になる。
・My mother made me wait outside the store.
(母は私をその店の外で待たせた。)
He had the doctor look at his leg.
(彼はその医者に足を見てもらった。)
〈参考〉〈Let me[us]+動詞の原形〉は、文脈によっては「~しよう」という申し出
を表すこともある。ただし、let’sの場合は勧誘の意味だけ。
Let me give you a hand.(お手伝いしましょう。)
Let’s go at once.(今すぐ行きましょう。)
〈参考〉〈have+O+動詞の原形〉は、相手にそうしてもらえるのが当然というよう
な行為に対して使う。「目上の人に何かを無償でしてもらう」という場合に
は使わない。
〈参考〉helpは〈help+O+to不定詞/動詞の原形〉
    「Oが~するのを手伝う」という意味で、目的語の後にto不定詞と動詞
の原形のどちらを置いてもよい。
Can you help me (to) put up the tent?
(私がテントを張るのを手伝ってくれませんか。)

2) I heard someone (shout) in the distance.
※ (私は誰かが遠くで叫ぶのを聞いた。)
see, hear, feelのような知覚を表す動詞は、目的語の後に動詞の原形を置いて「Oが~するのを見る/聞く/感じる」という意味を表すことができる。この形をとる動詞は知覚動詞と呼ばれ、〈知覚動詞+O+動詞の原形〉という形で使う。
〈他の知覚動詞〉
notice(気づく), observe(気づく), watch(見守る), listen to(聞く), look at(見る)など。

3) The boy was made (to turn) off the TV by his mother.
※ (その少年は母にテレビを消させられた。)
makeを受動態にして「~させられた」という意味を表すときは、動詞の原形ではなく、to不定詞が使われる。
seeやhearを受動態にして「~するのを見られた/聞かれた」という意味を表すときにも動詞の原形ではなく、to不定詞が使われる。
なお、使役動詞のletとhaveおよび知覚動詞のfeel, notice, watch, listen to, look atは、ふつうは受動態にしない。

4) I noticed a tall man (enter) the building.
※ (私は背の高い男がその建物に入るのに気付いた。)
5) I’ll get my father (to buy) a new computer.
※ (私は、父に新しいコンピューターを買ってもらいます。)
getを使って〈have+O+動詞の原形〉と同じような意味を表すことができる。getを使うのは相手を説得して何かをしてもらうような場合で、〈get+O+to不定詞〉の形になることに注意。
058 不定詞のさまざまな形
各組の文がほぼ同じ意味になるように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) It seems that you are interested in my success story.
You (seem) (to) (be) (interested) in my success story.
※ 君は僕の成功話に興味があるようだね。
「Sは~のようだ/Sは~らしい」は、〈S seem+to不定詞〉や〈S appear+to不定詞〉で表現できる。(apperはどちらかというと客観的な状況を表す場合に用いられるのがふつう。) これは、何かを見た時点でのその様子を表す表現である。上記では、「君は僕の成功話に興味があるようだ」と今のことを述べている。またthat節を使った表現にする場合はIt seems that … で表す。このitは「ばくぜんとした状況」を表す。なお、seem to be / appear to beのto beは省略できることが多い。
・The children seemed[appeared] happy.(子供たちは幸せそうでした。)
ただし、to beの後に置かれる表現が程度の差を問題としない場合は、to beの省略はできない。
He seems to be a teacher.(彼は先生のようだ。)
He seems (to be) a good teacher.(彼はよい先生のようだ。)
[どのような先生かという程度を表しているのでto beを省略できる。]

2) It seems that he told a lie.
He (seems) (to) (have) (told) a lie.
※ (彼は嘘をついたらしい。)
上記のIt seems that … の文では、that節の中の動詞は過去形である。これをseem
toの文にする場合、述語動詞のseemが表す時よりも以前のことは〈to have+過去
分詞〉で表す。上記文では、彼が嘘をついたのは、seemが表す時よりも前のこと
である。
また、「彼は嘘をついたらしかった。」という文にする場合は次のようになる。
He seemed to have told a lie.
不定詞がto have told a lieになっているので、「彼が嘘をついた」のは、seemedが
表す時よりも以前のことになる。したがって、It seemed that … の文にすると、told
は次のように過去完了形となる。
It seemed that he had told a lie.
〈to have+過去分詞〉が現在完了形に相当する内容を表す場合
〈to have+過去分詞〉で表現される事柄が現在とつながりをもっているときには、
〈to have+過去分詞〉が現在完了形に相当する内容を表す。
These tourists seem to have lost their way.
(= It seems that these tourists have lost their way.)
(この観光客たちは道に迷ってしまった。)
〈S is said to不定詞〉で「Sは~だと言われている」を表す。
〈It is said that …〉で、「…だと言われている」という意味を表す。このthat節の主語を文の主語にして〈S is said to不定詞〉とすると、「Sは~だと言われている」という意味を表すことができる。
His mother is said to be an actress.(彼の母は女優だと言われています。)
「Sは~だったと言われている」という以前のことを表すときは、完了形の不定詞を使って、〈S is said to have+過去分詞〉とする。
His mother is said to have been an actress.
(彼の母親は女優だったと言われています。)

3) It seems that the baby in that car is crying.
The baby in that car (seems) (to) (be) (crying).
※ (あの車の中の赤ちゃんが泣いているようです。)
進行形に相当する内容を不定詞で表現する場合には、上記のように〈to be+-ing〉
の形を使う。〈seem to be+-ing〉で「~しているようだ」という意味を表す。

4) I don’t want anyone to do it so carelessly.
I don’t want it (to) (be) (done) so carelessly.
※ (私はそれを不注意にしてほしくない。)
受動態を不定詞で表現するときには、上記のように〈to be+過去分詞〉の形にする。
〈want to be+過去分詞〉で「~されたい」という意味を表している。
059 自動詞+to不定詞(happen/prove/turn/come/get+to不定詞)
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 私はたまたまその歌手のとなりに座った。
I (happened) (to) (sit) next to the singer.
※ 〈S happen+to不定詞〉で「Sが偶然~する/たまたま~する」の意味となる。
また、〈S happen+to不定詞〉は、〈It happens that …〉という形を使って次のよ
うに表すことができる。
・It happens that I sit next to the singer.

2) その絵はにせものであることがわかった。
The painting (turned) (out) (to) be a fake.
※ 〈S turn out+to be〉(=〈S prove+to be〉)で「Sは…だとわかる/判明する」という意味になる。このto beは省略することが多い。
また〈S turn out+to不定詞〉は、〈It turns out that …〉という形を使って次のよ
うに表すことができる。
・It turns out that the painting was fake.

3) どうやって彼女と知り合いになったのですか。
How did you (come[get]) (to) know her?
※ 〈come+to不定詞〉、〈get+to不定詞〉で「~するようになる」の意味になる。comeの代わりにbecomeを使うことはできない。come to/get toの後にはlikeやknowのような状態動詞を続ける。
060 自動詞+to不定詞(be to不定詞)
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) We are to meet at the art museum tomorrow.
明日私たちは美術館で会うことになっています。
※ be toは助動詞と同じような働きをし、一般に〈be to不定詞〉と呼ばれ、おもな意味は3つ(①予定「~することになっている」②義務・命令「~すべきである/~しなければならない」③可能「~できる」)。上記は「~することになっている/~する予定だ」の意味で「予定」を表す。
〈参考〉〈be to不定詞〉には次のような用例もある。
・He was never to return to his hometown.
(彼は二度と故郷に帰ることはなかった。)[運命]
・If you are to pass the exam, you’d better study hard.
(その試験に受かりたいのなら、必死で勉強しなさい。)[意図]
意図を表すのはこの文のように条件を表す文で使われる場合である。

2) Not an animal was to be seen in the desert.
その砂漠では動物は一匹も見かけなかった。
※ 上記の〈be to不定詞〉は「~できる」の意味で、「可能」を表す。ただし、この意味になるのは否定の内容の文で、不定詞が〈to be+過去分詞〉の形になっている場合である。

3) You are to return the book to me by tomorrow.
あなたはその本を明日までに私に返すべきだ。
※ 上記の〈be to不定詞〉は「~すべきである/~しなければならない」の意味で、「義務・命令」を表す。
061 不定詞の注意すべき用法(難易を表す形容詞+to 不定詞 / too … to不定詞 / … enough to不定詞 / so … as to不定詞 / so as to不定詞 / in order to不定詞)
日本語の意味に合うように、あたえられた語句を並べかえて、英文を完成させなさい。
1) 彼女とうまくやっていくのは難しい。
She is (hard to get along) with.
※ 〈S is+形容詞+to不定詞〉の形で、主語に対する話し手の評価を表すことができる。上記文の場合は、「彼女」について「うまくやっていくのが難しい」と述べている。ここでは、主語のSheはto get alongの後の前置詞withの目的語の働きをしている。このような意味になるのは、形容詞がおもに難易などを表す場合である。
〈難易などを表す形容詞〉
easy(簡単な)
difficult / hard(難しい)
impossible(不可能な)
dangerous(危険な)
comfortable(快適な)
また、上記文は、形式主語を使って次のように表現できる。
・It is hard to get along with her.

2) そのかばんは片手で運ぶには重ずぎる
The bag is (too heavy to carry) in one hand.
(= The bag is so heavy that I can’t carry it in one hand.)
※ 〈too+形容詞/副詞+to不定詞〉は「~するには…すぎる」という意味。

3) 彼女はその講義を理解することができるくらいには賢かった。
She was (smart enough to understand) the lecture.
(= She was so smart that she understood the lecture.)
※ 〈形容詞/副詞+enough to不定詞〉で「~するのにちょうど必要なだけ…/~するのに十分…」という意味を表す。〈so … that+肯定文〉で表現することができる。ただし、次のような場合はできない。
・He is old enough to buy alcohol.(彼はお酒を買うことのできる年齢だ。)
→×He is so old that he can buy alcohol.
He is so oldとすると、「彼はとても年をとっている」という意味を表すことに
なる。
〈参考〉enoughとto不定詞のあいだに不定詞の意味上の主語が入ることもある。
This problem is easy enough for me to solve.
(この問題はぼくが解けるほど簡単だ。)

4) その若い男の人は、勇敢にもおぼれている子供を救った。
The young man was (so brave as to save) the drowning child.
※ 〈so+形容詞/副詞+as to不定詞〉は、〈… enough to不定詞〉同様、「~するほど…」を表現できる。ただし、この表現ではsoの直後に形容詞や副詞を置く。この表現はややかための文体である。
5) 私のいとこはその資格を取るために一生懸命勉強した。
My cousin studied hard (in order to get the license).
※ 不定詞が「目的」を表すことをはっきりと示すために、上記のような〈in order to不定詞〉や〈so as to不定詞〉が使われる。
「~しないように」という否定の意味を表すときには、〈in order not to
不定詞〉や〈so as not to不定詞〉が使われる。
062 不定詞の注意すべき用法(疑問詞+to不定詞 / 独立不定詞 / 代不定詞)
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 今日何をすべきか教えてください。
Tell us (what) (to) do today.
※ 〈疑問詞+to不定詞〉は「疑問詞の意味+~すべきか[できるのか]」という意味になる。上記のwhat to doは「何をすべきか」という意味。
how to
You should teach your children how to swim.
(あなたは自分の子供たちに泳ぎ方を教えるべきです。)
who to
I thought about who to invite to the party.
(私はパーティーにだれを招待すべきか考えた。)
what to
I don’t know what to do next.
(私は次に何をすればよいのかわからない。)
where to
Do you know where to buy the tickets?
(チケットをどこで買えばよいかご存知ですか?)
when to
Ask your teacher when to start.
(いつ出発すればよいか、先生に尋ねなさい。)
〈whether to不定詞〉
疑問詞の代わりに「~かどうか」の意味のwhetherが使われることもある。
・I can’t decide whether to accept his request.
(彼の要求に応じるべきかどうか決心がつかない。)

2) どうやったらその計画を実行できるかが問題だ。
(How) (to) put the plan into practice is the question.
※ 上記のhow to … は「どのように…すべきか」の意味。

3) 言うまでもないことだが、健康は富に勝る。
(Needless) (to) (say), health is above wealth.
※ 独立不定詞慣用句に使われる不定詞の表現
needless to say(言うまでもないことだが)
to tell the truth(実を言えば)
strange to say(奇妙なことに/不思議な話だが)
to be honest(正直に言って/正直なところ)
so to speak(いわば)
to be frank (with you)(率直に言うと)
to be brief(手短に言えば/要するに)
to begin with(まず第一に)
to make matters worse(なお悪いことには/なお困ったことには)
to say nothing of ~(~は言うまでもなく)
not to say~(~とは言えないまでも)
to be sure(確かに)

4) 「このかばんを運ぶのを手伝っていただけますか。」「もちろん、よろこんで。」
“Could you help me with this bag?” “Sure, I’d be happy (to).”
※ 上記文では、前の発言に出てきたhelp me with this bagを受けて変換されるべきhelp you with this bagが後の発言のtoの後で省略されている。このようにto不定詞のtoの後では、反復を避けるために前に出てきた動詞を省略することがある。このtoは代不定詞と呼ばれる。
ただし、be動詞の場合にはtoだけでなく、to beを残す。
・He is not a good actor, and he doesn’t even try to be.
(彼はよい俳優ではないし、そうなろうとすらしていない。)
第8章 動名詞(解説)
063 動名詞の働き
( )内の動詞を適切な形にしなさい。
1) (Making) model cars is my hobby.
※ (模型の車を作ることが僕の趣味です。)
上記文では、文頭にMaking model carsというing形を使った句がある。この後にis my hobbyと続くので、Making model carsは主語の働きをしていると考えられる。

2) One American tradition is (eating) turkey on Thanksgiving Day.
※ (あるアメリカの伝統は感謝祭に七面鳥を食べることです。)
上記の主語はOne American tradition(あるアメリカの伝統)で、それがどういうものかを、動詞のing形を使ったeating turkey(七面鳥を食べる)で表している。主語がどういうものかを説明するのは補語の役割なので、このeating turkeyは補語ということになる。
〈動名詞と不定詞の表す意味〉
動名詞は「習慣的行為や一般論」を表すことができる。一方、不定詞には、「…したい/…すべき/…できる」という「実行への希望・意志」などが含まれる。すべてが、このようなパターンにあてはまるわけではないが、一般的なに動名詞・不定詞がこのように使われるということは覚えておくとよい。
〈動名詞が主語の場合に、形式主語のitを使うこともある〉
・It is enjoyable living by the sea. (海の近くで生活するのは楽しい。)
この例文ではItは形式主語で、living by the seaが真の主語になっている。実際にそこに住んでいるような場合は、このように動名詞を使う。

3) I enjoy (reading) books in the library.
※ (私は図書館で本を読むのが好きです。)
上記文のreading booksは動詞のenjoyの直後に置かれ、enjoyの目的語となっている。このように、動名詞は他動詞の目的語になることもできる。
〈動名詞が目的語の場合に、形式目的語を使うこともある〉
I found it comfortable lying on the grass.
(芝生の上で横になるのは気持ちのいいものだと思った。)
この文では、itはfoundの形式目的語で、lying … が真の目的語。実際にやってみてそう思ったような場合は、このように動名詞を使う。
〈need –ing / want -ing〉
This shirt needs washing. (このシャツは洗濯をしなければならない。)
These shoes want polishing.(この靴はみがかなければならない。)
この場合のing形は名詞と考えればよい。need washingであれば「洗濯の必要がある」という意味で、need a washという名詞を使った表現と同じような意味を表しているのである。同じ内容を不定詞を使って表す場合には、〈need to be+過去分詞〉という受動態にする必要がある。
This shirt needs to be washed.
These shoes need to be polished.

4) Mike is fond of (watching) horror movies.
※ (マイクはホラー映画を見るのが好きです。)
上記文では、前置詞ofの直後にwatching horror moviesというing形が続いている。前置詞の直後には名詞が来るので、このbakingは、名詞の働きをする動名詞である。このように、動名詞は前置詞の目的語として使うこともできる。
064 動名詞の意味上の主語と否定語の位置
日本語の意味に合うように、( )内に適合を入れなさい。
1) 私の母は、私の兄が写真家として働いていることを自慢に思っている。
My mother is proud of (my) (brother’s[brother]) (working) as a photographer.
※ 上記文では、名詞my brother’sがworkingの意味上の主語になっている。名詞の場合は所有格かそのままの形で動名詞の前に置く(無生物主語の場合はそのままの形がふつう。
2) あなたが私の部屋でたばこを吸うのが嫌です。
I don’t like (your[you]) (smoking) in my room.
※ 上記文では、動名詞smokingの直前に置かれた所有格の代名詞yourが意味上の主語。your smokingで「あなたがたばこを吸うこと」という意味になる。意味上の主語を示さないと、たばこを吸うのは文の主語の「私」になってしまう。意味上の主語が代名詞の場合、他動詞の後では目的格が自然に感じられるので、目的格になることも多い。
3) 私は食事の作法を知らないことに恥じ入っています。
I am ashamed of (not) (knowing) table manners.
※ 動名詞を否定するnotやneverなどの副詞は、動名詞の直前に置く。この文では「テーブルマナーを知らないこと」を表すために、not knowing table mannersという形になっている。
065 動名詞のさまざまな形
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適合を入れなさい。
1) 私は父に怒られることを恐れていました。
I was afraid of (being) (scolded) by my father.
※ 動名詞を受動態で表現するときには〈being+過去分詞〉の形にする。上記文では、being scolded(怒られること)という受動態の動名詞が前置詞ofの目的語になっている。scold me(私を怒る)のmeが文の主語になっているので、「怒られる」という受動態の表現にする必要がある。
2) ジェーンはその花びんを割ったことを認めました。
Jane admitted (having) (broken) the vase.
※ 述語動詞が表す時よりも以前のことを動名詞で表すときは、〈having+過去分詞〉という形にする。that節を使って次のように表現することもできる。
・Jane admitted that he had broken the vase.

3) 私はその芝居の第一幕を見逃したことを後悔しています。
I regret (missing) the first act of the play.
※ 文脈から時の関係が明らかな場合は、完了形の動名詞を使わなくてもよい。
He remembered meeting her once before.
(彼は以前に一度会ったことを覚えていた。)
The man admitted stealing her purse
(その男は彼女のハンドバッグを盗んだことを認めた。)
〈この形で使うことのできる動詞〉
remember(覚えている)
admit(認める)
deny(拒否する)
regret(後悔する)
066 動名詞を使った重要表現
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適合を入れなさい。
1) 私は通信販売のカタログが届くのを楽しみに待っている。
I’m (looking) (forward) (to) receiving the mail-order catalogue.
※ look forward to –ingは「~することを楽しみに待つ」という意味。この表現では、toにつられて動詞の原形を続けないように注意。be used to –ing / be accustomed to -ing(「~することに慣れている」)も同様に注意。
The boy is used to making his own breakfast.
(その男の子は、自分で朝食を作ることに慣れている。)

2) 私が勝ったという事実は否定できない。
(There) (is) (no) denying the fact that I was the winner.
※ there is no –ingは「~できない」という意味。
3) 私はコーヒーを飲みたい気がする。
I (feel) (like) (drinking) a cup of coffee.
※ feel like –ingは「~したい気がする」という意味。
〈動名詞を使った慣用表現〉
It is no use[good] –ing 「~してもむだだ」
It is no use[good] worrying about the past.
(過去のことをくよくよしてもむだだよ。)
Would you mind –ing? 「~していただけませんか?」
Would you mind repeating that?(もう一度言っていただけませんか)
Would you mind my[me] –ing? 「~してもかまいませんか」
Would you mind my sitting here?(ここに座ってもかまいませんか)
keep[prevent/stop] O from –ing 「Oが~するのを防ぐ/妨げる」
The doctors tried to keep[prevent/stop] the virus from spreading.
(医師たちはそのウイルスがまん延するのを防ごうとした。)
worth –ing 「~する価値がある/~するに値する」
The museum is worth visiting.(その美術館は、訪れる価値がある。)
How about –ing? 「~するのはどうですか」
How about going for a swim?(泳ぎにいきませんか。)
on –ing 「~と同時に/~するとすぐに」
On seeing the man’s faced, she panicked.
(その男の顔を見たとたん、彼女はうろたえた。)
in –ing 「~しているあいだに/~する時に」
I slipped in getting off the train.(電車を降りる時にすべった。)
〈参考〉〈動名詞+名詞〉で「~するための…」という意味を表す
sleeping car(寝台車)
waiting room(待合室)
dining room(食堂)
frying pan(フライパン)
067 動名詞と不定詞(動名詞を目的語にする他動詞 / 不定詞を目的語にする他動詞)
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなささい。
1) Have you considered (moving) out of this country?
※ (あなたはこの国から出て行くことをよく考えたことがありますか)
consider –ing は「~することをよく考える」という意味。
〈動名詞を目的語にする他動詞〉不定詞を目的語にすることはできない。
admit(認める)
avoid(避ける)
deny(否定する)
enjoy(楽しむ)
escape(避ける、免れる)
finish(終える)
imagine(想像する)
mind(いやがる)
miss(しそこなう)
practice(練習する)
quit(やめる)
stop(やめる)
suggest(提案する)
give up(あきらめる)
put off(延期する)

2) Sorry. I didn’t mean (to offend) you.
※ (すみません。私はあなたを怒らせるつもりはありませんでした。)
mean to不定詞は「~するつもりである」という意味。
〈不定詞を目的語にする他動詞〉動名詞を目的語にすることはできない。
care(したいと思う)
decide(決心する)
desire(強く望む)
expect(するつもりである)
hope(したいと思う)
manage(どうにか~する)
offer(しようと申し出る)
pretend(ふりをする)
promise(約束する)
refuse(拒む)
want(したいと思う)
wish(したいと思う)

3) He refused (to come) with us.
※ (彼は私たちと来ることを拒んだ。)
refuse to不定詞は「~することを拒む」という意味。refuseは動名詞を目的語にすることはできない。

4) May I suggest (taking) a vote on this matter?
※ (この件については投票で決めることを提案してもよろしいですか。)
suggest –ing は「~することを提案する」という意味。suggestは不定詞を目的語にすることはできない。
068 動名詞と不定詞 (目的語が動名詞と不定詞で意味が異なる他動詞 / 目的語が動名詞でも不定詞でもよい他動詞 / 動名詞と不定詞の使い分けに注意すべき表現)
日本語の意味に合うように、( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) 間違いを見つけてみなさい。
Try (to find) the error.
※ 上記文のtry to不定詞は「~しようと試みる/努力する」という意味。try –ing にすると「(試しに)~してみる」という意味で「実際にやってみること」を表す。
2) ジムは試しにベッドのかわりにふとんで寝てみた。
Jim tried (sleeping) on a futon instead of a bed.
※ 上記文のtry –ing は「(試しに)~してみる」という意味で「実際にやってみること」を表す。
〈目的語が動名詞と不定詞で意味が異なる他動詞〉
forget
forget –ing 「~したことを忘れる」
forget to不定詞「~し忘れる」
I’ll never forget meeting her.(彼女に会ったことは決して忘れません。)
Don’t forget to meet her.(彼女に会うのを忘れないでね。)
remember
remember –ing「~したことを覚えている」
remember to 不定詞「~することを覚えている/~忘れずに~する」
Do you remember locking the door?
(ドアのカギをかけたことを覚えていますか)
Please remember to lock the door.
(ドアのカギをかけるのをおぼえておいてね。)
regret
regret –ing「~したことを後悔する」
regret to不定詞「~残念ながら~しなければならない」
I regret rejecting your offer.
(私はあなたの申し出を断ったことを後悔しています。)
I regret to say that we must reject your offer.
(残念ながら、あなたの申し出をお断りしなければなりません。)
〈目的語が動名詞でも不定詞でもよい他動詞〉
begin(始める)
cease(やめる)
continue(続ける)
hate(嫌う)
intend(するつもりである)
like(好む)
love(大好きである)
neglect(しない/し忘れる)
start(始める)

3) もう雨はやみましたか?
Have it stopped (raining) yet?
※ 上記のstop –ingは「~するのをやめる」という意味。一方、stop to不定詞という表現は、「~するためにそれまでしていたことをやめる/~するために立ち止まる/立ち止まって~する」という意味になる。この場合のstopは自動詞で、to不定詞は副詞的用法である。
He stopped taking pictures.(彼は写真を撮るのをやめた。)
He stopped to take pictures.(彼は写真を撮るために立ち止まった。)
〈動名詞と不定詞の使い分けに注意すべき表現〉
① be anxious
be anxious about –ing「~を心配している/不安に思って入る」
be anxious to不定詞「~するこを切望している」
I am anxious about traveling alone.
(私はひとりで旅行することを不安に思っている。)
I’m very anxious to travel alone.
(私はひとりで旅行に行きたいのです。)
② go on
go on –ing「~し続ける」
go on to不定詞「続けて~する/次に~する」
They went on arguing until 2 a.m.
(彼らは朝の2時まで議論を続けた。)
He went on to explain how to use the machine.
(彼は、次にその機械の使い方を説明した。)
③ be sure[certain]
be sure of –ing 「(主語)は~を確信している」
be sure to不定詞「(主語)はきっと~する/~するのは確実である」
Roland is sure of being accepted by that school.
(ローランドはあの学校に入学できると確信している。)
Roland is sure to pass the test; he has been studying for weeks.
(ローランドが試験に合格するのは確実だ。何週間もずっと勉強してき
たんだから。)
第9章 分詞(解説)
069 名詞を修飾する分詞(限定用法)
( )内の動詞を適切な分詞の形に変えなさい。
1) She was shocked at the (broken) guitar.
※ (彼女は壊れたギターにショックを受けた。)
上記文のbrokenはguitarを修飾している。このように、分詞は名詞を修飾し、その意味を限定することができる。これを分詞の限定用法と呼ぶ。上記文のように、名詞を修飾する1語の分詞は、修飾する名詞の直前に置くことができる。この場合、修飾する名詞は分詞の意味上の主語となり、過去分詞は受動の意味を表し、次のような現在分詞は能動の意味を表す。
・Someone is in that burning house! (だれかがあの燃えている家の中にいるぞ。)
上記の2文からは次のような文を作ることができる。
The guitar was broken.
That house is burning.

2) There is a cat (sleeping) on the roof.
※ (屋根の上で寝ている猫がいる。)
上記文ではsleeping on the roofが直前の名詞a catを修飾している。この場合も、分詞は名詞を修飾し、その意味を限定することができる。これも限定用法である。分詞には上記文のような現在分詞と次のような過去分詞がある。
The picture painted by a little girl won the contest.
(小さな少女によって描かれた絵が、コンテストで優勝した。)
上記の2文からは、次のような文を作ることができる。(分詞に修飾される名詞は、その分詞の意味上の主語)
A cat is sleeping on the roof.
The picture was painted by a little girl.

3) This is a picture (painted) by Picasso.
※ (これはピカソによって描かれた絵です。)
4) She received (disappointing) news.
※ (彼女はがっかりさせるような知らせを受けた。)
分詞の中には、動詞としての性質が薄れ、形容詞として使われているものが多くある。上記のdisappointingはdisappointの現在分詞形で、disappointは「(人)をがっかりさせる」という意味の他動詞である。したがって、disappointingは「(人)をがっかりさせる」という能動の意味をもつことになる。また、次の文のように過去分詞形のdisappointedは「がっかりさせられた(人) (→がっかりした(人))」という受動の意味をもつことになる。
I saw a lot of disappointed supporters.
(私はたくさんのがっかりしたサポーターを見かけた。)
「がっかりしているサポーター」という日本語からdisappointing supportersとしてしまいがちだが、これだと「(人)をがっかりさせる観客」という意味になってしまう。
〈参考〉〈分詞+名詞〉には、日常的によく使われるものがある。日本語化していて聞いたことのある表現も多いはずだが、カタカナ語と英語の違いに注意。
boiled egg (ゆで卵)
fried chicken(フライドチキン)
iced tea(アイスティー)
stained glass(ステンドグラス)
smoked salmon(スモークサーモン)
boiling water(熱湯)
frozen food(冷凍食品)
rising sun(日の出)
used car(中古車)
070 補語になる分詞(叙述用法) (SV+分詞)
( )内の動詞を適切な分詞の形に変えなさい。
1) She kept (crying) in front of her mother’s grave.
※ (彼女は母の墓の前で泣き続けていた。)
上記文では、keptが術後動詞であり、cryingがSVCの文型の補語として用いられ、「泣き続けた」という動作の継続を表している。このように分詞が補語として用いられることを、叙述用法と呼ぶ。SVCの文型では「Sは〜だ」というS is Cの関係が成り立つので、上記文の術後動詞をbe動詞に置き換えてみると、次のようになる。
She was crying in front of her mother’s grave.
また、現在分詞が能動の意味を表すのに対して、下記のように過去分詞は受動の意味を表す。
His eyes remain closed. (彼の目は閉じられたままだ。)

2) The treasure lay (hidden) in the cave.
※ (宝物は洞くつに潜んでいた。)
上記文のような過去分詞の場合は「〜されて」と訳すことができる。主語がどのような状態なのかを表す表現。現在分詞の場合は「〜しながら/〜して」と訳すことができる。
〈分詞を伴う自動詞〉
walk, sit, come, lie
They walked laughing into the room.
(彼らは笑いながらその部屋に入っていった。)
The teacher sat surrounded by his students.
(その先生は生徒たちに囲まれて座っていた。)
〈参考〉この表現では、動詞と分詞のあいだに場所を表す表現が入ることがある。
The teacher sat on the floor surrounded by his students.
(その先生は生徒たちに囲まれて床に座っていた。)
〈注意〉go –ingの意味
go shopping(買い物をしに行く)のように「〜しに行く」という意味で使うことが多い

3) We stood (talking) for about an hour.
※ (私たちは1時間くらい話しながら立っていた。)
071 補語になる分詞(叙述用法) (SVO+分詞)
( )内の動詞を適切な分詞の形に変えなさい。
1) When I came home, I found my wife (sleeping) on the sofa.
※ (私は帰宅した時、妻がソファで寝ているのを見つけた。)
findはSVOCの文型で用いられ、「OがCであるのを見つける」という意味を表すことができる。SVOCの場合は、OとCのあいだに「Oは〜だ」というO is Cの関係が成り立つ。したがって、上記文では、My wife was sleeping.という文を作ることができる。現在分詞のsleepingは能動の意味を表している。

2) Don’t leave the door (unlocked).
※ (ドアの鍵を開けっ放しにしておくな。)
leaveはSVOCの文型で用いられ、「OをCの状態にしておく」という意味を表すことができる。SVOCの場合は、OとCのあいだに「Oは〜だ」というO is Cの関係が成り立つ。したがって、上記文では、The door is unlocked..という文を作ることができる。過去分詞のunlockedは受動の意味を表している。

3) I want this problem (solved) by tomorrow.
※ (私はこの問題を明日までに解決してほしい。)
wantはSVOCの文型で用いられ、「OをCの状態にしてほしい」という意味を表すことができる。SVOCの場合は、OとCのあいだに「Oは〜だ」というO is Cの関係が成り立つ。したがって、上記文では、This problem is solved.という文を作ることができる。過去分詞のsolvedは受動の意味を表している。
072 have+O+分詞
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適合を入れなさい。
1) 彼は自分の犬を浜辺で走らせておいた。
He (had) his dog (running) on the beach.
※ 〈have / get+O+現在分詞〉の形で、「Oを〜させる/させておく」という意味を表すことができる。
〈参考〉haveはある状態への変化や継続を表すときに、getはある状態までもって
いくことを表すときに使う。
The comedian had the people laughing.
(そのコメディアンは人々を笑わせた。)
He got the machine working.
(彼はその機会を動かした。)
〈参考〉〈have+O+動詞の原型〉は「Oに〜させる / してもらう」という意味。(不
定詞の使役動詞)完結した動作を表すときに使う。
He had the dog run on the beach.
(彼は自分の犬に浜辺で走ってもらった。)

2) 私はローマでパスポートを盗まれた。
I (had[got]) my passport (stolen) in Rome.
※ 〈have / get+O+過去分詞〉の形で、「Oを〜してもらう/Oを〜される」という意味を表すことができる。上記文はやってほしいことでないので、「パスポートを盗まれた」のような意味になる。やってほしいことであれば、次のように「髪を切ってもらった」のような意味になる。このような用法のhaveとgetも使役動詞とよぶ。
・I had my hair cut at a famous beauty salon.
(私は有名な美容室で髪を切ってもらった。)
また、次のように「Oを〜し終える」という意味を表すこともできる。この場合は、自分で何かをやり遂げることを表す。
Have your essay finished by tomorrow!
(作文を明日までに書き上げてしまいなさい!)
〈参考〉次のように偶然や不注意による被害を表すときはgetが用いられる。
I got my fingers caught in the train doors.
(私は電車のドアに指をはさまれた。)
〈make+O+過去分詞〉の表現
makeも過去分詞を伴うことがある。〈make+O+過去分詞〉で「Oを〜されるようにする」の意味。ただし、過去分詞が形容詞化している場合を除くと、次のような慣用的な表現に限られると考えてよい。
make oneself understood (自分の意思を伝える)
make oneself heard (自分の声を聞かせる)
Can you make yourself understood in English?
(あなたは英語で自分の意思を伝えられますか。)
3) 私は昨日、自転車を修理してもらった。
I (had[got]) my bicycle (repaired[fixed]) yesterday.
073 see+O+分詞
日本語の意味に合うように、( )内に適語を入れなさい。
1) 私は人ごみの中で自分の名前が呼ばれるのを聞いた。
I (heard) my name (called) in the crowd.
※ 〈hear+O+過去分詞〉は、「Oが〜されるの聞く」という意味を表す。この形で使えるのはsee, look at, hear, listen to, feelなど、「見る」「聞く」「感じる」という意味を表す動詞で、これらは知覚動詞と呼ばれる。次のような〈hear+O+現在分詞〉は、「Oが〜しているの聞く」という意味を表す。
I heard someone calling my name in the crowd.
(私は人ごみの中でだれかが自分の名前を呼んでいるのを聞いた。)

2) パットは、女の子が川で泳いでいるのを見た。
Pat (saw) a girl (swimming) in the river.
※ 〈see+O+現在分詞〉は、「Oが〜しているのを見る」という意味。。
3) 私はだれかがどあをノックしているのを聞いた。
I (heard) someone (knocking) on the door.
※ 〈hear+O+現在分詞〉は、「Oが〜しているの聞く」という意味。
074 分詞構文 (分詞構文の働き / 分詞構文が表す内容)
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Hiking in the forest, we came across a bear.
森の中をハイキングしている時、私たちはクマに出くわした。
※ 上記文でHiking in the forestが表すのは、「森の中をハイキングしている時」であると考えられる。このように、分詞構文を使って「〜している時/〜しているあいだ」という何をしている時のことなのかを表すことができる。このよう場合、whenやwhileのような接続詞を使って次のように表現することができる。
While we were hiking in the forest, we came across a bear.

2) Having nothing to do, I went to bed early.
何もすることがなかったので、私は早く寝た。
※ 上記文では、I went to bed early (私は早く寝た)という理由を、「何もすることがなかった」と説明している。「原因や理由」を表す分詞構文はふつう文頭に置かれる。このように「原因や理由」を表す場合は、because, since, asなどの接続詞を使って表現することができる。
Since I had nothing to do, I went to bed early.
〈参考〉過去分詞を使った分詞構文では、過去分詞の前にbeingが置かれ、〈being+過去分詞〉の形になることがある。この場合、分詞構文はふつう「原因・理由」をあらわす。
Written in simple English, this book is easy to understand.
(= Being written in simple English, this book is easy to understand.)
(簡単な英語で書かれているので、この本は理解しやすい。)
〈注意〉分詞構文は次のように、「時」と「原因・理由」のどちらを表しているのか、その文だけでは判断できないことも多い。
Seeing the storm clouds, they turned back.
(あらしの雲を見て、彼らは引き返した。)
〈参考〉分詞構文が「条件」を表すこともある。ただし、あまり用いられない。
・Turning left after the bank, you will see our house on the right.
= If you turn left after the bank, you will see our house on the right.
(銀行の先を左に曲がると、右手に私たちの家が見えます。

3) I drive to the office every morning listening to the radio.
私は毎朝、ラジオを聞きながら車で会社に行く。
※ 上記文では、「私が毎朝車で会社に行く」時に「ラジオを聞いている」という状況表している。このように、分詞構文を使ってその時していることを表すことができる。その時の状況を表す用法は「付帯状況」と呼ばれ、分詞構文の中ではもっとも頻度が高い。
4) He managed to solve the problem, supported by his classmates.
彼はクラスメイトに助けられて、その問題をなんとか解決した。
※ 上記文ではHe managed to solve the problemという文の後にsupported by his classmatesという過去分詞に導かれた句を置いて、「クラスメイトに助けられて」という情報を加えている。分詞構文では、分詞の意味上の主語は、文の主語と同じになるのが原則。上記文では、He was supported by his classmates.という文を作ることができる。また、「原因や理由」を表す分詞構文はふつう文頭に置かれるが上記文のように、分詞句が文末に置かれる場合、コンマを使うことがある。また、次のように分詞が主語の直後に置かれることもある。
Mary, shocked at the news, couldn’t speak a word.
(メアリーは、その知らせに驚いて、一言も話せなかった。)
〈注意〉分詞構文の使用
分詞構文が会話で使われることはあまりない。むやみに分詞構文を使わないようにしよう。
075 分詞構文 (否定の位置)
指定された動詞を使って、日本語の意味に合うように( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 時間がなかったので、今朝は新聞を読まなかった。(have)
(Not) (having) time, I didn’t read the newspaper this morning.
※ 上記文のNot havingのように、分詞を否定するnotやneverなどは分詞の直前に置く。
2) 私の忠告に従わなかったので、息子はかぜをひいた。(take)
(Not) (taking) my advice, my son caught a cold.
076 分詞構文の応用 (分詞構文のさまざまな形)
日本語に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) お金を全部使ってしまったので、彼女は渋谷から家まで歩いた。
(Having) (spent) all her money, she walked home from Shibuya.
※ 文の術後動詞の表す時よりも以前のことを分詞構文で表現する場合は、分詞を〈having+過去分詞〉の形にする。上記文では、「歩いた」というwalkedが表す時よりも以前に「使った」ことから、分詞がhaving spentになる。この文を接続詞を使って表現すれば、次のようになる。
Because she had spent all her money, she walked home from Shibuya.

2) サラダと一緒に食べると、このパスタはおいしい。
This pasta is delicious (when) (eaten) with a salad.
※ 分詞構文の意味を明確にするために、分詞の前に接続詞を置くことがある。上記文では、whenを置くことで「時」を表すことを明確にしている。分詞の前に置かれる接続詞はwhenやwhileが多い。この文のwhen eatenのような場合は〈主語+be動詞〉の省略と考えることができる場合もある。
This pasta is delicious when it is eaten with a salad.
〈参考〉afterやbeforeに-ingが続く場合は、前置詞の後に動名詞が続いた形と考えればよい。
After finishing his homework, he played the video game.
(宿題を終えた後、彼はテレビゲームをした。)
〈「譲歩」を表す分詞構文〉
分詞構文が「譲歩」を表すことがある。その場合は分詞の前にalthoughやthoughのような「譲歩」の接続詞がついていたり、主節にstillのような「逆説」を表す副詞があることが多い。
・Although impressing the interviewer, he couldn’t get a job.
(面接担当者にはよい印象を与えたが、彼はその仕事を得ることができなかった。)
・Accepting that he may be right, I still don’t like his idea.
(彼が正しいかもしれないということは認めるが、それでも私は彼の考えが気に入らない。)
077 分詞構文の応用 (独立分詞構文)
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) It being very hot last night, I couldn’t sleep well.
昨夜はとても暑かったので、よく眠れなかった。
※ 分詞構文では、分詞の意味上の主語は文の主語と一致しているのが原則である。しかし、上記の文のように、実際の英文では、分詞の意味上の主語が文の主語と一致していないこともある。このような分詞構文を、独立分詞構文と呼ぶ。分詞の意味上の主語が文の主語と異なる場合は、分詞の直前に意味上の主語を置く。上記文ではbeingの直前にあるItが意味上の主語になっている。接続詞を使って表現すれば次のようになる。
Because it was very hot last night, I couldn’t sleep well.
〈注意〉〈There + be動詞 …〉の構文を分詞構文にする場合
・There being …またはThere having been …となる。これはかなりかための文章体の表現
There being no bridge, we had to swim across the river.
(橋がなかったので、私たちは泳いでその川を渡らなければならなかった。)

2) Generally speaking, Japanese people work hard.
一般的に言って、日本人は熱心に働く。
※ Generally speakingは「一般的に言って」という意味で、分詞の意味上の主語を明示しない慣用表現。厳密に言えば、分詞の意味上の主語は「不特定の人々」や「話者」ということになるが意味上の主語を気にする必要はない。
〈分詞構文の慣用表現〉
frankly speaking (率直に言って)
speaking[talking] of … (…と言えば)
generally speaking (一般的に)
strictly speaking (厳密に言えば)
judging from … (…から判断すると)

3) Judging from her elegant dress, she must be going to the party.
彼女の上品なドレスから判断すると、彼女はそのパーティーに行くところであるにちがいない。
※ Judging from … は「…から判断すると」という意味で分詞の意味上の主語を明示しない慣用表現。
078 付帯状況を表すwith+(代)名詞+分詞
日本語の意味に合うように、与えられた語句を並びかえて、英文を完成させなさい。ただし、不要な語が1語ある。
1) 彼は目を閉じたまま、いすに座っていた。
He was sitting in the chair (with his eyes closed).
※ 主節で表していることと同時に起こっている事柄を補足的に説明するときに、〈with + (代)名詞 + 分詞〉の形が使われることがある。この場合、(代)名詞は分詞の意味上の主語になる。上記文では、過去分詞closedを使って、with以下にはHis eyes were closed.という受動態の文に相当する内容が表されるようにする。つまり、上記文では、「彼がいすに座っていて、(それと同時に)彼の目は閉じられていた」という状況が表現されている。
2) 彼はエンジンをかけたまま車から出た。
He got out of the car (with the engine running ).
※ 上記文では、with the engine runningが「彼が車から出た」様子を補足して説明している。ここでは現在分詞を使ってthe engine was runningという能動態の文に相当する内容が表されるようにする。つまり、上記文では、「彼が車から出て、(それと同時に)エンジンがかかっていた」という状況が表現されている。
〈付帯状況を表す場合に用いられるwith〉
withを使って付帯状況を表す場合、分詞の代わりに、形容詞、副詞、前置詞句が使われることも多い。この場合も〈with+(代)名詞+形容詞/副詞/前置詞句〉の形になり、(代)名詞抜きでは使えないことに注意。
・Some people sleep with their eyes open.
(目をあけたまま眠る人もいる。)[openは形容詞]
・Did you interview her with the tape recorder on?
(テープレコーダーのスイッチを入れて、彼女にインタビューをしましたか。)[onは副詞]
・He apologized for his mistake with tears in his eyes.
(彼は目に涙を浮かべて自分の間違いを謝罪した。)[in his eyesは前置詞句]
079 分詞を使った表現
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) ビンの中に牛乳はほとんど残っていなかった。
There (was) little milk (left) in the bottle.
※ 何かの存在を伝えるときには〈There+be動詞+名詞〉の形を使う。この名詞の後に分詞を続けると、それがどういう状況にあるのかを表すことができる。上記文の場合は、little milkの後にleftを続けて、「ほとんど残されていない」という状況を表している。名詞と分詞で表す動作が上記文のように「〜される」という受動の関係なら〈There+be動詞+名詞+過去分詞〉、次のように「〜する」という能動の関係なら〈There+be動詞+名詞+現在分詞〉となる。
・There’s a car coming. (車が来るよ。)

2) 日曜日にはよく川に釣りに行った。
I went (fishing) (in) the river on Sundays.
※ スポーツやレジャーなどについて「〜しに行く」と言うときは、上記文のようにgo –ing という形を使う。
go fishing (釣りに行く)
go climbing (山登りに行く)
go swimming (泳ぎに行く)
go skating (スケートをしに行く)
go skiing (スキーをしに行く)
go shopping (買い物に行く)
〈注意〉go –ingの後の前置詞
go-ingの後ろに「場所」を表す〈前置詞+名詞〉を置く場合、 用いる前置詞を間違えないように注意する。この前置詞は-ingになっている動詞とのつながりで決まる。
go shopping in Ginza (銀座に買い物に行く)
go skating on the lake (湖にスケートをしに行く)
go swimming in the river (川へ泳ぎに行く)
go skiing at Hakuba (白馬にスキーをしに行く)
〈go –ingが表す2つの意味〉
go-ingの後に、その活動が行われる場所を続けると、「〈場所〉に〜をしに行く」という意味になる。
・I’m going to go skiing at Hakuba. (白馬にスキーをしに行くつもりだ。)
この場合の「〜に」は〈場所〉を表すatを用い、〈到達点〉を表すtoは用いない。Toを用いると「〈場所〉まで〜しながら行く」という意味になってしまう。
They went talking loudly to the station.
(彼らは駅まで大きな声で話しながら行った。)
3) 彼の家は、わけなく見つかった。
We (had) no trouble (finding) his house.
※ 上記はhave trouble –ing「〜するのに苦労する」という意味を表すらわす。ほかにも、次のような表現がある。(ing形の前に前置詞inを入れることもある。)
be busy [in] –ing「〜するのに忙しい」
We are very busy [in] preparing for the party.
(私たちはパーティーの準備でとても忙しい。)
spend+時間+[in] -ing「〜して〈時間〉を過ごす」
I spent a lot of time [in] watching TV last night.
(昨夜はテレビを見て長時間過ごしてしまった。)
第10章 比較級(解説)
080 原級を使った比較
次の文を日本語にしなさい。
1) This camera is as small as that one.
このカメラはあのカメラと同じくらいの小ささだ。
※ asの後では、なくても誤解が生じないものは省略できる。上記文でthat oneの後のisが省略されている。This camera is as small as that one (is).
また、asの後が代名詞1語になる場合には、それが主語であっても目的格が使わ
れることが多い。
・My sister is as tall as me.
(私の姉は私と同じくらいの身長です。)
〈as nice a person as の語順〉
原級を使った比較では、比較の軸になるのが名詞を伴う形容詞のこともある。この場合、a nice personのようにa/anがつくと、次のような語順になる。
He is as nice a person as his father.
(彼は、彼の父親と同じくらい、いい人です。)
a nice personの形容詞niceが、副詞as に引っ張られる形でその直後に置かれ、〈as+形容詞+a/an+名詞〉の語順になっている。×as a nice person as~とするのは誤り。

2) Jenny has three times as many books as Tom
ジェニーはトムの3倍の数の本を持っている。
※ 上記文のように「持っている本の数」について比較したい場合には、as … asのあいだにmany booksを入れて、〈数量を表す形容詞+名詞〉の組み合わせで使わなくてはならない。また、2人の人(2つの物事)をくらべて、一方がもう一方のX倍あるという場合、as … as の前に倍数を置いて表す。上記は倍数を使った文。倍数はX timesで表すので3倍の場合はthree timesとなる。2倍の場合はtwice、1.5倍なら、one and a half timesとなる。
また、次のように、一方がもう一方のX分のYであることを表す場合は、as … asの前に分数を置いて表す。「2分の1」の場合にはhalfを、「4分の1」の場合にはa[one] quarterを使う。
That room is half as large as this one.
(あの部屋はこの部屋の半分の大きさだ。)
This bridge is one-third as long as that one.
(この橋はあの橋の3分の1の長さです。)
〈名詞を使って「~のX倍の…だ」を表す〉
length(長さ), size(大きさ/体積)height(高さ), depth(深さ)などの名詞を使ってX倍の差があることを表現することもできる。
His second novel is three times the length of his first one.
= His second novel is three times as long as his first one.
(彼の2作目の小説は、1作目の3倍の長さです。)
This box is a[one] quarter the size of that one.
= This box is a[one] quarter as large as that one.
(この箱はあの箱の4分の1の大きさです。)

3) I cannot read English as fast as you.
私はあなたほど速く英語を読めません。
※ as … asを使った比較の文をnotで否定すると、「~ほど…ではない」という意味になり、比べる相手と「同じくらいではない」ことを表す。上記文ではyouの後のcanが省略されている。I cannot read English as fast as you (can).
なお、否定文では原級の前にはsoを使ってもよい。
I cannot read English so fast as you (can).
4) Write your name as nearly as you can.
できるだけきちんと名前を書きなさい。
※ 「できるだけ…」という意味はas … as possibleか、as … as S canという形で表す。(Sはその動作をする人)。
081 比較級を使った比較
日本語に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 私の弟は私よりも上手に絵を描きます。
My brother draws pictures (better) (than) me.
2) 私の家はその野球選手の家よりもずっと小さい。
My house is (much) (smaller) (than) the baseball player’s house.
※ 比較されている2者のあいだの差が大きいことを表したい場合は、比較級の前にmuchやfar, a lotなどを置く。〈much[far]+比較級+than~〉で、「~よりもずっと[はるかに]…」となる。
逆に、差が小さいことを表すには、〈a little[a bit]+比較級+than~〉「~よりも少し…」などを用いる。
His grades were a little[a bit] better than mine.
  (彼の成績は私の成績より少しよかった。)
また、数の多さにについて比べる〈more+名詞の複数形+than~〉という表現では、muchを使わず、manyを用いて差の大きさを表す。
My brother has many more T-shirts than me.
(弟は僕よりもかなり多くのTシャツを持っている。)
  [×much more T-shirtsとはしない]
〈evenやstillを使って「さらにいっそう…」を表す〉
〈even[still]+比較級+than~〉で「~よりもさらにいっそう…」を表す。
His new car is even[still] bigger than mine.
(彼の新しい車は私のよりもさらに大きい。)
この文は、「私の車も割と大きい車だが、彼の新しい車はそれよりもさらに大きい」という意味合いになる。
また、比較されている2者のあいだの差を具体的に表すには、次のthree yearsyoungerのように、数を使った表現を比較級の前に置く。
Sue is three years younger than Tim.
(スーはティムより3歳年下だ。)
= Sue is younger than Tim by three years.
[2つの差をbyを使って数値で表すこともある。]

〈比較級を使った比較の文で、倍数を使って差を明示する〉
〈比較級+than~〉でも、倍数や分数の表現を使うことができる。ただし、twiceは比較級を使った文で用いることはできない。

・This computer can work two and a half times faster than that one.
= This computer can work two and a half times as fast as that one.
  (このコンピュータはあのコンピュータより、2.5倍速く動く。)

3) この問題はその問題ほど難しくない。
This question is (less) hard (than) that one.
※ 「~ほど…でない」のように、形容詞や副詞の表す程度が比べる相手より低いことを表すときに、〈less+形容詞/副詞+than~〉を使う。lessの後には原級を置く。〈less … than~〉は、〈not as[so] … as~〉とほぼ同じ意味を表す。ただし、〈less … than~〉よりも〈not as[so] … as~〉を使うことのほうが多い。
This question is not as[so] hard as that one.
= That question is harder than this one. [That questionのほうを主語にして]
= This question is easier than that one.
[文意によっては、lessの後の形容詞や副詞の反意語の比較級を使うことが可能な場合もある。]
〈比較の対象をはっきりと表す〉
・He looks much younger than he really is.
(彼は実際の年齢よりずっと若く見える。)
この文では、「彼のみかけ(he looks)」の年齢と、「本当の(he really is)」年齢とを比べている。比較の文では何と何を比較しているのかをはっきりとらえることが大切。
You can find a good job more easily in a big city than in a small town.
(小さな町よりも大都市のほうがいい仕事が簡単に見つかる。)
この文では、「いい仕事を見つけるのはどちらが簡単(more easily)か」という点について、in a big cityとin a small townという2つの場所を表す副詞句(前置詞+名詞)を比べているので、thanの後のin を省略することはできない。
The climate of Japan is much milder than that of Iceland.
(日本の気候はアイスランドの気候よりもずっと温暖だ。)
この文では、「日本の気候」と「アイスランドの気候」をくらべている。thatは代名詞で、the climateを受けている。この場合の「アイスランドという国」との比較ではないので、than Icelandとはしない。
〈比較級を使った比較の文で、thanが省略される場合〉
Why don’t you use a sharper knife?
(もっとよく切れるナイフをつかったらどうなの?)
「(今使っているナイフよりも)もっとよく切れるナイフを使う」ことを勧めている文である。このように何と比較しているのが明らかな場合には、than以下は省略される。
I have to practice basketball harder this year.
(今年はバスケットボールをもっとがんばって練習しなければならない。)
「以前に比べて/今までよりも」という意味で過去との比較をする場合も、わざわざ言わなくても意味が通じるので、than以下は省略される。
082 最上級を使った比較
日本語の意味に合うように、与えられた語句を並びかえて文を完成させなさい。
1) これはロンドンでもっとも古い教会です。
This is (the oldest church in London).
※ 上記文のように、名詞を修飾する形容詞の最上級を使う場合は、その前にtheを置く。名詞が続いてなくても、形容詞の後に名詞を補うことができれば、theを使う。
・Chris is the richest (person) in the town. (クリスは町で一番のお金持ちだ。)
副詞の最上級の場合は、次のようにtheを置かないことが多い。
He swims fastest of us all. (彼は私たちの中でもっとも速く泳ぐ。)
〈in … と of …〉
最上級の文では、比較する範囲や対象は〈in+名詞(代名詞)〉か〈of+名詞(代名詞)〉の形で表すことが多い。
inを使うのは上記文のin Londonや次のin this schoolやin my familyのように、比べる相手がその中に入っているような場合。(inは容器に入っているイメージ)
He is the fastest sprinter in this school.
(彼はこの学校でもっとも速い短距離走者です。)
I am the tallest in my family.
(私は家族の中で一番背が高い。)
ofを使うのは、上記文のof us allや次のof the threeのように、比べる相手を並べて個別に意識している場合。(ofは個々を意識するイメージ)
He is the tallest of the three. (彼はその3人の中で一番背が高い。)

2) ここはこの町でもっともよいフランス料理店の1つです。
This is (one of the best French restaurants) in this town.
※ 「もっとも…なものの1つ」と言う時に、〈one of the+形容詞の最上級+複数形の名詞〉という形を使う。
3) メルボルンはオーストラリアで2番目に大きな都市です。
Melbourne is (the second largest city in) Australia.
※ 「一番」であることを示すには最上級を使えばいいが、「2番目に…な〜」を表す場合には〈the second+形容詞の最上級+単数形の名詞〉という表現を使う。secondの代わりにthirdを使えば「3番目に…な〜」となるし、fourthを使えば「4番目に…な〜」という意味になる。
This is the third most popular song in the hit chart this week.
(これは、今週のヒットチャートで第3位の歌です。)
また、「もっとも…でない/一番…でない」の意味で、形容詞や副詞の表す程度が最も低いことを表すには次のように〈the least+形容詞/副詞〉を使う。
This is the least expensive computer in this store.
(これがこの店でもっとも高くないコンピュータです。)

4) 彼はこの劇団で抜群にうまい役者です。
He (is by far the best actor) in this theater company.
※ 最上級が表す意味に「はるかに/断然」という意味を加えるときは、by far, muchなどを使う。この文のようにtheが付いているときは、theの前に置く。
次のように、veryを形容詞の前に置くことで「まさに…な」という意味を表すことができる。この場合は、〈the very+形容詞の最上級(+名詞)〉の語順になる。
He is the very best player on[in] this team.
(彼はこのチームでまさに最高の選手です。)
〈比較の範囲を関係代名詞を使って表す〉
最上級の文で、比較する範囲や対象を関係詞節で表すこともできる。関係詞節には〈経験〉の意味の完了形が用いられ、「これまで〜した中でもっとも…な」という意味になる。
This is the most interesting book (that) I have ever read.
(これは私が今まで読んだ中でもっともおもしろい本です。)
083 原級・比較級を使って最上級の意味を表す
次の文と同じ意味になるように、原級と比較級を用いた3つの文をつくりなさい。
Ted is the tallest boy in this class.
(テッドはこのクラスの中で一番背の高い少年です。)
=①No (other) boy in this class is as[so] tall as Ted.
(テッドほど背の高い少年はこのクラスの中にはいない。)
※ 〈No (other)+単数形の名詞〉を主語にして、「〜ほど…なものはない」という意味を表すことができる。この文ではno (other) boy in this classとTedが「背の高さ」の点で同じくらいであることを示している「テッドと同じくらいの少年はいない」ということなので、「テッドがもっとも背が高い」となる。
また、次のようにany other boyを先に置くとanyが出てきた瞬間に強い肯定と感じ,その後にnotが来ると論理的混乱を引き起こすため、このような使い方は避ける。
× Any other boy in this class is not as[so] tall as Ted.
◯ Not any No boy in this class is as[so] tall as Ted.

=②No (other) boy in this class is taller than Ted.
(テッドより背の高い少年はこのクラスの中にいない。)
※ 上記文では、no (other) boy in this classと、thanの後ろのTedを、比較級を用いて比べている。「テッドより背の高い少年は居ない」ということなので、「テッドがもっとも背が高い」ということになる。
〈参考〉比較級を使うこの表現は、「それよりも上のものはない」ということを表す。
したがって、「同程度のものがある」可能性も残される。
また、次のようにany other boyを先に置くとanyが出てきた瞬間に強い肯定と感じ,その後にnotが来ると論理的混乱を引き起こすため、このような使い方は避ける。
× Any other boy in this class is not taller than Ted.
◯ Not any No boy in this class is taller than Ted

=③Ted is taller than any other boy in this class.
(テッドはこのクラスの他のどの少年よりも背が高い。)
※ 比較級を使った比較表現のthanの後ろに〈any other+単数形の名詞〉を置くと、「ほかのどの〜よりも…」という「一番…」の意味を表すことになる。上記文では、Tedとany other boyを比べている。「テッドはこのクラスの他のどの少年よりも背が高い。」→「テッドはもっとも背が高い。」となる。
〈注意〉nothing, anythingを用いて最上級の意味を表す
「少年」のような具体的な名詞ではなく、一般の「もの」や「こと」を対象にして上にあげたような最上級に相当する表現を使う場合には、〈no other+単数形の名詞〉の代わりにnothing (else)を、また〈any other+単数形の名詞〉の代わりにanything elseを使う。
Nothing (else) is as[so] precious as time.
Nothing (else) is more precious than time.
Time is more precious than anything else.
(時間よりも貴重なものはない。)
〈注意〉nobody, no one, anybody, anyoneを用いて最上級の意味を表す
「もの」や「こと」ではなく、一般の「ひと」を対象にして最上級に相当する表現を使う場合には、nothing (else)の代わりにnobody no oneを、また、anything elseの代わりにanybody [anyone] elseを使う。
Nobody (else) in her school is as[so] tall as her.
No one (else) in her school is taller than her.
(彼女の学校で、彼女よりも背の高い人は1人もいない。)
She is taller than anyone else in her school.
(彼女は、彼女の学校のほかのだれよりも背が高い。)
084 原級を用いたさまざまな表現
日本語の意味に合うように、与えられた語句を並べかえて英文を完成させなさい。
1) この本は歴史に関するエッセイというよりは、むしろ小説だ。
This book is (not so much a historical essay as a novel).
※ ある物事や人について、2つの要素のうちどちらがより強く備わっているかを述べる場合、〈not so much A as B〉という表現が用いられる。「AというよりはむしろB」という意味になる。
〈not so much A as Bの同意表現〉
① not A so much as Bという語順も可能。
=The book is not a historical essay so much as a novel.
② B rather than A / rather B than A
=The book is a novel rather than a historical essay.
=The book is rather a novel than a historical essay.
③ more (of) B than A
=The book is more (of) a novel than a historical essay
〈not so much as+動詞の原形〉「〜さえしない」
The old man did not so much as apologize to me.
(その老人は私にあやまりさえしなかった。)
= The old man did not even apologize to me.
〈without so much as + -ing〉「〜さえしないで/〜なしで」
He left me without so much as saying thanks.
(彼は礼も言わずに私のもとから立ち去った。)

2) その事故で100人もの人がけがをした。
(As many as one hundred people) got injured in the accident.
※ 〈as many / much as + 数詞〉「〜もの」(= no less than + 数詞)は、数や量がかなり多いことを表す表現。数の多さを表す場合にはmanyを、量の場合は次のようにmuchを使う。
・I paid as much as 250 dollars for this sweater.
(このセーターに250ドルも出した。)
= I paid no less than 250 dollars for this sweater.
〈as + 形容詞/副詞 + as〜〉の表現
manyやmuchの代わりにさまざまな形容詞や副詞を使った〈as + 形容詞/副詞 + as〜〉で次のような意味を表すことができる。
Radio broadcasting started as early as 1920.
(ラジオ放送は早くも1920年に始まった。)[1920年がかなり早いと思っている]
He goes fishing as often as three times a week.
(彼は週に3回もつりに行く。)[週3回はかなり多いと思っている]
〈as many / much〜〉「それと同数/量の〜」
The tour group visited five cities as many days.
(そのツアーの団体は、5日間で5つの都市を回った。)
この文では、先にfive citiesという数の表現が出ているので、as many days「それと同じ日数」と言えば、「5日間」を意味することになる。
I’ll have 200 grams of ham salad and as much mashed potatoes.
(ハムサラダを200グラムと、マッシュポテトも同じ量ください。

3) 彼はあいかわらずだれにでも友好的だ。
He is (is as friendly to everyone as ) ever.
※ as … as everは「これまでと同じくらい…」ということなので、「あいかわらず…」という意味になる。
〈as … as ever lived〉「きわめて…」
次のように「これまで存在したどんな偉大な俳優と比べても劣らない」ことを表すため、「きわめて偉大な俳優」ということになる。
He is as great an actor as ever lived.
(彼はきわめて偉大な俳優です。)
〈as … as any +単数形の名詞〉「きわめて…」
次のように「私が知っているどんな正直な男と比べても劣らない」ことを表すため、「きわめて正直な男」ということになる。
He is as honest as any man I know.
(彼はきわめて正直な男です。)

4) その仕事は終わったも同然だ。
The work is (as good as finished).
※ 〈as good as〜〉は「ほとんど〜と同じ」という意味。上記文は「実質的に仕事が終わったのと同じ程度→終わったも同然」であることを意味している。
This house is as good as new. (この家は新築同然です。)
なお、as good as〜はふつうの比較表現でも使われ、「〜と同じくらいよい」という意味を表す。
His car is as good as mine. (彼の車は私のと同じくらいよい。)
085 比較級を用いたさまざまな表現(1)
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) She bought the cheaper of the two sweaters.
彼女はその2枚のセーターのうちの安いほうを買った。
※ 「(3つ以上の中で)もっとも…」と言う場合には次のように最上級を使うが、比べるものが2つの場合には、上記文のように〈the+比較級+of the two〜〉という形を使う。 the cheaperおよびthe cheapestの後にはsweaterが省略されているので比較級・最上級の前にtheが必要となる。
She bought the cheapest of the three sweaters.
(彼女は3枚のセーターのうち、一番安いのを買った。)

2) I like her all the better for her kindness.
彼女は親切なので、私は彼女のことがますます好きだ。
※ 〈all the+比較級〉で「それだけ…/ますます…」という意味を表し、その後に続くfor … やbecause … で述べている理由によって、比較級で表されたことの程度がいっそう増していることを示す。上記文は、「彼女が親切である」という理由によって、もともと私たちが抱いている「彼女に対する好意」が、よりいっそう増していることを意味している。上記文のようにforを使う場合は後ろに名詞(句)を置く。
次の文では、「子どもがいる」という理由によって、彼女がよりいっそう懸命に働いていることを述べている。次のように、becauseを使う場合には後ろに節を置く。
・She works all the harder because she has a child.
(彼女には子どもがいるので、それだけいっそう一生懸命働くのです。)
〈参考〉比較級の前についているtheは副詞で、「それだけ…/ますます…」とい
う意味を表すので、〈all the+比較級〉のallは〈the+比較級〉を強調する
働きをしており、省略することもある。
〈none the+比較級〜〉
比較級にnoやnoneなどの否定語がつくと、比較級によって意味される「差」が存在しないことになる。したがって、〈none the+比較級〜〉は、「〜という理由では程度に何の変化も生じない」→「〜だからといってそれだけ…というわけではない/〜だからといって少しも…でない」という意味になる。なお、〈none the+比較級〜〉も理由を表す〈for+名詞(句)〉や〈because+節〉を伴うことが多い。
He worked none the harder because he became a father.
(彼は父親になったとうことで、一生懸命に働くことはなかった。)
〈none the less(〜)〉「(〜であるが)それでもやはり/それでもなお」
We respect him none the less for his faults.
(彼には欠点があるが、それでもやはり私たちは彼を尊敬している。)
欠点によって私たちの彼に対する敬意が減ることはなく、欠点があってもなくても、彼をまったく同じように尊敬しているという意味。

3) It is getting warmer and warmer.
だんだん暖かくなってきている。
※ 形容詞や副詞の比較級をandを使って繰り返すと、「ますます…」という意味になり、程度が次第に増していくことを表す。-er型の比較級は、上記文のwarmer and warmerのようにandで結ぶだけでよいが、more型の場合には、次のように〈more and more+原級〉という形になる。
It’s becoming more and more important to understand English.
(英語がわかるということが、ますます重要になっている。)
 More and more people are traveling abroad these days.
(最近、ますます多くの人が海外旅行に出かけている。)[moreはmanyの比較級]
〈less and less …〉「ますます…でなくなる」(程度が徐々に減っていくことを示す)
During the match, the boxer became less and less aggressive.
(試合中、そのボクサーはしだいに攻撃的でなくなっていった。)

4) The more he practiced, the better he played the piano.
たくさん練習すればするほど、彼はますますピアノが上手になった。
※ 〈the+比較級+SV …, the+比較級+SV〜〉は「…すればするほど、ますます〜」の意味。関連し合った2つの動作や状態が、互いに比例関係を保ちながら、程度を増したり減じたりしていく場合に使われる。
The more I study, the more I know. (学べば学ぶほど、それだけ知識が増える。)
The older my dog gets, the fatter he gets.
(私の犬は年をとればとるほど、ますます太っていく。)
なお、次のようにSVがit isの場合は省略されることがある。
The sooner you see a doctor, the better (it is).
(医者に診てもらうのは、早ければ早いほどいいよ。)
〈形容詞の比較級+名詞〉の場合
The more time you have, the more work you can do.
(時間があればあるほど、たくさんの仕事ができる。)
この場合、形容詞と名詞を切り離して×The more you have time, … のようにしてはならない
〈参考〉時間の経過に伴う変化を表す場合には、接続詞as (〜につれて)をつかっ
て書き換えることができる。
The longer I waited, the less patient I became.
(長く待てば待つほど、私はいらいらしてきた。)
As I waited longer and longer, I became less (and less) patient.
(長く待つにつれて、私はますますいらいらしてきた。)
086 比較級を用いたさまざまな表現(2)
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) I don’t want to read the novel, still less buy it.
私はその小説を読みたくないし、ましてや買いたいとは思わない。
※ much[still] less … は、否定文の直後に続けて、「なおさら…でない/まして…でない」という意味を表す。上記文では、「小説を読みたくない」という内容を受け、「小説を買いたいなどとなおさら思うわけがない」と述べている。
2) This computer is technically inferior to that model.
このコンピュータは、あのモデルよりも技術的に劣っている。
※ 比較の意味を含む形容詞や動詞の中には、比較の対象を表すのにthanではなく、toを用いるものがある
上記文のinferiorのように、語尾が-iorで終わる形容詞は、比較の意味を含んでいるものが多い。このような形容詞は比較の対象をtoを使って表す。
inferior to〜 (〜より劣った)
superior to〜 (〜より優れた)
senior to〜 (〜の上役の/〜の先輩の)
junior to〜 (〜より地位の低い/〜の後輩の)
次のように、動詞prefer (形容詞のpreferable, 名詞形のpreference)も、to〜を使ってprefer A to Bで「BよりもAを好む」という意味になる。
I prefer playing sports to watching them.
(スポーツは見るよりもするほうが好きだ。)
〈参考〉年上/年下をsenior/juniorで表現するときは、ふつう、名詞のsenior/junior
を使い、「〜よりも」は所有格の(代)名詞で表す。one’s juniorで「〜よりも年下の人」の意味になる。
He is my senior by six years. (彼は私より6歳上だ。)
She is one year my junior. (彼女は私より1歳年下だ。)

3) She wanted to receive a higher education.
彼女は高等教育を受けたがっていた。
※ 具体的な比較の対象をもたず、全体を2つに分けてどちらにあるのかを表す比較級の用法(絶対比較級)。
higher education (高いほうの教育→高等教育)
the upper class (全体の中で上のほうの階級→上流階級)
the lower animals (動物全体で低いほうの動物→下等動物)
the younger generation (全体で若いほうの世代→若い世代の人たち)
〈具体的な比較対象をもたない最上級(絶対最上級)〉
「全体の中で最高の部類に属する」という意味で最上級を使う場合がある(絶対最上級と呼ぶ)。
〈a most+形容詞+名詞の単数形〉、〈most+形容詞+名詞の複数形〉の形で、いずれも〈very+形容詞+名詞〉よりもやや強くひびく強意表現となる。
a most kind person (とっても親切な人)
most interesting books (とってもおもしろい本)
-er, -est型の比較変化をする語でも、most … という形で用いる点に注意。

4) You ought to know better than to play with fire.
火遊びをするような愚か者であってはならない。
※ know better than to do は「〜するほど愚かではない/〜しないくらい分別はある」という意味。thanの後にはto不定詞が来ることに注意。
〈more or less〉
① 「多かれ少なかれ/ある程度は/いくぶん」
Our guess was more or less correct.
(私たちの推測は、多かれ少なかれ正しかった。)
② 「およそ/だいたい」
The cap will cost 20 dollars, more or less.
(その帽子はだいたい20ドルはするでしょう。)
We came to more or less the same conclusion.
(私たちはだいたい同じ結論に達した。)
③ 「事実上/実質的に/〜も同然」
She has more or less retired.
(彼女は隠退したも同然だ。)
〈sooner or later〉「遅かれ早かれ/いつかは」
Sooner or later you will find a good solution.
(遅かれ早かれ、よい解決策が見つかるよ。)
087 noを使った比較表現
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) This car is no less fast than that one.
この車はあの車と同じくらい速い。
※ 〈no less … than〜〉は「〜と同じように…である/〜に劣らず…である」で肯定の意味。
・Relaxing is no less important than working (is).
(リラックスすることは、仕事をするのと同じように大切なことだ。)
Julia can no less sail a yacht than Steve (can).
(スティーブがヨットを走らせることができるのと同じように、ジュリアもヨットを走らせることができる。)
〈no more… than 〜〉は「〜と同じように…でない」で否定の意味。
Sleeping too much is no more healthy than eating too much (is).
(寝過ぎは、食べ過ぎと同じように、健康によくない。)
He is no more a genius than I am
(私が天才でないのと同じで、彼は天才ではない。)
〈参考〉no more … than〜の代わりに、not any more … than〜やnot … any more
than〜が使われることもある。
He is not any more popular than you are.
(彼は君(が人気ないのと)同様に人気がない。)

2) He speaks no less than five languages.
彼は5カ国後も話す。
※ 〈no less than+数詞〉は、「〜ほども多く」という意味で、数量が多いことを強調する。as many/much as〜とほぼ同じ意味。
= He speaks as many as five languages.
She paid me no less than 30,000 yen for the work.
(彼女はその仕事に対して、私に30,000円も払ってくれた。)
=She paid me as much as 30,000 yen for the work.
〈not less than+数詞〉は、「少なくとも〜」という意味で、数量の下限を表す。at leastとほぼ同じ意味。
The cost will be not less than 20,000 yen.
(その費用は、少なくとも20,000円になるでしょう。)
= The cost will be at least 20,000 yen.
〈no less thanが「少なくとも〜」という意味で使われることも多い。〉
= The cost will no less than 20,000 yen.
〈参考〉lessはlittleの比較級なので、数を表す場合はfewerを使うのが正式な用法。
しかし、数についていうときもno less thanやnot less thanを使うことが多い。
He has no fewer[less] than 200 CDs.
(彼は200枚ものCDをもっている。)

3) There were no more than three passengers on the bus.
バスにはたった3人しか乗客がいなかった。
※ 〈no more than+数詞〉は、「(ほんの)〜しか/(わずか)〜にすぎない」という意味で、数量が少ないことを強調する。only〜やas little/few as〜を使ってほぼ同じ意味を表すことができる。
= There were only[as few as] three passengers on the bus.
〈not more than+数詞〉は、「〜よりも多くない/(多くて)せいぜい〜」という意味で、数量の上限を表す。at mostとほぼ同じ意味。
There were not more than three passengers on the bus.
(バスにはせいぜい3人しか乗客がいなかった。)
= There were at most three passengers on the bus.
〈no more thanが「せいぜい〜」の意味で使われることも多い〉
= There were no more than three passengers on the bus.
〈参考〉more than〜は「〜を超える/〜を上回る」という意味。
There were more than twenty people in the theater.
(その劇場には、20人を超える人がいた。)
088 最上級を用いたさまざまな表現
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) The fastest train cannot reach Osaka before noon.
もっとも速い列車でさえ正午前に大阪には着けない。
※ 主語に形容詞の最上級がついている場合、「もっとも…な〜でさえ/どんなに…な〜でさえ」という意味合いを含むことがある。この場合は、主語がふつうしないはずの内容を述べることになる。上記文であれば、「もっとも速い列車」と「正午前に大阪に付けない」という組み合わせから、「もっとも速い列車でさえ正午前に大阪には着けない」という意味にとらえる必要が出てくるのである。
2) This lake is deepest here.
この湖は、ここが一番深い。
※ 上記文は、ほかの湖との比較をしているのではなく、同じ湖の中で一番深い地点はどこかを述べている。この場合は、deepestの後ろには名詞を補うことができないので、theをつけることはできない。
下記文では、「この湖」を日本のほかの湖と比べて「一番深い」とのべている。日本で一番深い湖はどの湖か特定できるので、定冠詞のtheが必要となる。この場合は、the deepest lakeと考えることができる。
This lake is the deepest in Japan.
(この湖は日本で一番深い。)

3) I have at most twenty minutes to solve this problem.
その問題を解くのに、せいぜい20分しかない。
※ at (the) mostは「最大でも〜/せいぜい〜」という意味で、後に続く内容 (たいていは数値を含んでいる) を最大として、「それと同じか、それよりも少ない」ことを表している。
at (the) leastは「最小でも〜/少なくとも〜」という意味で、後に続く内容 (たいていは数値を含んでいる) を最小として、「それと同じか、それよりも多い」ことを表している。

4) You should be back by eight o’clock at the latest.
遅くとも8時までには戻ってきなさい。
※ at the latest 「遅くても」
at (the) earliest 「早くても」
at one’s best 「最高の状態の」
People are at their best when they are under pressure.
(人々は、プレッシャーの下にあるとき、もっとちからを発揮する。)
at (the) best 「最高でも」
The small factory can produce 30 cars a month at (the) best.
(その小さな工場は、最高でも1カ月に30台の車しか生産できない。)
at (the) worst 「最悪でも」
Our team will get third prize, at (the) worst.

(私たちのチームは、いくら悪くても3位にはなるだろう。)
第11章 関係詞(解説)
089 whoとwhich
次の文の( )に適切な関係代名詞を入れなさい。
1) I know a man (who) has ten cats in his house.
※ (私は家で10匹の猫を飼っている男の人を知っている。)
上記文では、a manがどういう男の人であるかをwho has ten cats in his houseで説明している。[a man←he has ten cats in his house]を関係代名詞を使って表したものが、a man who has ten cats in his houseである。この文では、関係代名詞whoはhasの主語の働きをしている。このように、関係詞節中の動詞に対して関係代名詞が主語として働く場合は、主格の関係代名詞が使われる。上記文では、先行詞(a man)が人なのでwhoが使われている。

2) I visited a church (which) was built about 200 years ago.
※ (私はおよそ200年前に建てられた教会を訪れた。)
上記文では先行詞がa church。関係詞節中の動詞に対して関係代名詞が主語として働く場合は、主格の関係代名詞が使われる。上記文では、先行詞(a churc)が人以外のものなので、関係代名詞はwhichが使われる。
090 whomとwhich
次の文の( )に適切な関係代名詞を入れなさい。
1) She’s talking with the boy (who) lives next door.
※ (彼女は隣に住んでいる少年と話している。)
上記文は、the boyが先行詞。関係詞節中の動詞に対して関係代名詞が主語として働く場合は、主格の関係代名詞が使われる。上記文では、先行詞(the boy)が人なのでwhoが使われている。

2) That is the woman (whom) I saw in the restaurant yesterday.
※ (あれは私が昨日レストランで見た女性です。)
上記文は、the womanが先行詞。whom I saw in the restaurant yesterdayの部分が関係詞節で、whomはsawの目的語の働きをしている([the woman←I saw her in the restaurant yesterday])。このように、関係代名詞が関係詞節の中にある動詞の目的語として働く場合は、目的格の関係代名詞が使われる。上記文では、先行詞(the woman)が人なので、関係代名詞はwhomが使われている。
なお、whomという形は文章体であり、目的語の働きをする場合でもwhoが用いられることが多い。
= That is the woman who I saw in the restaurant yesterday.
また、目的格の関係代名詞は省略されることが多い。
= That is the woman I saw in the restaurant yesterday.
〈目的格以外の関係代名詞の省略〉
① There is a woman outside (who) says she’s your cousin.
(あなたのいとこだと言う女性が外にいますよ。)
There is[are] … やHere is[are] …の文に続く〈名詞〉を関係代名詞が修飾してい
る場合は、主格の関係代名詞でも省略されることがある。
② This is the only bow tie (that) there is in this store.
(これが、当店にありますただ1つのちょうネクタイです。)
関係代名詞の直後にthere is[are]で始まる節が続いている場合は、関係代名詞は省
略されるのがふつうである。
③ He is not the great singer (that) he once was.
(彼は、かつてそうだったような偉大な歌手ではない。)
関係代名詞thatがbe動詞の補語となっている場合には、関係代名詞は省略され
ることがある。この例文では、thatはwasの補語の役割をしている。

3) The ring (which) my wife liked best was very expensive.
※ (私の妻が一番気に入った指輪はとても値段が高かった。)
上記文は、the ringが先行詞。関係代名詞が関係詞節の中にある動詞の目的語として働く場合は、目的格の関係代名詞が使われる。上記文では、先行詞(the ring)が人以外のものなので、関係代名詞はwhichが使われている。先行詞が人以外の場合は、主格も目的格も同じ形である。
091 whose
次の文の( )に適切な関係代名詞を入れなさい。
1) I have a friend (who) is a lawyer.
※ (私には弁護士の友達がいる。)
上記文は、a friendが先行詞。関係詞節中の動詞に対して関係代名詞が主語として働く場合は、主格の関係代名詞が使われる。上記文では、先行詞(a friendが人なのでwhoが使われている。

2) This is the woman (whose) purse has been stolen.
※ (こちらが財布を盗まれた女性です。)
上記文では、関係代名詞が「その人の」という所有の意味を表している。([the woman←her purse has been stolen])。このように、所有格の代名詞の意味を表す場合には、所有格の関係代名詞を使うことになる。上記文では、先行詞(the woman)が人である。所有格の関係代名詞は先行詞にかかわらずwhoseを使う。

3) I know a musician (whose) son became the number-one hit this year.
※ (私は息子が今年一番ヒットしたミュージシャンを知っている。)
上記文では、関係代名詞が「その人の」という所有の意味を表している。([a musician←his son became the number one hit this year])。このように、所有格の代名詞の意味を表す場合には、所有格の関係代名詞を使うことになる。上記文では、先行詞(a musician)が人である。所有格の関係代名詞は先行詞にかかわらずwhoseを使う。

4) The bicycle (whose) front tire is flat is mine.
※ (前輪がパンクしている自転車は私のものです。)
上記文では、関係代名詞が「その人の」という所有の意味を表している。([The bicycle
←it’s front tire is flat])。このように、所有格の代名詞の意味を表す場合には、所
有格の関係代名詞を使うことになる。上記文では、先行詞(The bicycle)が人以外の
ものである。所有格の関係代名詞は先行詞にかかわらずwhoseを使う
〈関係代名詞のwhoseの代わりに用いられる表現〉
物に対してwhoseを用いる表現はぎこちなく聞こえるので、関係代名詞を使わず、
次のような表現をすることが多い。
・The house with a green roof is mine.
(緑の屋根の家が私の家です。)
= The house whose roof is green is mine.
= The house the roof of which is green is mine.
092 that
( )内の関係代名詞から、適切でないものを一つずつ選びなさい。
1) This is a letter from a friend (who[that]) lives in Ireland.
適切でないもの: whose
※ (これはアイルランドに住んでいる友人からの手紙です。)
関係代名詞のthatは、whichの代わりによく使われるが、who, who(m)の代わりに使うこともできる。上記文の先行詞はa friend。関係代名詞whoもしくはその代わりにthatを使うことができる。

2) Did you buy the CD (which[that]) Jack recommended to us?
適切でないもの: who
※ (君はジャックが私たちに勧めてくれたCDを買いましたか?)
上記文の先行詞はthe CD。関係代名詞whichもしくはその代わりにthatを使うことができる。なお、目的格のthatも省略されることが多い。
= Did you buy the CD Jack recommended to us?

3) He is the man (whose) daughter is a famous painter.
適切でないもの: that
※ (彼は娘が有名な画家である男の人を知っている。)
thatは所有格として働くことはできないので、whoseの代わりに使うことは不可。
〈関係代名詞のthatがよく使われる場合〉
次のような場合にはthatが使われることが多い。
① 先行詞が人以外のもので、the first(最初の)、the second(2番目の)、the last(最後の)、the very(まさにその)、〈the+最上級〉(もっとも~な)、the same(同じ)、the only(唯一の)などの特定の1つのものであることを表す修飾語を伴う場合。
・This is the only suit that I have.
(これが、私が持っている唯一のスーツです。)
② 先行詞がall, every, any, noなどの「すべて」「まったく~ない」といった意味を表す修飾語を伴う場合。
Running the marathon took all the strength that she had.
(マラソンをすることは、彼女がもっているすべての力を必要とした。)
③ 〈人+人以外のもの〉が先行詞となっている場合。
He talked about the people and the things that had fascinated him during his trip.
(彼は、旅行中に自分の興味を引いた人々や物事の話をした。)
④ 疑問詞whoの直後に関係代名詞節が続く場合。
Who that has seen the Pyramids can forget their beauty?
(ピラミッドを見たことがある人で、その美しさを忘れる人がいる
だろうか。)
この英文では、疑問詞whoが関係代名詞の先行詞となっている。
⑤ 先行詞が人の性質や状態を表していて、関係代名詞が関係代名詞節で補語となっている場合。
He is not the man that he was ten years ago.
(彼は10年前の彼とは違う。)
この場合、関係代名詞thatは関係代名詞節で補語となっていて、the
manが先行詞である。the man that he was ten years ago(彼が10
年前にそうであった人)のthe manは、人そのものというよりも、10
年前の彼の人柄・性質を表している。
093 前置詞と関係代名詞
( )に適切な関係代名詞を入れなさい。
1) I found a box in (which) there were some pretty dolls.
※ (私はいくつかのかわいい人形が入っている箱を見つけた。)
上記文ではa boxが先行詞で、in which there were some pretty dollsの部分が関係詞節になっている。このwhichは直前の前置詞inの目的語の働きをしている。このように、関係代名詞が前置詞の目的語になっている場合、その前置詞も一緒に関係詞節の先頭に置くことができる。こちらは、there were some pretty dolls in a boxと考えればよい([a box←there were some pretty dolls in a box])。この場合、関係代名詞を省略することはできない。
なお、前置詞が関係詞節の後ろに残った場合、関係代名詞にはthatを用いることができる。さらにこの関係代名詞は省略されることが多い。
= I found a box which[that] there were some pretty dolls in.
= I found a box there were some pretty dolls in.
〈注意〉thatは前置詞の後に置けない
関係代名詞のthatはwhomやwhichとは違い、前置詞の直前に置くことは不可。
×I found a box in that there were some pretty dolls.
〈注意〉群動詞の前置詞は関係代名詞の前に出さない
群動詞は、〈動詞+前置詞〉のようなひとまとまりの形で意味を表すので、前置詞を切り離して関係代名詞の前に出すことはしない。
My mother found the key (which[that]) I had been looking for.
(私が探していたカギを、母が見つけた。)
×My mother found the key for which I had been looking.

2) This is the cafeteria in (which) I met my husband for the first time.
※ (これは私が初めて夫に出会ったカフェです。)
3) I know the girl with (whom) you were talking.
※ (私はあなたが話してい少女を知っています。)
上記文ではthe girlが先行詞で、with whom you were talkingの部分が関係詞節に
なっている。このwhomは直前の前置詞withの目的語の働きをしている。この場
合、whomを先行詞に置き換えて、you were talking with the girlと考えるとわか
りやすい。また、上記文のように、関係代名詞が前置詞の目的語になっている場合、
その前置詞も一緒に関係詞節の先頭に置くことができる。この場合、whoやthat
を使うことはできず、関係代名詞を省略することもできない。
    × I know the girl with (who[that]) you were talking.
口語体 ○ I know the girl you were talking with.
    ○ I know the girl who[that] you were talking with.
    ○ I know the girl whom you were talking with.
文章体 ○ I know the girl with whom you were talking.
094 what
日本語の意味に合うように、whatを使って英文を完成させなさい。
1) それは私の言ったことではない。
That is not (what I said).
※ 関係代名詞whatは「~すること[もの]」という意味を表し、先行詞なしで使う。whatの導く節は名詞節で、文全体の主語や目的語、補語になる。
上記文では、whatの導く関係詞節what I saidが文の補語になっている。whatは関係詞節の中で名詞として働くので、関係詞節の中では、上記文のように補語になったり、主語や目的語になったりする。

2) 君にはちょっと休息が必要だ。
(What you need) is some rest.
※ 上記文では、whatの導く関係詞節What you needが文の主語になっている。whatは関係詞節の中で名詞として働くので、関係詞節の中では、上記文のように目的語になったり、主語や補語になったりする。
3) 私にとって難しいことは、コンピュータの操作のしかただ。
(What is difficult) for me is how to operate a computer.
※ 上記文では、whatの導く関係詞節What is difficult for meが文の主語になっている。whatは関係詞節の中で名詞として働くので、関係詞節の中では、上記文のように主語になったり、目的語や補語になったりする。
095 関係代名詞の継続用法
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) He has a daughter, who lives in London.
彼には娘が1人いて、彼女はロンドンに住んでいる。
※ 上記文は関係代名詞の前にコンマ(,)がある継続用法である。こちらの文では、He has a daughter. と言うだけで娘がいることがわかる。コンマ以下の関係詞節では、「彼女はロンドンに住んでいる」という補足説明をしているのである。
一方、コンマのない限定用法と区別するには、先行詞についてきちんと説明してどういうものか限定する必要があるのか、特に限定する必要はなく補足説明でよいのかを考えるとよい。
A) He has a daughter who lives in London.
(彼には、ロンドンに住んでいる1人の娘がいる。) [限定用法]
B) He has a daughter, who lives in London.
(彼には娘が1人いて、彼女はロンドンに住んでいる。)[継続用法]
限定用法
A)では先行詞a daughterが、「ロンドンに住んでいる」という内容で限定されている。この文では、彼の娘たちのうち1人がロンドンに住んでいることになるので、ロンドンに住んでいない娘がほかにいる可能性が残る。
継続用法
B)ではコンマの前で「彼には1人の娘がいる」と内容が完結していて、その娘に
ついて「ロンドンに住んでいる」という説明がつけ加えられている。したがって、彼には1人しか娘がいないことになる。
〈thatは継続用法には用いない〉thatはコンマの後ろには置けない
○ I bought a cell phone, which can also work as a digital camera.
(私は携帯電話を買ったが、それはデジタルカメラとしても使える。)
× I bought a cell phone, that can also work as a digital camera.
〈先行詞と関係詞〉
「唯一のもの」を表す固有名詞などは、限定用法の関係代名詞の先行詞にはならない。
・Do you know of Chopin, who is a world-famous composer?
(世界的に有名な作曲家であるショパンをあなたは知っていますか。)
Chopinは個人名なので、関係代名詞をつなげる場合は、コンマをその前に
置いて継続用法にする。
My wife, who lives in Paris, has sent me a letter.
(私の妻はパリに住んでいるのですが、その妻から手紙が来たところです。)
「私の妻」は特定の人物なので、関係代名詞で修飾する場合はコンマを置く。
My wife who lives in Paris has sent me a letter.のように限定用法にしてし
まうと、「私には複数の妻がいて、その中のパリに住んでいる妻から手紙が
来た」という意味になってしまう。
This book, whose author is a woman of eighty, is very amusing.
(この本は、著者は80歳の女性だが、とてもおもしろい。)
この場合、This bookは特定の本を指しているので、whose … eightyの部分
をコンマなしでつなげることはできない。

2) We went to the party, which was boring.
私たちはそのパーティに行ったが、つまらなかった。
※ 継続用法は、文脈によってさまざまな意味合いで使われることがあり、接続詞を使って書き換えることができる場合もある。
上記文は、私たちが行ったthe partyについて、「しかし、それは~」という意味で情報をつけ加えるために使われており、but it was boringとすることができる。

3) He said Nicky had bought a diamond ring, which was true.
彼はニッキーがダイヤの指輪を買ったと言ったが、それは本当だった。
※ 継続用法のwhichは、名詞や名詞句を先行詞とするばかりでなく、直前の文の内容全体や、その分中の一部の語句や節を先行詞とすることがある。whichの後ろに述べられている説明の内容から、何に関する説明なのかを考えて、先行詞をみきわめるようにしましょう。
上記文では、which was true(それは本当だった)という関係詞節の意味から考え
ると、whichの先行詞はNicky had bought a diamond ringという節だとわかる。

4) He passed the entrance examination, which surprised all his friends.
彼は入学試験に合格したが、それは彼の友人たちみんなを驚かせた。
※ 上記文では、which surprised all his friends(彼の友人たちみんなを驚かせた)から考えると、主節(He passed the entrance examination)の内容全体が先行詞となっていることがわかる。
096 関係副詞 (where, when, why, how)
次の( )に適切な関係副詞を入れなさい。ただし、where, when, why, howを一度ずつ使うこと。
1) Chicago is a city (where) it is very cold in winter.
※ (シカゴは冬がとても寒い都市です。)
関係副詞のwhereは、「その場所で[に]~する」という意味の節を作り、その節の中で副詞の働きをする。上記文では、a cityがどういう都市なのかを、where it is very cold in winterで説明している([a city←it is very cold there in winter]。) したがって、a cityがwhereの先行詞である。
また、関係代名詞を使って次のようにすることもできる。
= Chicago is a city in which it is very cold in winter.
= Chicago is a city (which) it is very cold in in winter.
〈whereかwhichか〉
関係詞節の中でwhereは場所を表す副詞の役割をし、関係代名詞は節の主語や目的語のような名詞的要素になる代名詞の役割をする。先行詞によって関係詞の使い分けをするわけではない。
次の2つの文で、関係詞の働きを考えてみよう。
・Do you know the country where Christopher was born?
(クリストファーが生まれた国を知っていますか。)
↑Christopher was born in the country.
・Do you know the country which Christopher visited?
(クリストファーが訪れた国を知っていますか。)
↑Christopher visited the country.
           O(目的語)
2つ目の例にあるとおり、先行詞のthe countryが場所を表す語句だからといって、それだけで自動的に関係副詞whereが使われるわけではない。関係詞節の中で副詞の働きをするのか、名詞の働きをするのかで使い分けよう。
〈先行詞なしで用いられる関係副詞where〉
whereは先行詞なしで、「~する場所」という意味の名詞節を導くこともできる。この場合、whereはthe place whereと同じ意味を表している。
・This is where the old ferry used to go across.
(ここは昔、古いフェリーボートが行き来していたところだ。)
〈関係副詞whereの先行詞〉
whereは場所を表す語のほかに、場合・状況・立場などを表す語、case(場合), point(点), situation(状況)などを先行詞とすることもある。
・These are the cases where this rule does not apply.
(これらは、この規則が当てはまらない場合である。)
= These are the cases which this rule does not apply in.
〈参考〉先行詞がplaceかsomewhereのような-whereのつく語の場合、thatを
関係副詞として用いたり、関係副詞を省略することができる。
Do you know anywhere (that) I can find a taxi?
(タクシーを見つけられる場所をご存じですか。)
2) I can’t think of any reason (why) they gave up the plan.
※ (私は彼らがその計画をあきらめた理由について何も考えられない。)
関係副詞のwhyは「~する(理由)」という意味の節を作り、a/the reasonを先行詞とする。上記文は、any reasonを先行詞としたany reason why … という形で、「…する理由」という意味を表している。
次のように、先行詞のthe reasonが省略された形もよく用いられる。
・I really like sweets. That is (the reason) why my teeth are bad.
(私は本当に甘いものが好きです。そういうわけで歯が悪いのです。)
なお、This[That] is why … は、一種の提携表現と考えて、「こういう[そういう]わけで…」と訳せばよい。また、関係副詞を使わずに、a/the reason … という形で「…する理由」という意味を表し、the reason thatに置き換えることもできる。
= That is the reason that my teeth are bad.
〈参考〉関係副詞のwhyの代わりにfor whichを用いることもできるが、あまり使
われない。

3) There are times (when) everyone needs to be alone.
※ (すべての人が1人になることを必要とする時がある。)
関係副詞のwhenは「その時〜する」という意味の節を作る。上記文ではtimesが先行詞となっていて、関係代名詞を使って表すと、次のようになる。
There are times in which everyone needs to be alone.
〈注意〉whenと〈前置詞+which〉
関係副詞のwhenはon[at/in] whichなどで書き換えられる。Whereと同様に、先行詞と関係詞節内の動詞との関係を考えて適切な前置詞を使うこと。
・Tuesday is the day when the garbage truck comes.
(火曜日は、ゴミ収集のトラックが来る日だ。)
→ Tuesday is the day on which the garbage truck comes.
The garbage truck comes on Tuesday.という表現ができることを確認しよう。
また、関係副詞のwhenの代わりに、thatを関係副詞として用いることができる。また、関係副詞のwhenやthatは省略されることが多い
= Tuesday is the day (when[that]) the garbage truck comes.
〈先行詞なしで用いられる関係副詞when〉
whenは先行詞なしで、「〜する時」という意味の名詞節を導くこともできる。この場合、whenはthe time whenの意味を表している。
・Late spring is when the rainy season begins here.
(晩春は、この地域で雨季が始まる時である。)
〈先行詞と関係副詞whenが離れる場合〉
次の文のように、先行詞と関係副詞のwhenが離れることもある。この場合はwhenを省略することはできない。
・The day will soon come when we can enjoy space travel.
(宇宙旅行を楽しむことのできるような時代がもうすぐやってくるでしょう。)

4) This is (how) I finished the work in one day.
※ (このようにして、私は1日で仕事を終えた。)
関係副詞のhowは、上記文のようにThis[That] is how … (これが[それが]…するやり方[方法]だ)の形で使われることが多い。
なお、「…するやり方[方法]」は、the way (in which)…で表現することもできる。また、the way that … という形もあり、このthatはin whichと同様の意味を表す関係副詞として使われ、省略することもできる。
・Could you tell me the way (in which[that]) I can get a discount?
(割引を受けられる方法を教えてくれませんか?)
〈注意〉× the way how … という形は使われない
097 関係副詞の継続用法
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) He was taken to the police station, where he told the truth.
彼は警察署に連れて行かれ、そこで本当のことを話した。
※ 関係副詞のwhereは継続用法で使うことができる。どういう意味で使われるのかは、関係代名詞の場合と同じように、文脈から考えることになる。上記文は、「そしてその場所で…(= and there)」という意味になる。
2) Someone broke into the house in the middle of the night, when the alarm rang.
真夜中に何者かがその家に侵入し、その時、警報が鳴った。
※ 関係副詞のwhenは継続用法で使うことができる。どういう意味で使われるのかは、関係代名詞の場合と同じように、文脈から考えることになる。上記文は、「そしてその時…(= and then)」という意味になる。
なお、whyとhowには継続用法はない。
また、継続用法の関係副詞節は、関係代名詞節同様、文中に挿入されることがある。
Last Monday, when we went surging, was a national holiday.
(この前の月曜日に私たちはサーフィンに出かけたが、その日は国民の祝日だった。)
098 複合関係詞
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適切な関係詞を入れなさい。
1) この事故に責任のある人はだれでも処罰されるだろう。
(Whoever) is responsible for this accident will be punished.
※ whoeverは「~する人はだれでも」という意味の名詞節を作る。
上記文では、whoever is responsible for this accidentという名詞節が主語で、whoeverは関係詞節の主語になっている。
〈参考〉whoeverが関係詞節の中で目的語になる場合はwhomeverとなる場合には
whoeverを用いることが多い。
 You may invite whoever[whomever] you like.
(だれでも好きな人を紹介していいよ。)
また、複合関係代名詞のwhoeverはanyoneの先行詞とwhoの関係代名詞を使っ
て書き換えることもできる。
 The club admits whoever pays the entry fee.
(そのクラブは入会金を払う人ならだれでも入会を認めている。)
= The club admits anyone who pays the entry fee.

2) どこでも好きなところに座りなさい。
Sit (wherever) you want.
※ whereverは「~するところならどこでも」という意味の副詞節を作る。
また、wheneverは「~する時ならいつでも/~する時はいつも」という意味の副詞
節を作る。また、複合関係副詞をany time, every time, any placeで書き換えることもできる。
・On holidays, we can get up whenever we want to.
(休日には、いつでも好きな時に起きることができる。)
= On holidays, we can get up at any time (when) we want to.
I visit my uncle whenever I go to Osaka.
(大阪に行く時はいつも、おじのところを訪れる。)
= I visit my uncle every time (that) I go to Osaka.
Put the table wherever you like.
(そのテーブルを君の好きな場所に置きなさい。)
= Put the table in any place (that) you like.

3) ぼくは消しゴムを2つ持っている。どちらでも好きなほうを使っていいよ。
I have two erasers. You use (whichever) you like.
※ whicheverは「~するものはどれ[どちら]でも」という意味の名詞節を作る。上記文のwhichever you likeという名詞節がuseの目的語で、whicheverは関係詞節の中ではlikeの目的語になっている。また、whateverは「~するものは何でも」という意味の名詞節を作る。whicheverはいくつかの選択肢がある場合に使用し、whateverは特に選択肢が前提にあるわけではない場合に使用する。
〈参考〉whicheverとwhateverは直後に名詞を置いて形容詞的に用いることができる。
・You can have whichever book you like.
(どの[どちらの]本でも好きなほうをあげるよ。)
また、複合関係代名詞whicheverやwhateverは、any one, anythingの先行詞とthatの関係代名詞を使って書き換えることもできる。その場合、whichever=any one[ones] that, whatever=anything thatとなる。
Help yourself to whichever you want.
(どれでもほしいものを自由に取って食べてね。)
= Help yourself to any oneones you want.
You can order whatever you like.
(好きなものを何でも注文していいよ。)
= You can order anything (that) you like.
099「譲歩」を表す複合関係詞
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適切な関係詞を入れなさい。
1) 何が起ころうとも、私のことをあてにしていいよ。
(Whatever) happens, you may count on me.
※ whateverは、「譲歩」の意味を表すことがある。その場合は「何が[を]~しようとも」という意味で、副詞節を作る。一方、「~なら何でも」という意味のwhateverは次のように名詞節を作る。
・You can order whatever you like.
(好きなものを何でも注文していいよ。)
また、複合関係詞のwhatever, whicheverが譲歩の意味を表す場合に限り、whatever = no matter what …, whichever = no matter which …で書き換えることができる。
Whatever happens, you may count on me.
= No matter what happens, you may count on me.
Whichever you take, please return it tomorrow.
(どれを持っていっても、明日返してね。)
= No matter which you take, please return it tomorrow.
〈参考〉文章体では、whoever, whichever, whateverによる譲歩を表す副詞節中
の動詞にmayをつけることがある。また、whicheverやwhateverの直後に名詞が続いて形容詞的に用いられることがある。
Whichever way you may go, you will have to cross the rever.
(どちらの道を行くにしても、川を渡らなければならないだろう。)

2) だれが会いに来ても、私は外出中だと伝えてください。
(Whoever) comes to see me, tell them I’m out.
※ whoeverは、「譲歩」の意味を表すことがある。その場合は「だれが]~しようとも」という意味で、副詞節を作る。また、複合関係詞のwhoeverが譲歩の意味を表す場合に限り、no matter who…で書き換えることができる。
= No matter who comes to see me, tell them I’m out.

3) どこにいようとも、私はいつもあなたのことを思っています。
(Wherever) I am, I am always thinking of you.
※ wherever, wheneverは、「譲歩」の意味を表すことがある。その場合はwhereverは「どこで[へ]~しようとも」という意味になり、wheneverは「いつ~しようとも」という意味になる。譲歩を表すかどうかは文脈で判断する。また、複合関係詞wherever, wheneverが譲歩の意味を表す場合に限り、wherever = no matter where, whenever = no matter whenで書き換えることができる。
Wherever I am, I am always thinking of you.
= No matter where I am, I am always thinking of you.
You will be welcomed whenever you com.
(君がいつ来ようと、歓迎するよ。)
= You will be welcomed no matter when you come.
〈参考〉文章体では、wherever, whenever, howeverによる譲歩を表す副詞節中の
動詞にmayをつけることがある。
You will be welcomed whenever you may com.
4) 私たちの犬はどんな遠くまで行っても、必ず家に帰ってくる。
(However) far our dog goes, he always comes home.
※ howeverは、形容詞や副詞の前で使い、「どれほど~でも」という「譲歩」の意味を表す。また、Howeverが譲歩の意味を表す場合に限り、however = no matter howで書き換えることができる。また、上記文は〈however+副詞〉の形。〈however+形容詞〉は次のようになる。
However tiered she is, she always smiles.
(どんなに疲れていても、彼女は笑顔を絶やさない。)
〈注意〉however+SV
howeverの直後に形容詞や副詞が続かないでSVが続く場合は、「どんなふうに~しても」とか「~するどんなやり方でも」というin whatever wayの意味になる。
However you look at it, it’s a stupid thing to do.
(どんなふうに考えてみても、それをするのはばかげているよ。)
You can do it however you like.
(君が好きなどんなやり方ででも、それをやっていい。)
100 関係代名詞の働きをするasとthan
( )にasかthanを入れなさい。
1) These books are written in such easy English (as) beginners can understand.
※ (これらの本は初心者が理解できるような簡単な英語で書かれている。)
asは関係代名詞のように、節の中で主語、補語、目的語の働きをすることがある。上記文のasは、as beginners can understandの目的語の働きをしている。このasは、such … as~(~するような…)やthe same … as~(~するのと同じ…)という表現で使われる。
This is the same jacket as was worn by the actor in the movie.
(これはその映画でその俳優が着ていたのと同じジャケットだ。)
America is not the same country as it used to be.
(アメリカは昔と同じような国ではない。)
I want to paint such pictures as I see in museums.
(私は美術館で見るような絵を描きたい。)
また、次のように、asがwhichのように直前の節全体を先行詞とする関係代名詞のように使われることもある。また、このasは、節の中のknowの目的語の働きをしている。(関係代名詞の働きをするasが節全体を先行詞とするとき、先行詞となる節よりも前に置かれることがある。)
Oil and water do not mix, as we all know.
(みんなが知っているように、油と水は混ざらない。)
= As we all know, oil and water do not mix.

2) There were more people at the party (than) I expected.
※ (そのパーチィーには私が期待していた以上に多くの人がいた。)
thanは、関係代名詞と同じように、後に続く節の中で主語や目的語の働きをすることがある。この文では、thanがexpectedの目的語の働きをしている。
You have more money than is necessary.
(君は必要以上にお金をもっている。)[thanはisの主語の働き]
また、butも関係代名詞の働きをすることがある。butは、否定を伴った語句を先行詞として、否定の意味を表す関係代名詞のように使われることがあるが、あまり用いられない文章体の表現。
There was no one but thought he was guilty.
(彼が有罪だと思わなかった人はだれもいなかった。)
= There was no one that didn’t think he was guilty.
101 関係代名詞のさまざまな用法
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) In English there are many sayings the meanings of which I can’t understand.
英語には、私には意味が理解できないことわざがたくさんある。
※ 先行詞が人以外のものの場合は、所有格の関係代名詞としてwhoseのほかに、of whichという形も使われる。上記文では、of which … understandの部分が関係詞節である。[many sayings ← I can’t understand the meanings of many sayings] のof many sayingsがof whichとなって、of whichで修飾される名詞を前にもってきて〈the+名詞+of which〉という形にしている。
また、of whichで修飾される名詞(the meanings)を後ろにもっていき、of whichを節の頭に置くこともできる。
= In England there are many sayings of which I can’t understand the
meanings.
whoseを使って書き換えると次のようになる。(of whichを使った所有格は文章体なので、whoseを使って表現するのがふつう。)
= In England there are many sayings whose meanings I can’t understand.
〈複雑な構造の関係詞節〉
We came to a cave at the entrance of which was a dead bear.
(私たちはほら穴に着いたが、その入り口にはで死んだくまがいた。)
このof whichは所有格の関係代名詞で、the entranceにつながっている。先行詞はa caveなので、the entrance of a cave(そのほら穴の入り口)となる。これに前置詞atがついて、at the entrance of which(そのほら穴の入り口に)という場所を表す副詞句が作られているのである。
つまり、この文は次の2つの文から成り立っていることになる。
We came to a cave.
At the entrance of the cave was a dead bear. [倒置文]
(= A dead bear was at the entrance of the cave.)
このような複雑な構造の関係代名詞の場合は、whichを先行詞と置き換えて、関係代名詞節の部分の構造を確認するとわかりやすくなる。

2) While I was in Paris, I got to know a lot of people, most of whom were Japanese.
パリにいるあいだ、私はたくさんの人と知り合いになったが、そのほとんどは日本人だった。
※ 上記文では、関係代名詞がmost of whomという形で使われる。mostやall, some, many, bothのような数量を表す表現にof whichやof whomが続き、継続用法で使われると、「そのうちの~」という意味を表す。したがってmost of whomは「そのうちの~」という意味を表す。したがってmost of whomは「そのうちの大部分」という意味になる。上記文では、a lot of peopleが先行詞なので、most of whomは「たくさんのひとの大部分」という意味を表している。また、most of whomの3語で主語の働きをしている。
I couldn’t understand her massage, most of which was in French.
(私は彼女の伝言が理解できなかった。その大半がフランス語でかかれていたのだ。)

3) He is trying to make a list of all the songs which he thinks are popular among young people.
彼は若い人たちのあいだで人気があると思うすべての歌の一覧表を作ろうとしている。
※ 関係代名詞の後にほかの節(SV)が続いて、〈関係代名詞+SV+V…〉という形になる場合がある。この場合は、関係代名詞の直後のSVをカッコに入れて考える。
上記文ではいったんhe thinksをはずして、all the songs which are popular among young peopleとする。これにhe thinksの意味を加えて、「若い人たちのあいだで人気があると思うすべての歌」とすればよい。この形の文はhe thinks they are popularのtheyが関係代名詞whichとなり、節の頭に移動したと考えらる。
all the list which he thinks (they) are popular
このように使われる表現には、he thinksのほか、he believes、he is sureなどがある。
The woman who I thought was her sister was actually her mother.
(私が彼女の姉だと思った女性は、実は彼女の母親だった。)
Greg is a man who I know is capable of wining.
(グレッグは、勝利する能力があると私にはわかっている男だ。)

4) His success is an example of what is called the American Dream.
彼の成功は、いわゆるアメリカンドリームの一例だ。
※ what is called …は、「いわゆる…/世間で言う…」という意味を表す。なお、what you/we/they call … という形でも使われる。
5) She is not what she was ten years ago.
今の彼女は10年前の彼女とは違う。
※ what S was[used to] は、「かつてのS/昔のS」という意味になる。what S is (today)だと「現在のS」という意味になる。
His father made him what he is today.
(彼の父が、彼を今日の彼にした。)
He is completely different from what he used to be.
(彼は昔の彼とはまったく違う。→彼はまったく人がかわってしまった。)
〈参考〉what S hasは、「Sが持っているもの」という意味から「Sの財産」という意味でも使われる。
A man’s happiness does not depend on what he has.
(人の幸福はその人の財産で決まるわけではない。)

6) Facts are to the scientist what words are to the poet.
真実と科学者の関係はことばと詩の関係と同じだ。
※ A is to B what C is to Dは「AのBに対する関係はCのDに対する関係に等しい」という意味。
また、what is moreは「そのうえ」という意味で、一般に、〈what is +比較級〉という形で、「さらに~なことに」という意味になる。この形の表現としてはほかに次のようなものがある。
what is worse (さらに悪いことに)
what is more surprising(さらに驚くべきことに)
what is more important(さらに重要なことに)
He plays the piano, and what is more, he sings very well.
(彼はピアノを弾き、そのうえとても上手に歌う。)
She lost her way, and what was worse, she had no map.
(彼女は道に迷った。さらに悪いことに、彼女は地図を持っていなかった。)
また、what with A and (what with) Bは、「AやらBやらで/AとかBとかのために」という理由を表す。
What with working and housekeeping, I’m very busy.
(仕事やら家事やらで、私は大変忙しい。)
102 関係形容詞
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) I gave the child what little money I had with me.
私は少ないけれども持っていたお金をすべてその子どもに与えた。
※ 関係詞whatは、〈what+名詞〉の形で使われることがある。この場合、whatは直後の名詞を修飾する形容詞として働くので、関係形容詞と呼ばれる。〈what+名詞〉は〈all the +名詞+that … 〉と同じ意味を表し、「…するすべての~」と訳すことができる。上記文では、what little money I had with me = all the little money that I had with meであり、「私がわずかながら持っていたすべてのお金」という意味になる。
I gave him what help I could give.
(私は、できる限りの援助を彼に与えた。)

2) Lend me what magazines you have about diving.
君の持っている、ダイビングに関する雑誌を全部私に貸して。
※ = Lend me all the magazines that you have about diving.
3) The doctor told her to take a few days’ rest, which advice she didn’t follow.
その医師は数日休養をするようにと彼女に言ったが、その助言に彼女は従わなかった。
※ 継続用法のwhichは、関係形容詞として使うことがある。上記文のように〈, which+名詞〉という形で用いられると、「そしてその〈名詞〉を[は/が]」という意味になる。
The men wore kilts, which clothing I thought very interesting.
(その男たちはキルトをはいていたが、その服はとてもおもしろいと思った。)
また、関係代名詞のwhichが〈, 前置詞+which+名詞〉という形でもちいられることもある。in which caseで「そしてその場合には~」という意味を表す。
We may miss the train, in which case we’ll be late for the appointment.
(私たちはその列車に乗り遅れるかもしれない。そしてその場合は約束に遅れるだろう。)
〈参考〉関係形容詞は現代英語ではあまり見られない。
第12章 仮定法(解説)
103 ifを使った仮定法 (直接法と仮定法/仮定法過去/仮定法過去完了/主節時制相違)
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 明日晴れたら、ピクニックに行きます。
If it (is) fine tomorrow, we’ll go on a picnic.
※ 上記文の「明日晴れる」という内容は現実に起こる可能性があること。このように現実のことや現実に起こる可能性のあることを表す動詞の形を直接法と呼び、if節の中では動詞の現在形を使う。
2) 彼女の電話番号を知っていたら、電話するんだが。
If I (knew) her phone number, I (would) call her.
※ 上記文の「電話番号を知っていたら」は現実とは違うこと。このように現実とは違うことを表す動詞の形を仮定法と呼ぶ。仮定法で過去形を使った場合には、現在の事実と違うと思っている事柄を表すことになる。これを仮定法過去と呼ぶ。if節(条件節)の動詞及び主節の助動詞に過去「形」を使用して〈今〉のことを表す点に注意。動詞の形がそのまま話題になっている時を表しているわけではない。
主節で使われる助動詞は主にwouldであり、「…だろうに」という意味。ただし、「…かもしれない」という意味を含めたいときにはmightが用いられ、「…できる」という意味を含めたいときにはcouldが用いられる。
上記文の裏には、「彼女の電話番号を知らないから電話しない( = I don’t know her phone number, so I won’t call her.)」という現在の事実が隠れていることになる。

3) もし、宇宙人と話すとしたら何を言う?
What (would) you say if you (talked[spoke]) with an alien?
※ 仮定法過去は、現実に起こる可能性のないことを表すときにも用いられる。上記文は、「宇宙人と話すことなどありそうもないが、もし話すことでもあれば」という話し手の判断が込められている。
4) もし私がお金持ちだったら、そのお屋敷が買えるのに。
If I (were[was]) rich, I (could[should]) buy the mansion.
※ 上記文では主語がIであるにもかかわらず、if節(条件節)の中でwereが使われている。仮定法では、主語の人称や数に関係なく、be動詞にはwereを使うことができる。口語では、主語が1人称単数および3人称単数の場合、wasも使われる。また、主語が1人称のときにはshouldも使うことができる。
5) もし、君がもう少し注意深ければ、そんな間違いはしなかっただろうに。
If you (had) (been) a little more careful, you (would) not (have) (made) such a mistake.
※ 仮定法で過去完了を使った場合には、過去の事実とは違うと思っている事柄を表すことになる。これを仮定法過去完了と呼ぶ。この場合も、仮定法過去と同様、動詞の「形」と、「表す時」にはズレがあることに注意。上記文の裏には、「注意深くなかったので間違いをした」という過去の事実が隠れていることになる。
6) もっと早起きしていたら、彼女は学校に間に合っただろうに。
She (would) (have) (been) in time for school if she (had) (got[gotten]) up earlier.
7) もしその電車に間に合っていれば、私は、そのパーティーに出席しているのに。
If I (had) (caught) the train, I (would) (be) present at the party.
※ 上記文では、「もしその電車に間に合っていれば」は過去のことを指すので、if節では、〈過去の事実に反する仮定〉としてhad caughtという仮定法過去完了を使用する。それに対して、主節の「そのパーティーに出席しているのに」は〈現在の事実に反する仮定〉なので、would beという仮定法過去の場合の形が使われる。〉
104 wishやas ifの後の仮定法
日本語の意味に合うように、( )内の語を適切な形に変えなさい。
1) 彼の自宅の住所を知っていればなあ。
I wish I (knew) his home address.
※ wishに続く節の内容は、実現できそうもない願望を表す。現在の事実とは違うと思っている事柄を表すときには仮定法過去が用いられる。
〈注意〉wishに続く節のbe動詞はwere。ただし、口語では1人称単数・3人称単
数のときにwasを使うこともある。
・I wish she was[were] here. (彼女がここにいてくれたらなあ。)

2) 彼女は私にうそをつかなければよかったのに。
I wish she (had not told) a lie to me.
※ 過去の事実とは違うと思っている事柄をを表すときには仮定法過去完了が用いられる。
3) 彼女は、彼といっしょにいることができればと思った。
She (wished) she could stay with him.
※ 上記文では、「〜できればと思った」ということなので、wishしている時点は過去と判断できるのでwishedと過去形にする。そしてwishが現在形か過去形かということとは無関係に、「願っている時」と同時であれば、wishに続く節は上記文のように過去形(could stay)を使う。それよりも前のことであれば、次のように過去完了形を使う。
She wished she could have stayed with him.
(彼女は彼といっしょにいることができていたならばと思った。)
She wishes she could have stayed with him.
(彼女は彼といっしょにいることができていたならばと思う。)
〈wishの後で使われる助動詞〉
withに続く節では、couldやwouldが使われることもある。
① I wish I could play the guitar as well as you.
(君と同じくらいギターがうまく弾けたらなあ。)
② I wish my father would give up smoking.
(父がタバコをやめてくれたらなあ。)
couldの場合は「~できる」という意味を、wouldの場合は「~するつもりだ/~する予定だ/~してくれる」という意味を表す。
このような過去形の助動詞は、意味上必要なときにだけに用いる。ifを使った「もし~なら、…だろうに」の「…だろうに」の部分とは違って、過去形の助動詞を絶対に用いなければならないということはない。

4) 君はまるでスターであるかのようにふるまう。
You behave as if you (were) a star.
※ as ifに導かれる節でも、事実とは異なる空想を表す場合に、仮定法が使われる。上記文では、現在の事実とは違うと思っていることなので、仮定法過去が用いられている。
〈参考〉as ifに続く節で使われるbe動詞は、口語では、1人称単数・3人称単数の
ときにはwasも使われる。

5) 彼女はまるで私に以前一度も会ったことがないかのような顔つきだった。
She looked as though she (had) never (met) me before.
※ as if の代わりにas thoughを使っても同じ意味が表せる。
wishの後の仮定法の表現と同様に、as if[though]の後に置かれる仮定法も、主節の
述語動詞が表す時点と同時のことであれば過去形を使い、それよりも前のことであ
れば過去完了形を使う。述語動詞が現在形か過去形かということとは無関係である。
She looks as if[though] she had never met me before.
(彼女はまるで私に一度もあったことがないかのような顔つきだ。)
He talks as if he were an expert in economics.
(彼はまるで経済学の専門家であるかのように話す。)
He talked as if he were an expert in economics.
(彼はまるで経済学の専門家であるかのように話した。)
述語動詞が過去形になっていても、述語動詞が示すのと同じ時点のことであれば、仮定法過去(were)が使われていることを確認しよう。
〈as if の後には直説法もくる〉
話し手が事実だろうと判断していることを表す場合、as if の後には直説法が使われる。
You talk as if you’re angry.
(怒っているみたいな口ぶりだね。)
[You are angry.だろうと話し手は判断している]
You talk as if you were angry.
(まるで怒っているみたいな口ぶりだね。)
[You aren’t angry.だろうと話し手は判断している。]
〈as if の後にto不定詞を置くこともある〉
Her guest suddenly stood up as if to leave.
(彼女の客は、立ち去ろうとするかのように突然立ち上がった。)
105 未来のことを表す仮定法
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) What would happen if he were to tell others about our secret?
もし彼がほかの人たちに私たちの秘密を話すようなことがあれば、どんなことがおこるだろう。
※ if節の中でwere to を使うと、未来の事柄についての仮定を表すことになる。その際、どれくらい実現の可能性があるかについては、発言内容や文脈から判断する。上記文の場合は、「もし~するようなことがあれば」という、ありそうもない未来を表している。
また、「仮に~すれば」というような、実現の可能性のある仮定を表すこともできる。
If you were to give her a bunch of roses she would be pleased.
(仮に君が彼女にバラの花束を贈ってあげるなら、彼女は喜ぶだろう。)
このwere to は〈be to 不定詞〉の過去形であり、〈be to 不定詞〉がもつ未来のニュアンスを引き継いでいる。(→T-127)
The President is to visit China next week.
(大統領は来週中国を訪問する予定です。)
〈注意〉wereの代わりにwasも使われる。
口語では、主語が1人称単数および3人称単数の場合、wereの代わりにwasが使われることもある。
If he was to fail again, his boss might fire him.
(もし彼がまた失敗したら、彼の上司はかれをくびにするかもしれない。)

2) If you should be unable to come, please let me know soon.
もし来れなくなったら、すぐに知らせてください。
※ if節で使われるshouldは「実現の可能性が低い」という話し手の判断を表す。まったく不可能なことを表すときには、shouldは使えない。また、if S should~の表現に限って、上記文のように主節が命令文になることもある。
また、if S should~の表現に限って、主節の助動詞が過去形にならないこともある。
If our teacher should find out about your cheating, he will[would] punish you.
(もし先生が万が君のカンニングのことを知ったら、君を罰するぞ。)
106 ifが出てこない仮定法
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) その本が日本語で書かれていたら、私は楽に読めただろうに。
(Had) the book (been) (written) in Japanese, I would have read it easily.
※ 仮定法のif節のifを省略すると、後ろのSVは倒置され、疑問文と同じ語順になる。これは、文章体の表現である。ifを補うと、上記文は次のようになる。
= If the book had been written in Japanese, I would have read it easily.
〈注意〉ifの省略は、実際にはwere / had / shouldが文頭に出る倒置でしか行われない。

2) もしも私が遅れるようなことがあれば、待たずに出発してください。
(Should) I be late, please start without me.
※ 仮定法ifの省略による倒置文。
= If I should be late, please start without me.

3) もう少し暖かければ、散歩に出かけるのだが。
(Were) it a little warmer, we would go out for a walk.
※ 仮定法ifの省略による倒置文。
= If it were a little warmer, we would go out for a walk.

4) 彼が踊っているのを見れば、君は笑い出すだろう。
(To) see him dancing, you would burst out laughing.
※ to不定詞も、if節の代わりになる。上記文は次のように書き換えることができる。
= If you saw him dancing, you would burst out laughing.
〈参考〉分詞構文がif節の代わりになることもある。(→T-168)
Living in this country, she would have lived a happy life.
(この国で暮らしていたら、彼女は幸せな生活を送ったことだろう。)
Born in the United States, he might have been elected President.
(合衆国に生まれていたら、彼は大統領に選ばれていただろう。)
また、接続詞のSupposing~がif節の内容を表すこともある。

5) コンピュータがなければ、彼はまったく仕事ができないでしょう。
(But) (for) the computer, he couldn’t do his work at all.
※ but for~とwithout for~は「~がなければ/~がなかったら」という意味を表す。but for~は文章体の表現。if it were not for~でも表現できる。
= Without for the computer, he couldn’t do his work at all.
= If it were not for the computer, he couldn’t do his work at all.
〈注意〉but for やwithoutの後には名詞的な語句が置かれ、節を置くことはできない。
〈注意〉but for~ やwithout~の部分には動詞が出てこないので、いつのことをいっているかは、ふつうは主節の動詞から判断する。
〈otherwise〉
「そうでなければ」という意味を表すotherwiseは、直前で述べられている事実と反対の仮定を表し、1語でif節と同じ内容を表す。
I know he is innocent; otherwise I wouldn’t try to save him.
(彼が潔白だと私にはわかっている。そうでなければ彼を救おうとはしない
だろう。)
= If I didn’t know he is innocent, I wouldn’t try to save him.
We stopped talking; otherwise our teacher would have scolded us.
(私たちはしゃべるのをやめた。そうでなければ先生は私たちをしかっただ
ろう。)

= If we had not stopped talking, our teacher would have scolded us.
6) もう少し運があれば、彼女は試合に勝つことができただろうに。
(With) a little more luck, she could have won the game.
※ with~はwithout~の逆で、「~があれば/~があったら」という意味を表す。ifを使って次のように表すことができる。
= If she had had a little more luck, she could have won the game.
〈注意〉with~の表現の場合も、いつのことを言っているかは主節の動詞から判断。

7) スパイだったら、本当の名前を言うことはないだろう。
A secret agent (would) never tell you his real name
※ 文の内容から主語のA secret agentに「スパイだったら」という仮定の意味が込
められていることがわかるため、仮定法での主節に用いる助動詞を使用する。

8) 2年前だったら、あなたのプロポーズに応じていたことでしょう。
Two years ago, I (would) (have) accepted your proposal.
※ 文の内容から副詞句のtwo year agoに「2年前だったら」という意味が込められて
いることがわかるため、仮定法での主節に用いる助動詞を使用する。
107 仮定法を使った慣用表現
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) If it were not for air, nothing could live on the earth.
もし空気がなければ、地球上では何も生きられないだろう。
※ 「もし~がなければ」という意味で、現在の事実に反する仮定の場合はif it were not for~を用いる。but for~/ without~でも表現できる。なお、この表現に対応する肯定文は存在しない(×if it were for)。また、if it were not for~ではif を省略することができる。その場合は倒置が起こることに注意。
= Were it not for air, nothing could live on the earth.

2) If it had not been for your help, we couldn’t have finished the job.
もしあなたの手助けがなかったなら、私たちはその仕事を終わらせることはできなかっただろう。
※ 過去の事実に反する仮定の場合はif it had not been for~を用いる。but for~/ without~でも表現できる。なお、この表現に対応する肯定文は存在しない(×if it had been for)。また、if it had not been for~ではif を省略することができる。その場合は倒置が起こることに注意。
= Had it not been for your help, we couldn’t have finished the job.

3) It’s about time you started working
そろそろ、仕事を始めてもいいころだよ。
※ 〈it’s time+仮定法過去〉で「もう~してもよいころだ」という意味になる。timeの前にhighをつけると「とっくに~する時間だ」、aboutをつけると「そろそろ~する時間だ」という意味を示すことができる。it’s timeに節を続ける場合は必ず仮定法過去を使う。また、it’s timeの後の節では助動詞は使わない。
It’s past midnight. It’s high time the children went to bed.
(もう夜の12時を過ぎた。子供はとっくに寝る時間だよ。)
〈注意〉to不定詞を使って、ほぼ同じ内容を表現できる。
= It’s about time for you to start working.

4) If only I had seen the film!
その映画を見てさえいたらなあ。
※ if only~は「~でありさえすれば」という意味でI wishとほぼ同じ意味で用いられる。if onlyは間接話法では使えない。
○ He seid, “If only she were here.”
(彼は「彼女がここにいさえすればなあ」といった。)
×He said that if only she were here.
108 仮定法を使ったていねいな表現
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Would it be rude if I opened the present now?
今プレゼントを開けたら失礼でしょうか。
※ 上記文のように相手の許可を求める場合に仮定法(would)を使うとていねいな表現となる。
Would it be all right if I sat here?
(ここに座ってもよろしいですか?)
また、次のように相手に何かをしてほしいときにもていねいな表現となる。
It would be nice if you could help me with my luggage.
(私の荷物を運ぶのを手伝っていただけると助かるのですが。)

2) Would you mind if I smoked here?
ここでタバコを吸ってもよろしいでしょうか?
※ Would you mind if I+動詞の過去形?で「~してもよろしいでしょうか」の意味。動名詞を使用して下記のように書き換えることもできる。
= Would you mind my smoking here?
またwould ratherの後で仮定法を使うと、遠回しな表現となり、ていねいさが出る。
I’d[would] rather you didn’t smoke here.
(ここではタバコを吸わないでいただきたいのですが。)

3) I was wondering if you could pass me the sugar.
お砂糖をこちらに回していただけないでしょうか。
※ I wonder if you can pass me the sugar.というと、「砂糖をこちらにまわしてくれるかな」のような直接的な依頼表現となる。これをI wonder if you could pass me the sugar.とすると、少していねいな依頼になる。さらに、wonderを過去形にすると、より遠回しな表現となり、ていねいさが増す。上記文のwas wonderingのように、進行形を使うことで、さらにていねいな表現にすることができる。
wonderのほか、thinkやhopeも、同じような表現を使うことができる。
Do you think you could help me move this weekend?
(今週末の、私の引っ越しを手伝ってもらえませんか。)
第13章 疑問詞と疑問文(解説)
109 疑問代名詞
( )に入れるのに適切な疑問詞を下から選びなさい。
1) “(What) are you thinking about? “Well, nothing in particular.”
※ (「君は何について考えているの。」「いや、特に何も。」
尋ねたい事柄が「物事」という名詞の場合は疑問代名詞のwhat(何)を用いる。このwhatは「人」にも用いられる。

2) “(Whose) is this new car? “It’s John’s.”
※ (「この新車はだれの?。」「ジョンのです。」)
「だれのもの?」と尋ねる場合には、whoの所有格であるwhoseを用いる。

3) “(Who[Whom]) did he take to the zoo?” “He took his son there.”
※ (「彼はだれを動物園に連れて行ったの?」「彼の息子だよ。」)
動詞の目的語になる「人」について「だれを?」と尋ねる場合には、whomを用いる。ただし口語では、whomの代わりにwhoを用いるのがふつう。
また、動詞の目的語が「物事」の場合には、次のようにwhatを用いる。
・“What do you have for breakfast?” “I usually have toast.”
(「朝食には何を食べますか?」「たいてい、トーストです。」)

4) “(Which) of these T-shirts do you want?” “The blue one.”
※ (「これらのTシャツの中でどれが欲しい?」「青色の。」)
「人」や「物事」について、「この中でどれ?」のように、限られた選択肢から選ぶ場合にはwhichを用いる。
〈参考〉選択肢が限られている場合でも、whoを用いることができる。
Who won the race, John or Paul?
(ジョンとポールのどちらがそのレースに勝ったの?)
ただし、次のようにof …が後に続く場合にはwhichを用いる。
Which of these singers do you like best?
(この中のどの歌手が一番好きですか。)

5) “(Who) went to the party with her?” “Her father did.”
※ (「だれが彼女とパーティーの行ったの?」「彼女はのお父さんだよ。」)
「人」について「だれなのか」を尋ねたい場合には、上記文のようにwhoを用いる。
110 疑問形容詞
疑問詞に対する答えとして適切なものをA)〜D)の中から一つずつ選びなさい。
1) Whose camera is this?
C) It’s my sister’s.
※ (これはだれのカメラ?C) 僕の妹のだよ。)
上記文のように「だれの…?」と尋ねるときにはwhoseを用いる。所有格の代名詞はmy sister’s camera(僕の妹のカメラ)のように後ろに名詞を伴って用いられるので、「だれのカメラ」と言いたいときはwhose cameraとすれば良い。whoseは〈whose+名詞〉の形で用いることが多い。

2) What kind of car did you buy?
D) A compact.
※ (君はどんな種類の車を買ったの? D) 小型車。)
what kind of …は「どんな(種類の)…?」という意味を表し、ものの種類を尋ねたい場合に用いる。

3) What color do you like?
B) I like green.
※ (どんな色が好き?B) 緑が好き。)
What do you like?(何が好き?)という質問だと答えにとまどってしまうが、上記文のような質問なら、話が色に限られるので答えやすい。このように〈what+名詞〉で、「どんな…?」という意味を表すことができる。

4) Which shirt do you like?
A) The red one in the middle.
※ (どのシャツがいいですか?A)真ん中の赤いの。)
いくつかの選択肢がある中で、どれかを知りたいときにはwhichを使って上記文のように言う。〈which+名詞〉で「どの…?」という意味を表す。
111 疑問副詞
( )に適切な疑問詞を入れなさい。
1) “(Where) are you going?” “To the park.”
※ (「どこに行くの?」「公園に。」)
「どこ?」と場所を尋ねる場合には上記文のようにwhereを用いる。

2) “(Why) did he change his mind?” “Because his mother gave him some good advice.”
※ (「なぜ、彼は気持ちが変わったの?」「彼のお母さんが彼にいくつか良い忠告をしたからだよ。」)
「なぜ?」と理由を尋ねる場合には上記文のようにwhyを用いる。

3) “(How) much did you pay for the book?” “Fifteen dollars.”
※ (「その本にいくら払ったの?」「15ドル。」
量について尋ねるときは、how much(どのくらいの量?)を使う。
また、数について尋ねるときは、how many(どのくらいの数?)を使う。
“How many CDs do you have?” “Over a hundred.”
(「どのくらいのCDを持っているの?」「100枚以上はあるよ。」)
〈howのさまざまな使い方〉
方法を尋ねる「どのように?」
“How do you go to school?” “By bus.”
(「どうやって通学していますか。」「バスで。」)
“How do you spell ‘giraffe’?” “G-I-R-A-F-F-E.”
(「giraffe(キリン)はどのようにつづりますか。」「G-I-R-A-F-F-Eです。」)
様子や状態を尋ねる「どんな具合[状態]?」
“How do you feel?” “I feel fine.”
(「気分はどうですか?」「元気ですよ。」)
“How was your meal?” “It was very good.”
(「食事はどうでしたか。」「とてもおいしかったです。」)
程度を尋ねる「どのくらい…なのか」(直後に形容詞や副詞を伴う)
“How far is your house from the station.” “About two kilometers.”
(「あなたの家は、駅からどのくらいの距離がありますか。」「約2キロです。」)
“How long did you wait there?” “For one hour.”
(「どのくらいそこで待っていたのですか。」「1時間です。」)
“How soon can I have the book?” “In a week.”
(「いつごろからその本が手に入りますか。」「1週間後には。」)
〈Howを用いて相手の調子を尋ねる〉
友人や知人に出会った時、「調子はどう?」と尋ねることはよくあることだ。こういう場面で使える表現をいくつか覚えておこう。
How are you? / How are you doing? / How’s it going? / How are things?
(調子はどう?)
Pretty good. / Great.(とてもいいよ。)
Not bad. / So-so.(まあまあだね。)
〈Whatを用いて相手の調子を尋ねる〉
What’s up? / What’s going on? / What’s new? (何か変わったことは?)
Not much. / Nothing, really. (相変わらずだね。)

4) “(When) will you be back?” “At ten.”
※ (「君はいつ戻る予定?」「10時に」)
「いつ?」と時を尋ねる場合には上記文のようにwhenを用いる。

5) “(How) was the show?” “Oh, it was great.”
※ (「そのショーはどうでしたか?」「素晴らしかった。」)
112 疑問詞と前置詞
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) だれを待っているの?
(Who) are you waiting (for)?
※ 前置詞の後の名詞(前置詞の目的語)について尋ねる場合は、前置詞の目的語を疑問代名詞に置き換え、その疑問代名詞だけを文頭に出すのが一般的である。
上記文に対する返答として、例えば “I’m waiting for Jim.”(「ジムを待っている。」)などを想像すると、「ジム」にあたるのがだれなのかを尋ねようとしていることになる。「だれ?」を尋ねるときにはwhoを使うので、Who are you waiting for?となるのである。また、前置詞と疑問詞を〈前置詞+疑問詞〉の形でまとめて文頭に出すこともか可能である。(ただし、この形は口語ではあまり用いられない。)
= For whom are you waiting?
〈参考〉疑問代名詞whoの使い方には注意が必要。前置詞の目的語が疑問詞になる
ので、文法的にはwhomを用いるのが理屈に合っている。実際、For whom …?のように、前置詞を疑問詞の前に置く場合にはwhomを用いる。(×For who …?は不可)。しかし、前置詞と切り離されて疑問詞だけが文頭に出る場合にはwhoを用いるのが一般的である。

2) だれにその小包を送るつもりなのですか?
(Who) are you going to send the parcel (to)?
113 間接疑問
次の疑問文を、指定された書き出しに続く間接疑問文にしなさい。
1) Why did ‘t you come? (You must tell me …)
You must tell me why you didn’t come.
※ (あなたはなぜ来なかったかを私に伝えなければならない。)
上記文では、You must tell meの後にwhy you didn’t comeが続く。このwhy you didn’t comeはtellの目的語になっている。このように、文の一部として組み込まれた疑問文が間接疑問である。
間接疑問で注意すべき点は疑問詞の後の語順である。間接疑問は〈S+V〉という平叙文と同じ語順になるため、why didn’t you comeという疑問文の語順ではなく、why you didn’t comeという語順になる。
また、次のように疑問文の中に間接疑問が組み込まれている場合でも、間接疑問の部分は〈S+V〉の語順になる。
Can you tell me why you didn’t come?
(なぜ来なかったか教えてくれませんか?)
なお、Who broke the window?のように主語が疑問詞になっている疑問文は、もともと〈S+V〉という平叙文と同じ語順になっているので、そのままの形で間接疑問として用いられる。
I don’t know who broke the window.(だれが窓を割ったのか知りません。)
〈参考〉間接疑問の文中での働き
① 動詞の目的語
Do you want to know what I bought?
(私が何を買ったか知りたいですか?)
② 前置詞の目的語
I have no idea (of) who broke the computer.
(だれがコンピュータを壊したのか見当がつかない。)
この場合、前置詞ofは省略されることが多い。
③ 主語
When he left the house is not known.
(彼がいつ家を出たのかはわかっていない。)
④ 補語
The problem is how we will finish this job.
(問題は、どうやってこの仕事を終えるかということだ。)

2) What kind of music do you like? (I want to know …)
I want to know what kind of music you like.
※(私はあなたがどんな種類の音楽が好きなのか知りたい。)
3) When is she going to leave? (The problem is …)
The problem is when she is going to leave.
※ (問題は彼女がいつ去るつもりかということだ。)
114 否定疑問文
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 「あなたはあのバンドのメンバーではないのですか。」「メンバーですよ。」
“(Aren’t) you a member of that band?” “(Yes), I am.”
※ 上記文のような否定形の疑問文を否定疑問文と呼ぶ。否定疑問文は上記文のように、自分が思っていることを相手にもそうだと言わせたいような場面で用いられることがある。この場合、不可疑問文を使った文と同じ意味合いになる。
= You are a member of that band, aren’t you?
“Isn’t it a lovely day?” “Yes, it is.”
(「すてきな日じゃない?」「うん、すてきなひだね。」)
Don’t you like my new swimsuit?
(私の新しい水着はどう?)[「いいでしょう?」と相手に確認している]
〈参考〉notを次のような位置で使うこともある。
Did you not meet Lisa yesterday?
(昨日、リサに会わなかったの?)
〈否定疑問文での答え方〉
日本語だと「はい/いいえ」の答えは相手の質問の形に合わせて変える。しかし、英語のYes/Noは、相手の質問の形にかかわらず、自分の答えが肯定の内容ならYesを用い、否定の内容ならNoを用いる。つまり、相手がDo you …?と尋ねても、Don’t you …?と尋ねても、返事は同じになる。
答え方  「知っている」「知らない」
Do you know this?   → Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Don’t you know this? → Yes, I do. No, I don’t.

2) 「その場所に行かなかったの?」「行かなかったよ。」
“(Didn’t) (you) visit that place?” “(No), I didn’t.”
※ 否定疑問文は、上記文のように、否定の意味で尋ねる場合に用いられる。Did you visit that place?であれば「その場所に行ったかどうか」をたずねているだけでだが、Didn’t you visit that place?は、相手が行かなかったことに気づいたときの質問ということになる。
3) 「彼女は日本語を話せないの?」「いいや、話せるよ。」
“(Can’t) (she) speak Japanese?” “(Yes), she (can).”
※ 当然そうだと思っていたのに「違うの?」と、驚きや意外な気持ちを表現する時に
否定疑問文を用いることもできる。
Don’t you know this?(あなたはこれを知らないのですか?)
この疑問文は、「当然知っているはずなのに」という気持ちを表していると考えることができる。
115 疑問文への答え方
疑問文に対する答えとして適切なものをA)からD)から1つずつ選びなさい。
1) What do you think this is?
B) It’s a kind of toy.
※ (これは何だと思う?B)それはおもちゃの一種。)
「これは何だと思いますか?」と尋ねるときは、疑問詞のwhatを使って、上記文のような疑問文にする。疑問詞が文頭に置かれた疑問文なので、YesやNoで答えることはできない。
上記文のような「何[だれ]だと思いますか?」という意味の文では、疑問詞を文頭に出して〈疑問詞+do you think …?〉という形にする。また、thinkに続く部分は、平叙文の語順になることにも注意が必要。think以外にも、believe(信じる)やsuppose(想像する)などの動詞を用いる場合は同様の語順にする。
When do you suppose he will propose to her?
(彼はいつ彼女にプロポーズすると思いますか。)
〈注意〉主語が疑問詞になっているパターンに注意
whatやwho, whichが、do you think[believe / suppose]に続く節の主語として働いている文では、do you think[believe / suppose]の後に(助)動詞が続く。
Who do you think is the best player on our team?
(チームで一番いい選手はだれだと思いますか。)
What do you think will be the most successful movie this year?
(今年もっとも成功する映画は何だと思いますか。)
Which do you suppose is the better plan?
(どちらのほうがよい計画だと思いますか。)

2) Do you know what this is?
C) No, I have no idea.
※ (これが何だか知っていますか。B)いいえ、見当がつきません。)
上記文のような「これが何だか知っていますか?」という疑問文にはYes/Noで答えることになる。このように「何[だれ]だか知っていますか?」という意味の疑問文をつくる場合は〈Do you know+疑問詞…?〉の形を用い、文頭に疑問詞を置いてはならない。

3) Do you mind if I smoke here?
D) No, I don’t mind.
※ (ここでタバコを吸ってもいいかな。D)どうぞ。)
Do you mind … ?を文字どうおりに訳すと「あなたは…をいやがりますか?」となる。したがって、Yed, I do.で答えると「はい、いやです」という意味になってしまう。相手の依頼を引き受けたり、相手に許可を与えたりする場合には、Not at all. / Of course not. / Certainly not. / I don’t mind.といった否定の返事をしなければならない。
「やめてほしい」と言いたければ、I’d rather you didn’t.と言う。また、I’m sorry …とことばをにごしたり、I do mind.と強く言ったりすることもある。
〈参考〉会話の状況や、答え方の口調や表情で、Yes, certainly.のように、Yesを使って承諾を意味することもある。
〈参考〉Do you mind?は、相手に対して、「今していることをやめてほしい」という意味で用いられることがある。
Do you mind? That’s my seat you’re sitting in.
(すみません。その席は私の席なんですが。)[→どいてほしい]

4) Can I use your bathroom?
A) Sure. Go ahead
※ (トイレを使ってもいいかな。A)もちろん。どうぞ。)
Can I … ?のような相手の許可を求める疑問文に答える場合、「いいですよ」と承諾するときには、
Sure. / Certainly. / OK. / Of course.
などが使える。
また、「だめだよ」と言いたいときには、
No, you can’t. / Sorry, you can’t.
などが使える。
なお、Can you … ?に対して「いやだ」と言うときには、
No, I can’t. / I’m afraid I can’t.
のように言う。
“Can you help me with my homework?” “No, I can’t.”
(「宿題手伝ってくれる?」「だめだよ。」)
〈haveとhave got〉
① “Do you have a credit card?” “Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.”
② “Have you got a credit card?” “Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.”
いずれも「あなたはクレジットカードを持っていますか?」「はい、持っています。/いいえ、持っていません。」という意味である。
①は、もっとも一般的な表現。Have you a credit car?という形も可能であるが、現在ではhaveは一般動詞と考えるのがふつうで、疑問文をつくるときやそれに答えるときも、ほかの一般動詞と同じように用いる。
②のhave gotはhave got = haveと考えてよい。Haveが助動詞としてもちいられていることに注意。口語でよく用いられる表現である。
116 付加疑問文
( )に適語を入れて、付加疑問文を作りなさい。
1) These flowers smell sweet, (don’t) (they)?
※ (これらの花は甘い香りがしますよね。)
「~ですよね」と相手に同意を求めたり確認したりするときには、平叙文の後に短縮の疑問形を続ける。これを付加疑問文と呼ぶ。付加疑問文の形は〈助動詞/be動詞/+主語?〉で、主語はその文の主語を表す代名詞を使う。
肯定文の後には、上記文のように否定の付加疑問をつける。
“It’s very hot today, isn’t it?” “Yes, it is.”
(「今日はとっても暑いよね。」「うん、暑いね。」)
Your sister likes candy, doesn’t she?(君の妹はキャンディーが好きだよね。)
They can run fast, can’t they?(彼らは早く走れるよね。)
一方、否定文の後には、次のように肯定の付加疑問をつける。
“She doesn’t like coffee, does she?” “No, she doesn’t.”
(「彼女はコーヒーが好きじゃないよね。」「うん、好きじゃないね。」)
You aren’t tired, are you?(疲れてはいませんよね。)
They cannot run fast, can they?(彼らは早く走れませんよね。)
〈参考〉rightやOKを付加疑問のように使って相手に念を押すことも口語ではよ
くある。
You know the truth, right?(君は本当のことを知ってるんでしょ?)
〈参考〉相手の同意を得たい場合には文尾を下がり調子(⤵)で言い、相手に確認
したい場合は、文尾を上がり調子(⤴)で言う。
〈注意〉付加疑問文の答え方
肯定文の答えにはYes, 否定文の答えにはNoを使って答える。

2) There is no one in the room, (is) (there)?
※ (部屋にはだれもいないですよね。)
上記文のようなThere is …の場合、付加疑問では主語の位置にはthereを入れる。また、この文はnoがあるので否定文である。したがって、付加疑問文は肯定の形を使う。littleなどの準否定語を使った文も否定文なので、付加疑問は肯定の形を使う。
“There’s some juice in the fridge, isn’t there?” “Yes, there is.”
(「冷蔵庫にはまだジュースがあるよね?」「うん、あるよ。」
“She never listens, does she?” “No, she never does.”
(「彼女ってまったく人の話を聞かないよね。」「ああ、まったくだ。」

3) You’ve already made up your mind, (haven’t) (you)?
※ (君はもう決心はついているんだよね。)
上記文のような完了形の場合、付加疑問ではhave[has/had]を使う。
117 修辞疑問文/平叙文疑問文/聞き返し疑問文/応答疑問文
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) そんなことをしてなんの役に立つんだろうか。
(What) is the use of doing such a thing?
※ 疑問文の形をしているが、相手に答えを求めることを目的としない文を修辞疑問文と呼ぶ。肯定の修辞疑問文は否定の気持ちを、否定の疑問文は肯定の気持ちを表している。
Who knows? (だれにわかるだろうか。→だれにもわからないよ。)
What could be simpler than this?
(これ以上簡単なものが何かあるかい。→これが一番簡単だよ。)
Who doesn’t love ice cream?(アイスクリームを嫌いな人なんていないよ。)

2) 「専攻は哲学です。」「何を専攻しているって?」
“I’m majoring in philosophy.” “ You’re majoring in (what)?”
※ 上記文のように、相手が言ったことの一部が聞き取れなかったり、理解できなかったときに、平叙文の語順のままで、わからなかった部分を疑問詞にして聞き返すことができる。また、相手が言ったことに対して、驚きや意外な気持ちを表すときにも用いることができる。
“I’m sorry, Dad. I broke your …” “You broke my what?”
(「お父さんごめん。壊しちゃったんで。お父さんの…」「私の何を壊しただって?」)
“I told him the truth.” “You told him what?”
(「彼に本当のことを言ったの。」「何を言ったって?」)

3) 「ジャックとべティが結婚したんだってさ。」「へえ、そうなの。」
“Jack and Betty got married.” “Oh, (did) they?”
※ 相手が言ったことにあいづちを打つ場合に、疑問文の形式を用いることがある。文の内容は相手が話したことのくり返しになるので、Are you?やDo you?など、疑問文であることを示す最低限の部分だけを用いる。
“Ichiro hit a home run yesterday.” “Oh, did he?”
(「イチローが昨日ホームランを打ったんだ。」「へえ、そうなの。」)
“I’m not interested in video games.” “Aren’t you?”
(「テレビゲームには興味がないんだ。」「そうなんだ。」
118 疑問文の慣用表現
日本語の意味に合うように、( )の語句を並べかえて英文を完成させなさい。
1) 何のためにここに来たの?
What (did you come here for)?
※ 「何のために…?」と目的を尋ねるときに、What … for?という形を用いることもできる。また、単にWhat for?として、「どうして?」と尋ねることもある。
“I must go back to my house.” “What for?”
(「家に帰らなきゃ。」「どうして?」)

2) 明日の天気はどうなりそうですか。
What’s (the weather going to be like) tomorrow?
※ 主語について「どのようであるか/何のようであるか」を尋ねる場合は、S is like … (Sは…のようだ)という文の「…」に相当する部分を聞けばよい。疑問代名詞のwhatを使って疑問文を作ると、What is S like?となる。この疑問文には、〈S is like+名詞〉(Sは~のようなものです)や〈S is +形容詞〉(Sは~です)などのように答えればよい。
What is the food in Spain like?
(スペインの料理ってどのようなものですか?)
“What is your father like?” “He is very kind.”
(「あなたのお父さんはどんな人」「とっても優しいの。」)
「Sは見た目はどんな感じですか。」「Sはどのように見えますか?」という意味の疑問文は、What does S look like? という形になる。
What does the Sphinx look like?
(スフィンクスは見た目はどんな感じですか。)
〈注意〉WhatかHowか
Whatを用いるべきところで、「どのように」にひきずられて、Howを使ってしまうことがある。
What is Cathy like? (キャシーはどんな人ですか。)
 How is Cathy?(キャシーの調子はどうですか。)
How を用いてHow is Cathy?とするとキャシーの健康状態を尋ねていることになってしまう。人の性格や物の特徴を尋ねるときはWhat is S like?を使う。
〈What do you think? と How do you feel?〉
What do you think about his novel?
(彼の小説についてどう思いますか。)[どういう考え(意見)か尋ねている]
How do you feel about his novel?
(彼の小説についてどうお感じですか。)[どういう感じ(印象)か尋ねている]

3) どうして彼女の家に行ったのですか。
(How come you went to) her house?
※ 「どうして…?」と聞く場合に〈How come+S V?〉という形を使うことができる。how comeはwhyとほぼ同じ意味と考えてもよいが、疑問文の作り方に大きな違いがある。whyを用いて疑問文を作る場合は、後ろは疑問文の語順になるが、how comeの場合は後ろが平叙文の語順となる。
= Why did you go to her house?

4) イタリア料理の店で夕食を食べるのはどうですか。
(How about eating dinner) at an Italian restaurant?
※ 疑問文で提案や勧誘を表す表現。
① How[what] about …? 「…はいかがですか?」(相手に提案・推奨)
[aboutの後は名詞/代名詞/動名詞を置く]
How[what] about going to the movies tonight?
(今夜、映画を見に行きませんか。)
How about a cup of coffee?(コーヒーを1杯いかがですか。)
② What do you say to …?「…はいかがですか?」(相手の意向を尋ねる)
[toの後は名詞/代名詞/動名詞を置く]
What do you say to renting a DVD?(DVDを借りませんか。)
③ Why don’t you +動詞 …?「…してはいかがですか?/…しましょうよ」(提案)
Why don’t you get more exercise?(もっと運動したらどうですか。)
④ Why don’t we +動詞 …?「(一緒に)…しましょうよ」(提案)
Why don’t we get more exercise?(もっと運動しましょうよ。)
⑤ Why not+動詞 …? 「…してはいかがですか?」「…しましょうよ」(提案)
Why not just ignore her comment?
(彼女の発言は無視したらどうですか。)
〈Why not?「もちろん、いいよ」〉
“Let’s turn on the air conditioner.” “Why not?”
(「エアコンのスイッチを入れようよ。」「もちろん、いいよ。」)
このWhy not?は「なぜいけないの?」→「もちろん、いいです。」という意味。相手からの依頼、提案などに答えるときに使う。
第14章 否定(解説)
119 not / never / no
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) ティムは兄からではなく、いとこから手紙を受け取った。
Tim received a letter from his cousin, (not) from his brother.
※ 特定の語・句・節をnotで否定する場合には、否定する語・句・節の直前にnotを置く。
上記文は句を否定。語や節の否定は次のようになる
・David is Australian, not British.
(デイブはオーストラリア人で、イギリス人ではない。) [語の否定]
She loves him not because he is handsome, but because he is warm-hearted.
(彼女は彼がハンサムだからではなく、心が温かいから愛しているのです)
[節の否定]

2) 私には衣類を洗たくする時間がない。
I have (no) time to wash my clothes.
※ noは上記文のように、名詞の前について「まったく~ない」「1人[1つ]も~ない」という強い否定を表す。no~はnot a~/ not any~という意味で、数えられる名詞にも数えられない名詞にも使うことができる。
数えられる名詞の場合は、次のように複数形、単数形のどちらにも使うことができる。
There were no children in the park.
(公園には子どもが1人もいなかった。)
There was no chair for me to sit on.
(私が座るいすが1つもなかった。)
〈参考〉There were no children in the park.では「ふつうは子どもたちが何人かいる」ような状況が考えられるのでchildrenという複数形が使われている。There was no chair for me to sit on.では自分が座るいすは1つあればよいのだから、単数形が使われていると考えればよい。
〈参考〉noは、「ゼロ」という意味の数や量を表す形容詞であると考えるとわかりやすい。
He has made two major discoveries.
(彼はこれまでに2つの大きな発見をしている。)
He has made no major discoveries.
(彼はこれまでゼロ個の大きな発見をしている。→大きな発見は1つもしていない。)
この2つの文におけるtwoとnoの使い方に注目すれば、noが数・量を表す形容詞であるという考え方が理解できるだろう。

3) だれもこの絵には興味をもたないだろう。
(Nobody) will be interested in this picture.
※ 主語にnoがつくと、主語が否定されるばかりでなく、結果的に文全体の内容が否定されることになる(全否定)。
No students are allowed to enter this room
(いかなる学生もこの部屋に入ることは許されていない。)
nobody, nothingなども〈no+名詞〉と同じように考えるとよい。また、no oneはnobodyと同じ意味で使われ、単数扱いになる。
また、noは〈形容詞+名詞〉の前や、be動詞の補語となる名詞の前に置かれると、「決して~ない」という意味に強い否定を表す。
Building a house is no simple task.
(家を建てるということは、決して簡単なことではない。)
He is no genius.
(彼は決して天才なんかじゃない。)

4) 私は彼にうそをつくなと言った。
I told him (not) to tell a lie.
※ 上記文では、notがto tell a lieという句を否定している。ここでは、「(彼が)うそをつくこと」が否定されていることに注意。「私が彼に言った」ことは否定されていない。
〈notの位置と意味の違い〉
上記文のnotの位置を変えると、文全体が否定され、意味が変わる。
I told him not to tell a lie.
[to tell a lieを否定]
I did not tell him to tell a lie.
[述語動詞tellを否定]
(私は彼にうそをつくようにとは言わなかった。)

5) 私は決して朝食を食べない。
I (never) eat breakfast.
※ neverは「一度も~ない」という意味を表す。
〈注意〉neverの位置
be動詞以外の一般動詞を使う場合は、〈never+動詞〉の語順。
It never snows on the island.(その島では決して雪が降らない。)
be動詞を使う場合は、〈be動詞+never〉の語順。
Peter is never at home.(ピーターはいつも家にいない。)
助動詞が含まれる場合は、〈助動詞+never+動詞〉の語順。
I will never ride a roller coaster again.
(もう二度とジェットコースターには乗らないよ。)
neverは「一度も[いつも]~ない」ことを表すので、経験の意味を表す完了形でよく使われる。
I have never seen such a rude man.
(そんな失礼な男には今まで一度も会ったことがない。)
〈参考〉Have you ever been to Oslo?(オスロに行ったことがありますか。)と
いう疑問文に、「いいえ、一度もありません。」と答える場合は、No, I haven’t.かNo, I never have.という。このように、応答分などで本動詞が省略される場合には、neverは助動詞の前に置く。×No, I have never.とは言わない。
120 否定語の位置
次の文を否定文にしなさい。
1) I think he is a good violinist.
I don’t think he is a good violinist.
※ (彼は上手なバイオリン奏者だと思います。)
think, believe, supposeなどの主語の意思や判断を表す動詞の後ろにthat節や語句がある場合、そのthat節や語句を否定語にするのではなく、最初の動詞を否定することが多い。expect、imagineもこの形をとる。
I don’t expect that he will accept my apology.
(彼が私の謝罪を受け入れるとは思っていません。)
seemもこの形で用いられることが多い。
It doesn’t seem that he knows our secret.
(彼が私たちの秘密を知っているようには思えません。)

2) I hope she will accept his offer.
I hope she will not[won’t] accept his offer.
※ (彼女が彼の申し入れを受け入れないと思う。)
hope(〈好ましい事態を〉想定する、思う)、be afraid / fear(〈不都合[心配な事態]を〉想定する、思う)の場合は、動詞の後に続くthat節を否定形にする。
I am afraid that she won’t be able to get here on time.
(彼女が時間通りにここに着くのは無理なんじゃないだろうか。)
〈notと副詞の位置〉
A) I just don’t like her. (私は彼女のことは全く好きではない。)
B) I don’t just like her. (私は彼女のことをどうしようもないくらい好きだ。)
A)の文では、just 「まったく、完全に」がdon’tという否定表現を修飾しているため、否定が強められる結果となている。
それに対して、B)の文では、否定語notがjust「ただ単に」を修飾しているため、「私は単に彼女のことを好きだというだけではない。」→「私は彼女をどうしようもないくらい好きだ。」という意味になっている。否定語と、just, simplyといった副詞との位置関係には注意しよう。
121 節の代わりをするnot
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 「明日は雨が降るだろうか。」「降らないといいね。」
“Will it rain tomorrow?” “I (hope) (not).”
※ 上記のI hope not.はI hope that it won’t rain tomorrow.と同じ意味を表す。このように、hopeやbe afraidの後ろには、節の代わりとしてnot 1語を置く。
2) 「彼はよくなるだろうか。」「よくならないとおもうよ。」
“ Will he get well?” “I’m (afraid) (not).”
※ 上記のI’m afraid not.はI’m afraid that he won’t get well.と同じ意味を表す。
that節を肯定の意味で受けたいのであれば、not ではなくsoを使う。
“Is it still raining?” “I’m afraid so.”
(「まだ雨が降っているのかな?」「うん、降っていると思うよ。」
〈注意〉afraidとnotの位置
I am not afraid.(私はこわがってなんかないぞ。)
I am afraid not.(残念ながら私はそうじゃないと思います。)
※ 〈soとnotの使い分け〉
soとnotのどちらかを使うかは、肯定の意味でのべるのか、否定の意味で述べるのかによって決まる。
“Is he coming to the party?”(彼はパーティーに来るの?)
という肯定の形での問いかけに対しても、
“Isn’t he coming to the party?”(彼はパーティーに来ないの?)
という否定の形での問いかけに対しても、「来る」と思えば
“Yes, I hope so.” や “Yes, I suppose so.”
などと答え、「来ない」と思えば
“No, I’m afraid not.” や “No, I suppose not.”
などと答えればよい。
122 準否定語
( )内から正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) He (seldom) goes out on Sundays.
※ (彼はめったに日曜日は出かけない。)
Rarely, seldomは、何かをする回数がほとんどないことを表す副詞で、動詞を修飾して「めったに~ない」という意味を表す。
I rarely listen to classical music.
(私はめったにクラシック音楽を聴きません。)
〈注意〉hardly[scarcely] everも「めったに~ない」
hardly ever, scarcely everは頻度を表す。「一度でも」という意味のeverに「ほとんど~ない」という意味のhardlyやscarcelyがつくためである。
I hardly[scarcely] ever eat breakfast.(私は朝食をめったに食べない。)

2) I could (hardly) understand the lecture.
※ (私はその講義がほとんど理解できなかった。)
hardly, scarcelyは、何かの〈程度〉がほとんどないことを表す副詞。動詞を修飾すると「ほとんど~しない」という意味になる。
The injured child could scarcely walk.
(けがをしたその子どもは、ほとんど歩けなかった。)

3) They had (little) snow in Osaka.
※ (大阪では雪はほとんど降らなかった。)
littleは量がほとんどないことを表す形容詞。littleは名詞を修飾して「ほとんど~ない」という意味を表す。littleは数えられない名詞の前に置く。no(まったく~ない)がもつ否定の意味を弱めた表現である。
I had little time to buy a present for her.
(彼女へのプレゼントを買う時間はほとんどなかった。)
〈注意〉a littleのようにaをつけると否定の意味が消え、「少しはある」という意味になる。

4) He is a man of (few) words.
※ (彼は口数の少ない男だ。)
fewは数がほとんどないことを表す形容詞。fewは名詞を修飾して「ほとんど~ない」という意味を表す。fewは数えられる名詞の前に置く。no(まったく~ない)がもつ否定の意味を弱めた表現である。
Few students handed in the homework.
(宿題を提出した生徒はほとんどいなかった。)
〈注意〉a fewのようにaをつけると否定の意味が消え、「少しはある」という意味になる。
123 部分否定・二重否定
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Not all of the members attended the meeting.
会員の全員が会議に出席したというわけではなかった。
※ 上記文は、All of the members attended the meeting.という文の文頭にnotが置かれ、内容が否定されている。したがって、「会員の全員が会議に出席した」+「のではない」となって、「会員の全員が会議に出席したというわけではなかった」という意味になる。このような否定文を部分否定と呼ぶ。
〈注意〉notはallの前に置く
「全部が…というわけではない」という意味を表したい場合は、Not all …のように、allの前にnotを置く。notをallの後に置いて、All of the members didn’t attend …のようにすると、「全部が…ない」という意味にとられてしまうこともある。

2) None of the members attended the meeting.
会員はだれも会議に出席しなかった。
※ 上記文は、all of the membersのallの代わりにNoneがおかれている。Noneは「だれも[何も]ない」ことを表すので、「だれも会議に出席しなかった 」という文になる。すべてを否定していることになるので、この文は全否定と呼ばれる。
3) He doesn’t always buy that weekly magazine.
彼はいつもその週刊誌を買うとは限らない。
※ notの後に、allやalways, completelyのような「全体性」や「完全性」を表す表現を続けると、「全部ではない」「完全ではない」という意味の部分否定になる。「全部が~というわけではない」ということは、「一部には~でないものもある」という意味を表していることになる。
部分否定を作る語には、次のようなものがある。
all(すべて(の))
every(すべての)
always(いつも/つねに)
necessarily(必ず)
quite(まったく/完全に)
altogether(まったく)
completely(完全に)
entirely(完全に)
〈注意〉「あまり~でない」を表す場合
manyやmuchなど「数・量・程度の多さ」を表す語を含む文を否定すると、「あまり多くない」「それほどでもない」という意味を表すことになる。
Not many people in this country go to other countries to find a job.
(外国に職を探しに行く人は、この国にはあまり多くはいない。)
veryやsoを使った文も否定文になると、「あまり~ではない」という意味になる。
He doesn’t like Italian food very much.
(彼はイタリア料理はあまり好きではない。)
I don’t see him so often these days.
(最近、彼とはそれほどひんぱんには会っていない。)
〈参考〉文によっては部分否定なのか全否定なのかがあいまいなものもある。
I have not read all of these books.
この文の場合、notだけが強く発音されると「全部読んでいない」という全否定の意味にとれるし、notとallを同じように強く発音されれば、「全部読んだわけではない」という部分否定の意味にとれる。
4) I’m not quite satisfied with your plan.
私はあなたの計画に完全に満足しているわけではない。
5) It’s not impossible to swim across this river.
この川を泳いで渡ることは不可能ではない。
※ 1つの文の中で否定を表す語が2つ使われることを二重否定という。二重否定は、上記文の「不可能ではない」のように、結果的に肯定の意味を表すことになる。たいていの場合、単なる肯定文よりも、肯定の意味が強く響く表現となる。
= It is possible to swim across this river.
He never visits us without bringing a gift.
(彼が私たちのところに訪ねてくる時には必ずおみやげを持ってきてくれる。)
It’s not unusual for couples to quarrel.
(夫婦が口げんかをするのは珍しいことではない。)
〈注意〉否定語を2つ使ってはいけない場合
nobodyやnothingのような否定語は、notのような否定の副詞とともに用いることはできない。
Nobody hates him.(だれも彼のことを嫌いではない。)
×Nobody doesn’t hate him.
124 否定の慣用表現
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 彼のおかしな髪型を見て、笑わずにはいられなかった。
I (couldn’t) (help) laughing at his funny hairstyle.
※ cannot help –ingは「~しないではいられない」という意味。このhelpは「~を避ける」という意味で、cannot helpで「~を避けることができない」という意味を表している。
It cannot be helped.(どうしようもない。)
〈参考〉〈cannot but+動詞の原形〉[文語] や〈cannot help but+動詞の原形〉[口語] も同じ意味を表す。
= I couldn’t help but laugh at his funny hairstyle.

2) 海で泳ぐ時はいくら注意してもしすぎることはない。
You (cannot) be (too) careful when you swim in the sea.
※ cannot … too~は「いくら~してもしすぎることはない」という意味。tooの後には形容詞や副詞を続ける。
We cannot praise him too highly.
(彼のことはいくらほめてもほめすぎることはない。)
この表現は、enoughを使ってcannot … enoughとしても同じ内容を表すことがで
きる。enoughは修飾する形容詞や副詞の後に置く。
I cannot see her often enough.
(彼女とは、どんなにひんぱんに会っても足りないくらいだよ。)
〈参考〉動詞の後にenoughを続けることもできる。
I cannot apologize enough.
(いくら謝っても謝り足りない。)

3) 健康を損なって初めてそのありがたさがわかる。
We (don’t) appreciate the blessing of health (until) we lose it.
※ not … until~は「~までは…しない/~して初めて…する/~になってやっと…する」という意味。この表現は、It is … that~の強調構文で、〈not+until節〉を強調するパターンでも使われる。
= It is not until we lose our health that we appreciate the blessing of it.
〈参考〉Not untilを文頭に出す表現もある(ただしこれは文章体)。その場合「倒置」が起こることに注意
= Not until we lose our health do we appreciate the blessing of it.

4) 私が食卓につくとすぐに電話が鳴った。
I had (hardly[scarcely]) sat down at the table (when[before]) the telephone rang.
※ hardly[scarcely] … when[before]~は「…するとすぐに~/…するかしないかのうちに~」という意味。上記文のhad hardly sat のように、過去完了を使うことが多い。また、no sooner … than~で「…するとすぐに~」という意味を表すこともできる。
He had no sooner stepped outside than it started to rain.
(彼が外に出るとすぐに雨が降り出した。)
〈参考〉HardlyやNo soonerを文頭に出す表現もある(ただしこれは文章体)。その場合「倒置」が起こることに注意
Hardly had I sat down at the table when the telephone rang.
No sooner had he steeped outside than it started to rain.

5) 彼は1日中テレビばかり見ている。
He does (nothing) (but) (watch) TV all day long.
※ 〈do nothing but+動詞の原形〉で「…してばかりいる」という意味。このbutは「…を除いて/…以外は」という意味。「…する以外は何もしない」と考えるとよい。butの後ろに動詞の原形を置くことに注意。
〈have no choice but+to不定詞〉は、「…するしかない」という意味を表す。
I had no choice but to quit my job.
(私は仕事をやめるしかなかった。)
〈no longer …〉は「もはや…でない/もう…でない」という意味。not … any longer
も同じ意味を表す。
He is no longer a strong wrestler.
(彼はもはや強いレスラーではない。)
I can’t trust him any longer.
(私は、もはや彼のことを信じられない。)
125 否定語を使わない否定表現
日本語の意味に合うように、( )の語句を並べかえて英文を完成させなさい。
1) 彼はあまりに眠かったので、宿題ができなかった。
He was (too sleepy to do) his homework.
※ 〈too … to不定詞〉は「あまりに…なので~できない/~できないほど…だ/~するには…すぎる」という意味。
〈参考〉不定詞の前に〈for+名詞〉を置き、不定詞の意味上の主語を表すこともできる。
This book was too boring for me to read through.
(この本は退屈すぎて私は最後まで読み通すことができなかった。)
〈参考〉too … to~を使った文を、so … that~を使って表すこともできる。その
場合、that以下が否定文になることに注意。
= He was so sleepy that he couldn’t do his homework.

2) 彼女は決して約束を破るような人間ではないでしょう。
She would be the (last person to break her promise).
※ 〈the last … to不定詞〉は「決して~しない…/もっとも~しそうにない…」という意味。「~するとしたら最後の…」ということ。
〈参考〉to不定詞の代わりに関係詞節が続く場合もある。
He is the last person who I would want to talk about the matter.
(彼とだけはその件について話したくない。)

3) 彼の話は決して退屈ではなかった。
His story (was anything but boring).
※ anything but … は「決して…でない」という意味。anythingは「どれでも」、butは「…を除いて」という意味なので、「…を除いたどれでも」となる。この文では「退屈だけは違う」→「決して退屈でない」ということ。
4) 彼の新しい小説は、とてもじゃないがおもしろいとは言えない。
His new novel (is far from interesting).
※ far from …は「…からはほぼ遠い/少しも…ない/とても…とは言えない」という意味。be動詞を使う文で使われることが多く、fromの後に名詞や形容詞が続く。
free from … で「…をまぬがれている/…がない」という意味。「束縛するものがない」という意味合いなので、fromの後には意味的に「やっかいなもの」「不都合なもの」「苦痛」「心配」など、話し手が悪い印象をもっている名詞が来る。前置詞にofを使う場合もある。
No animal can live free from danger.
(何の危険もなしに生きていける動物などいない。)
No part of Tokyo is free of air pollution.
(東京はどこも空気が汚れている。)
〈beyondを使って否定を表す〉
The view from the window was beautiful beyond belief.
(その窓からのながめは信じられないくらい美しかった。)
このbeyond … は「…できない」という意味を表す。beyond自体は前置詞で、「…を超えている」という意味。後ろに人がすることを表す名詞や代名詞を置くと「…できる範囲を超えている」→「…できない」という意味の慣用句となる。
また、beyondの代わりにaboveを用いることもある。
He is above cheating on exams.
(彼は試験でカンニングをするような人ではない。)
beyond … を使った表現には次のようなものがある。
beyond description 「描写(できる範囲)をこえている」
→「筆舌に尽くしがたい」
beyond my reach「私の手の届く範囲を超えている」
→「私の手には負えない」
beyond my budget「私の予算(で支払える範囲)を超えている」
→「買えないほど高い」

5) その町を訪れる時は、私は必ず彼と会います。
I (never fail to meet him) when I visit that town.
※ 〈never fail to不定詞〉は「~しそこなうことがない/必ず~する」という意味になる。また、〈fail to不定詞〉は「~しそこなう/~できない」という意味。本来ならすべきことや、したいと思っていたことができなかった場合に使い。
The alarm failed to ring.(目覚まし時計がならなかった。)
Never fail to call me every day.(毎日必ず電話をしてね。)
〈注意〉一度だけのことにneverは使わない
neverは「一度も~ない」という意味なので、一度だけの動作について言う場合は、Don’t forget to … / Be sure to …などを使う。
Don’t forget to call me tomorrow. (明日必ず電話をしてね。)
第15章 話法(解説)
126 直接話法と間接話法の形
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 彼はその時、次のコンサートの準備をしていると言った。
He (told) me that (he) (was) preparing for his next concert (then).
※ 上記文を直接法で表現するとHe said to me now, “I am preparing for my next concert.”となるが、上記文は間接話法を用いており、発言内容は現在から見た過去のこととして言い直されている。そのため、時制の一致によって動詞が過去形になっている。間接話法で用いられるthatは省略することができる。
〈時制の一致の基本〉
① 従属節が同じ時点のこと(単純形)
We think he is honest.(私たちは彼は正直だと思う。)
We thought he was honest.(私たちは彼は正直だと思った。)
② 従属節が同じ時点のこと(進行形・完了形)
I understood what he was saying.(彼が言っていることは理解できた。)
He knew she had been there.
(彼女がそこに行ったことがあることを彼は知っていた。)
③ 従属節が過去のこと
It seems that the toast was burnt.(トーストがこげたようだ。)
It seemed that the toast had been burnt.(トーストがこげたようだった。)
④ 従属節が未来のこと
I think she will come.(私は彼女は来るだろうと思う。)
I thought she would come.(私は彼女は来るだろうと思った。)
〈助動詞の過去形〉
① 過去形をもつ動詞
will → would, can → could, may → might, have to → had to など
主節の動詞が過去形の場合、同じ時点のことであれば従属節でもそれに合わせて過去形の助動詞を用いる。
I thought he could come.(私は彼が来ることができると思った。)
② 過去形をもたない助動詞
must, need, should, ought to, had better, used toなど
主節の動詞が過去形で、従属節で述べることが同じ過去のことでも助動詞の形は変わらない。
He said Lucy must be angry.
(彼はルーシーが怒っているに違いないと言った。)
I thought you should be more careful.
(私は君がもっと注意深くあるべきだと思った。)
〈人称代名詞〉
① 直接話法の文
He said to me then, “I am preparing for my next concert.”
(彼はその時「私は次のコンサートの準備をしている」と言った。)
「彼」の発言をそのまま引用しているのでIやmyは「彼」が「自分」のこと
を言っていることになる。

② 間接話法の文
He told me that he was preparing for his next concert then.
(彼はその時、次のコンサートの準備をしていると言った。)
「彼」の発言を、伝える人の視点で言い直している。したがって、発言内容
を表す文ではheやhisが使われている。
〈sayとtell〉
① say
He said (to me) then, “I am preparing for my next concert.”
= He said (to me) that that he was preparing for his next concert then.
said to me(私に言った)のように〈to+人〉を続けるか、話す相手を示さず
に使うことができる。直接話法ではsayを使うことが多い。間接話法で使う
こともできる。
② tell
He told me (that) he was preparing for his next concert then.
× He told that he was preparing for his next concert then.
tellは、told me(私に言った)のように、伝える相手をしめさなければならない。×He told that …とはできないことに注意。間接話法ではtellを使うことが多い。直接話法でも使うことができるが、あまり一般的ではない。

2) 私の母は、その前の日に私のスニーカーを洗ったと、私に言った。
My mother told me that (she) (had) washed (my) sneakers the day before.

※ 上記文を直接話法に書き換えると次のようになる。
My mother said to me, “I washed your sneakers yesterday.”
間接話法を用いるときは、だれかの発言を、伝える人の視点で言い直す。話し手の
視点が変わることによって、表し方が異なる語句がでてくる。時を表す表現、指示
語(this, theseなど)の表し方が直接法と間接法では異なることがある。
直接話法 間接話法
this    that
these those
here there
today that day
yesterday the day before / the previous day
tomorrow the next day / the following day
now then
last night the night before / the previous night
next week the next week / the following week
… ago … before
状況によってはこの表のとおりにはならないこともある。
You said, “I’ll come back here by five.”
(君は「ぼくはここに5時までに戻る」と言ったよ。)
→You said that you would come back here by five.
(君は、自分がここに5時までに戻ると言ったよ。)
発言をした人と、伝える人のいる場所が同じであれば、直接話法でも、間接話法で
もhereはhereのままである。機械的に暗記したパターンにあてはめるのではなく、
場所、時間、人、ものを別の立場から表現する場合、どのように表現すれば適切な
のかをその状況から判断することが必要。

3) ジョンは、彼の娘が次の日、空港で私たちを出迎えると言った。
John said that (his) daughter (would) meet us at the airport the (next)
day.

※ 上記文を直接話法で表現すると次のようになる。
John said, “My daughter will meet us at the airport tomorrow.”
127 平叙文以外の間接話法 (疑問詞疑問文・Yes/No疑問文・命令文)
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語をいれなさい。
1) 彼は私に、私がそのロックグループのファンなのかと尋ねた。
He asked me (if[whether]) (I) (was) a fun of the rock group.
※ (→直接話法:He said to me, “Are you a fun of the rock group?”)
伝える発言が疑問詞のないYes/No疑問文の場合、間接話法にすると上記文のよう
に、〈ask(人)+if[whether]SV〉という形になる。ただし、伝える発言がorを用い
る疑問文の場合は、〈whether … or ~〉の形を用いる。
・She asked the clerk whether that sweater was knit by hand or by machine.
(彼女は店員に、そのセーターが手編みなのか機械編みなのか尋ねた。)
この文を直接法で表すと次のようになる。
She said to the clerk, “Is this sweater by hand or by machine?”
(彼女は店員に「このセーターは手編み、それとも機械編み?」と言った。)

2) その少年は私に、どこでその本を見つけることができるのかと尋ねた。
The boy (asked) me where I (could) find the book.
※ (→直接話法:The boy said to me, “Where can you find the book?”)
伝える発言が疑問詞を用いた疑問文の場合、間接話法にすると上記のように、〈ask(人)+疑問詞+SV〉という形になる。ただし、疑問詞自体が主語として働いている場合は、〈ask(人)+疑問詞+V〉になる。
My boss asked who had called him up that morning.
(私の上司は、だれがその朝彼に電話したのか尋ねた。)
この文を直接話法で表すと次のようになる。
My boss said, “Who called me up this morning?”
(私の上司は「だれが今朝私に電話したんだ?」と言った。)

3) その女性は息子に、彼はどうしてそんなことを言ったのかと尋ねた。
The woman (asked) her son (why) (he) (had) said such a thing.
※ (→直接話法:The woman said to her son, “Why did you say such a thing?)
4) 彼は息子に新聞を持ってくるように言った。
He (told[ordered]) his son (to) (bring) (him) the newspaper.
※ (→直接話法:He said to his son, “Bring me the newspaper.”)
伝える発言が命令文の場合、間接話法にすると上記文のように、〈tell+人+to do〉という形になる。話す相手に行動を求める発言なので、that節ではなくto不定詞を使って、「~するように」という意味にする。

5) 先生は少年たちにホールで走らないようにと言った。
The teacher (told[ordered]) the boys (not) (to) (run) in the hall.
※ (→直接話法:The teacher said to the boys, “Don’t run in the hall.”)
間接話法で「…するな」という禁止を表す命令文は次のようになる。
My father told me not to give up my dream.
(父は私に、夢をあきらめないように言った。)
〈参考〉命令文のニュアンスによっては、orderやcommandなどのより強い命令
を表す動詞をtellの代わりに使うことができる。
My father ordered me to go out.
(父はぼくに、出ていくように命じた。)

6) 彼女は私にいっしょに来るように頼んだ。
She (asked) me (to) (come) (with) (her).
※ (→直接話法:She said to me, “Please come with me.”)
伝える相手が、相手に何かを依頼するような命令文の場合は、間接話法にする際にask(頼む)を用いて〈ask+人+to do〉という形にする。
The receptionist asked me to call back after lunch.
(受付係は私に、昼食後に電話をかけ直すように頼んだ。)
この文を直接話法で表すと次のようになる。
The receptionist said to me, “Please call back after lunch.”
(受付係は私に「昼食後に電話をかけ直してください。」と言った。)
発言がWould you … ?などを使ったていねいな依頼の場合も同様に〈ask+人+to do〉を用いる。
A woman asked me to tell her the way to the station.
(ある女性が私に、駅への道を教えてほしいと頼んだ。)
A woman said to me, “Would you tell me the way to the station?”
(ある女性が私に「駅への道を教えていただけませんか。」と言った。)
128 提案文・勧誘文・感嘆文
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語をいれなさい。
1) 彼は私に、その辞書を買うように助言した。
He (advised) (me) (to) buy that dictionary.
※ (→直接話法:He said to me, “You should buy this dictionary.”)
伝える発言が、相手に何かを提案したり忠告したりする文であれば、間接話法では上記文のようにadviseを用いて〈advise+人+to do〉の形を用いる。このように、相手の行動を促すような内容のときは、to不定詞を使うのがふつう。

2) 彼は弟にキャッチボールをやろうと提案した。
He (suggested) (to) his brother that (they) (play) catch.
※ (→直接話法:He said to his brother, “Let’s play catch.”)
伝える発言が、Let’s do … / Shall we do …?などの勧誘を表す文の場合は、間接話法では〈suggest (to+人) that S (should) do … 〉の形を用いる。この場合thatは省略しないのがふつう。suggestはto不定詞を続けることはできない。suggestの後のthat節では、〈should+動詞の原形〉か〈動詞の原形〉を使う。
She suggested to me that we (should) go out for a walk.
(彼女は私に、散歩に出かけることを提案した。)
この文を直接話法で表すと次のようになる。
She said to me, “Let’s go out for a walk.”
(彼女は私に「散歩に出かけましょう」と言った。)
なお、suggestの代わりにpropose(to+人)(提案する)を使うことも多い。〈suggest to+人〉〈propose to+人〉の形に注意。
He proposed to me that we discuss it later.
(彼は私に、それを後で議論することを提案した。)

3) 彼女は、私のバイクはなんてうるさいのかと文句を言った。
She (complained) (about) how noisy my motorcycle was.
※ (→直接話法: She said to me, “How noisy your motorcycle is!”)
伝える発言が、上記直接話法のHow noisy your motorcycle is!のような感嘆文の場合、間接話法ではその内容に合った動詞を使う。上記文では、「文句を言っている」ことがわかるので、complain(不満を言う)を使っている。

4) 少年たちは、勝ったと喜んで叫んだ。
The boys cried out in (joy) that they (had) (won).
※ (→直接話法:The boys said loudly, “We won!”)
間接話法では、上記文のように内容に合った動詞を使う。cry (out) (叫ぶ), exclaim
(叫ぶ)などの動詞を使ったり、in joy (喜んで), with regret (後悔して), in anger (怒
って)などの副詞(句)を用いて感情を表現することもできる。一定の形にこだわるよ
りも、もとの文のニュアンスを損なわない工夫をすることが大切である。
He shouted in anger that he had been cheated.
(彼はだまされていた、と怒って叫んだ。)
129 従属節を含む文 / and, butなどで結ばれた文 / 種類の異なる文
次の文を間接話法で表現しなさい。
1) Bill said, “I don’t know how the accident will affect the economy.”
(ビルは「その事故がどのように経済に影響を与えるのかわからない」と言った。)
Bill said (that) he didn’t know how the accident would affect the economy.
(ビルは、その事故が経済にどのような影響を与えるのかわからないと言った。)
※ 伝える発言が、接続詞や関係詞を使った節を含む場合、従属節(名詞節、形容詞節、副詞節)の動詞も適切な形にする。上記の間接話法文の場合は、過去の時点から見た未来のことになるので、the accident would affectとwouldを使っている。

2) Betty said to me, “I have a headache, but I will go to the movie with you.”
(べティは私に「私は頭痛がするけど、あなたと映画に行きます」と言った。)
Betty told me (that) she had a headache, but that he would go to the movie with me.
(べティは私に、頭痛がするけど、私と映画に行くとと言った。)
※ 伝える発言がand, but, orなどの等位接続詞で結ばれた文の場合、間接話法では2つのthat節を発言内容と同じ接続詞で結ぶ。最初のthatは省略できるが、and, but, orの後ろのthatは省略しないのがふつう。特に、接続詞の後の内容が言ったことなのかどうなのか判断がつかなくなるような場合にはthatを入れる。

3) I said to the salesperson, “I like this type of shirt. Do you have a large size?”
(私はその営業員に、「私はこのタイプのシャツがいいです。大きいサイズはありますか?」と言った。)
I told the salesperson (that) I liked this type of shirt and (I ) asked(him/her) if[whether] he/she had a large size.
(私はその営業員に、このタイプのシャツがいいと言い、大きいサイズがあるか尋ねた。)
※ 伝える発言が平叙文と疑問文などのように、タイプの違う2つ以上の文の組み合わせになっている場合がある。その場合は、それぞれの文を伝える視点で言い直し、andやbutなど適切な接続詞を用いてつなげばよい。
上記の間接話法文では、I told the salesperson (that) I liked this type of shirt.の後に疑問文の内容を加える。I asked him/her if[whether] he/she had a large size.をandでつなぐと、上記の間接話法文のようになる。
〈抽出話法〉
直接話法と間接話法の中間的な形をもった話法が存在する。おもに小説などで効果的な演出をするために用いられる。代名詞や時制、指示語などは間接話法の形をとっているのだが、疑問文などの語順が直接話法のままになっているのが特徴である。
The clerk said that he would get my shoes from the factory, and would I come back in two weeks.
(その店員は、私の靴を工場から取り寄せると言い、2週間後に私にまた来てほしいと言った。)
例文を直接話法にすると、以下のようになる。
→The clerk said, “I will get your shoes from the factory. Would you come back in two weeks?”
第16章 名詞構文・無生物主語(解説)
130 名詞構文
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) We got to the station before the arrival of her train.
私たちは、彼女が乗った列車が到着する前に駅に着いた。
※ the arrival of her train (彼女の列車の到着)は、自動詞arrive(到着する)の名詞形arrivalを使った表現である。her trainが意味上の主語を表している。
→Her train arrived. (彼女の列車が到着した。)
名詞で表されている行為をだれ[何]がするにかを〈of+名詞〉で表現することもある。
・The judgement of the committee was accepted by the cabinet.
(委員会が下した判断は内閣には受け入れられた。)

2) She denied her knowledge of the fact.
彼女は、その真実を知らないと言った。
※ her knowledge of the factは「彼女がその真実を知らなかったこと」という意味で、他動詞know(~を知っている)の名詞形knowledgeを使った表現である。
→ She knew the fact.(彼はその真実を知っていた。)
knowledgeの前のherはknowledgeの意味上の主語を表している。また、knowledgeの目的語であるthe factが、of the factという形でknowledgeに続いている。
〈注意〉他動詞の名詞形の後に目的語を続ける方法
of 以外の前置詞を使って名詞の後に目的語を続けることがある。
We are looking forward to your attendance at the meeting.
(あたなたがその会議に出席することを楽しみにしています。)
This is my first visit to Spain.
(私がスペインを訪れたのはこれが最初です。)
行為をする主語が示されない場合もある。
The doctor made a careful examination of my eyes.
(医者は私の目を注意深く診察した。)
この文のように、行為(この場合examine)をする主語にあたるものが、文の主語にあたるものが、文の主語と同じである場合は、だれ[何]がそれをするかは示さないのがふつう。
〈注意〉他動詞の目的語が所有格で表される場合
We were opposed to the historic building’s destruction.
(その歴史的な建物を壊すことに私たちは反対した。)
the historic building’s destructionはdestroy the historic buildingが名詞化したもの。このように、名詞が表している行為(この場合はdestroy)の目的語が、所有格(この場合はthe historic building’s)で表現されることもある。
Some mothers worry too much about their children’s education.
(子どもの教育に気をつかいすぎる母親もいる。)
their children’s educationは「子どもを教育すること」という意味。A’s educationには「Aが教育する」、「Aを教育する」の両方の意味があるので、実際には前後関係から判断しなければならない。

3) I understood her anxiety about her grandmother’s heart operation.
私は、彼女がおばあさんの心臓手術のことを心配しているのがわかっていた。
※ her anxiety about her grandmother’s heart operationは「彼女がおばあさんの心臓手術のことを心配していたこと」という意味である。Anxietyは形容詞anxiousの名詞形である。したがって、これは、She was anxious about her grandmother’s heart operation.(彼女はおばあさんの心臓手術のことを心配していた。)を名詞化した表現であり、herは〈be動詞+形容詞〉で表した文の主語を表していることがわかる。
〈名詞+to不定詞〉の名詞構文
A) We didn’t expect his refusal to sign the contract.
(私たちは彼がその契約書にサインするのを拒むとは思っていなかった。)
B) She showed a willingness to work overtime.
(彼女は残業を快くする気を示した。)
A)のhis refusal to sign the contractは、He refused to sign the contract.(彼は契約書にサインすることを拒んだ。)という他動詞を中心にした表現がもとになった名詞化表現で、B)のa willingness to work overtimeは、She was willing to work overtime.(彼女は残業することをいとわなかった。)という形容詞を中心にした表現がもとになった名詞化表現である。このように、〈名詞+to不定詞〉形の名詞化表現には、他動詞から派生したものと形容詞から派生したものがある。

4) Let’s have a walk in the park.
公園を散歩しましょう。
※ 上記文は、have a walkで「散歩する」という意味を表している。walkは「歩く」という意味の動詞として使われるが、ここでは名詞として使われている。
このように、〈have / take / make / giveなど+名詞〉の形で「動作」を表すことができる。このような名詞中心の表現を作る場合、それぞれの名詞と結びつく動詞は決まっているので、個々に覚えておくことが必要。
Let me have a look at the photo.(その写真をちょっと見せてください。)
I made a mistake.(間違いをしてしまった。)
He gave a cough.(彼はせきをした。)
このような表現では、動詞(have / take / make / giveなど)と名詞の組み合わせで動作を表している。また、名詞に形容詞をつけたり、SVOOの文型でもちいられることもある。
You’ve made quick progress in English.(君は英語が急速に上達した。)
I’ll give you a call tomorrow.(明日君に電話するよ。)
We made the decision to accept his plan.
(私たちは彼の案を受け入れることに決めた。)
He made the wrong choice.(彼は誤った選択をした。)
Let’s give it a try.(やってみようよ。)

〈have+形容詞+名詞〉でさまざまな意味を表す
〈have / take / make / giveなど+形容詞+名詞〉という表現は、名詞の前に置く形容詞を変えることで、さまざまなニュアンスを表すことができる。
Can I have a look at it?(それを見せてもらえますか。)のhave a lookという表現は、look の前に置く形容詞によって、次のようなバラエティに富んだ言い表し方をすることができる。同じ「見る」という行為でも、その「見方」はさまざまである。
have a quick look (ざっと見る)
have a good look (じっくり見る)
have a careful look (注意深く見る)
have a closer look (もっとよく見る)
have a last look (最後に見る)

5) My father is a fast walker.
私の父は歩くのが速い。
※ 人の能力や技術を表すのに、上記文のa fast walkerのような、名詞を中心とした表現を使うことがある。上記文はwalk(歩く)の名詞形のwalker(歩く人)を使った表現。動詞walkを使うと、My father drives fast.となる。動詞を修飾するので、fastはここでは副詞を使っていることになる。同じような例をあげておこう。
She is a good singer.(彼女は歌が上手だ。=sing well)
He is a good cook.(彼は料理がうまい。=cook well)
She is an early riser.(彼は早起きだ。=get up early)
He is a good speaker of English.
(彼は英語を話すのがうまい。=speak English well)
She is a good pianist.
(彼女はピアノを弾くのがうまい。=play the piano well)
131 無生物主語
日本語の意味に合うように、( )の語句を並べかえて英文を完成させなさい。
1) あなたは、どうして彼があのレスラーを負かすことができると思ったのですか。
(What mad you think) he could defeat that wrestler?
※ 上記文のmakeは、〈make+O+動詞の原形〉という形で「Oに~させる」という意味を表す。直訳すると「何があなたに彼があのレスラーをまかすことができると思わせたのですか。」となる。これを「あなた」を中心に解釈すると、「あなたはどうして彼があのレスラーを負かすことができると思ったのですか。」と、より自然な日本語にすることができる。
cause / force 「~させる」
「Oに~させる」という意味は、cause((何かが原因となって)~させる)、force((強制的に)~させる)を使って〈cause / force+O+to不定詞〉という形で表すこともできる。makeとは違い、動詞の原形ではなくto不定詞を使うことに注意。
His failure in business caused him to start a new life.
(彼は事業に失敗したため、人生をやり直すことになった。)
A bad headache forced me to stay in bed.
(ひどい頭痛のため、私は寝ていなければならなかった。)
allow「~を許す」
allowは、〈allow+O+to不定詞〉という形で「Oが~することを許す/Oに~させておく」という意味になる。「〈主語〉のおかでかOは~できる」と訳せる場合が多い。
My part-time job allows you to save a lot of money.
(アルバイトのおかげで、私はお金をたくさんためることができる。)
enable「~できるようにする」
enableも、〈enable+O+to不定詞〉という形で、「Oが~できるようにする」という意味を表す。
His advice enabled me to overcome the hardship.
(彼の助言のおかげで、私は困難を克服することができた。)
〈参考〉enableは、人に能力や手段などを与えて、何かをすることを可能にさせることを表す。
〈注意〉let / have / getは無生物主語では使わない。
Makeは無生物主語で使うことができるが、その他の使役動詞let / have / getを無生物主語で使うことはできない。
remindを使った表現
〈remind+O+of~〉で「Oに~を思い出させる」という意味を表す。
This song reminds me of my holiday in Greece.
(この歌を聞くと、私はギリシャでの休日を思い出す。)
「この歌は私にギリシャでの休日を思い出させる。」という意味なので、「この歌を聞くと、私は~」という日本語にすることができる。
That woman reminded me of your mother.
(あの女性を見て、私はあなたのお母さんのことを思い出した。)
remindは「人や物が記憶にあるものを思い出させる」という意味で使う。〈remind+O+to不定詞〉とすると「Oに~することを思い出させる」という意味になる。
Remind me to buy some soy sauce.
(お醤油を買うのを忘れていたら言ってね。)
rememberは「何かを覚えている/思い出す」という意味。
Remember to buy some soy sauce.(お醤油を買うのを忘れないでね。)

2) 急用のため、昨日は来れなかった。
(Urgent business kept me from) coming yesterday.
※ keepは、〈keep+O+from -ing〉の形で「〈主語〉がOに~させない」という意味で使うことができる。fromは〈分離〉を表すので、「Oをすることから離した状態にしておく」ということ。この場合、「〈主語〉のためにOは~できない[しないですむ]」のように、主語の部分を「~のために」とすると自然な日本語になる。
上記文は、直訳すると「急用は私に昨日来させなかった。」となるが、「私は」を中心に考え、「急用のため、私は昨日来ることができなかった。」とすればよい。
prevent+O+from –ing
preventやstopを使った〈prevent / stop+O+from -ing〉の形で、「〈主語〉がOに~させない」という意味を表すこともできる。
The traffic jam prevented us from arriving on time.
(交通渋滞のせいで、私たちは時間どおりに到着できなかった。)
〈rob, depriveを使った無生物主語の表現〉
robとdepriveは〈rob[deprive]+O+of~〉で「Oから~を奪う」という意味を表す。「主語のために、Oは~を奪われる[失う]と考えればよい。
The knee injury robbed her of her speed.
(ひざにけがをしたため、彼女はスピードを出せなくなった。)
The knee injury deprived her of the chance to play in the final game.
(ひざにけがをしたため、彼女は決勝戦でプレーする機会を失った。)
「資質や能力を奪う」という意味ではrobを使い、「機会や権利を奪う」という意味ではdepriveを使う。

3) このグラフから、物価の急騰は明らかです。
(The graph shows a sharp rise) in prices.
※ show が無生物を主語にすると、「(事実や情報など)を明らかにする」という意味を表すことができる。
tell「~を示す」
tellが無生物を主語にすると、「(情報など)を示す」という意味になる。
This meter tells you the temperature in Fahrenheit.
(このメーターは、温度を華氏(ファーレンハイト)で示します。)
say「~と書いてある」
sayは、次の文のように本や掲示などを主語にすると、「~と書いてある」という意味を表す。
The sign says (that) smoking here is not permitted.

(その標示には、ここでの喫煙は禁止、と書いてある。)
4) 彼女の表情から、そのプレゼントが気に入っていないことがわかった。
(Her expression showed that she) was not pleased with the present.
※ 〈show+that節〉という形で、「~ということを証明する」という意味を表すことができる。
His smile shows (that) he is in love with Lucy.
(彼の笑顔から、彼がルーシーに恋をしていることがわかる。)

5) 数分歩くと、私たちは湖に出た。
(A few minutes’ walk brought me to) the lake.
※ bringは、〈主語+bring+O+to~〉の形で、「主語がOを~へ連れて来る」という意味を表す。出来事・乗り物・道・もの・時間などを主語とする。
The dunes bring lots of tourists to Tottori.
(砂丘があるので、多くの観光客が鳥取を訪れる。)
take「~を…へ連れて行く」
takeとleadは、〈道+take[lead]+O+to~〉の形で、「道がOを~へ連れていく[導く]という意味を表すことができる。
This road takes[leads] you to the station.(この道を行けば、駅に着きます。)
takeは、主語が道だけでなく乗り物の場合にも使うことができる。
The number 21 bus takes[leads] you to the Zoo.
(21番のバスに乗ると動物園に行けます。)
〈参考〉〈lead+O+to不定詞〉で「Oを導いて~させる/Oを~する気にさせる」
という意味になる
What led him to leave this country?
(彼がこの国を去っていったのはなぜですか。
[←何が彼をこの国からさらせたのか])
save「~を省く」
saveは「~(する労力・時間・資源など)を省く」という意味で用いられ、主語がその原因を表す。「〈主語〉のおかげで、~が省ける」とすれば自然な日本語になる。
The new dishwasher will save you a lot of water.
(この新しい皿洗い機を使えば、たくさんの水を節約できるでしょう。)
cost「~を払わせる」
costも主語がその原因を表す。「~を払わせる/~を犠牲にする」という意味をもち、金銭以外の事がらにも使うことができる。
The hard work cost him his health.
(きつい仕事で、彼は健康を損なった。)
〈findを使った無生物主語の文〉
The next morning found us on our way to Vienna.
(翌朝、私たちはウイーンへと向かっていた。)
findは「時」や「出来事」を表す名詞を主語として、〈S+find+O+~〉の形で、「Sの時、Oが~の状態である(のを見出す)」という意味を表すことがよくある。ただし、これは文章体である。
第17章 強調・到着・挿入・省略・同格(解説)
132 特定の語句をつけ加える強調 / 同じ語の繰り返しによる強調
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適切な語句を与えられた語群から選んで入れなさい。
1) 私はたしかにメアリーにスカーフをあげました。
I (did) give a scarf to Mary.
※ do/does/didを動詞の前に置くことによって、その動詞を強調し、「本当に[確かに]~する[した]」という意味にすることができる。このdoは助動詞なので、動詞は原形となる。この場合、do/does/didは強く発音される。上記文では、動詞giveを強調している。
また、命令文の場合には「依頼・勧誘・提案」の気持ちが強く押し出される。
・Do feel free to call me any time.
(本当に遠慮なく、いつでも電話してきてくださいね。)
次のように、the/this/that/one’s veryを名詞の前に置いて名詞を強調し、「まさにその~/~そのもの/~こそ」という意味を表すことができる。このveryは形容詞である。
This is the very book I’ve been looking for!
(これこそまさに私がずっと探していた本だ!)
次のjustのように、副詞によって語や句や節を強調することができる。
Your dress is just wonderful!(君のドレスは本当にすてきだよ!)
I just love your dress.(気のドレス、本当に気に入ったよ。)
simplyやreallyなども強調のために用いられる。
It’s a really hot day, isn’t it?
(本当に暑い日ですね。)

2) いったい全体どうしてそんなことをしているんだい?
Why (on earth) are you doing such a thing?
※ 疑問詞の直後にon earth, in the worldなどを置き、疑問詞を強調して「いったい全体」という意味を表すことができる。上記文では、疑問詞Whyの後にon earthが使われている。
What in the world did she say to Jim?
(彼女はいったい全体何てジムに言ったの?)
〈注意〉疑問詞のない疑問文の強調
疑問詞のない疑問文の意味を強調する場合は、at allを使う。
Did you follow the doctor’s advice at all?
(そもそも君は医師のアドバイスに従ったのかね。)

3) 私たちがトーナメントで優勝する可能性は少しもないだろう。
There will be no chance (whatever) of our winning the tournament.
※ whatever(少しも)、in the least(少しも)、a bit(少しも)、at all(またく)、by any means(決して/どうしても)などの語句を否定語の後で用いて、否定の意味を強調することができる。上記では、whateverが否定の意味を強調している。
I’m not interested in baseball in the least.
(私は野球には少しも興味がない。)
I don’t believe his story at all.
(私は彼の話なんかまったく信じていない。)
Justを使って否定表現を強調することもできる。
I just don’t like chicken.
(私はどうしても鶏肉が好きになれない。)

4) 彼は同じジョークを何度も何度も言う。
He tells the same jokes (again and again).
※ 同じ語を〈… and …〉とくり返すことで、その後を強調することができる。上記文は以下のように表すことも可能。
→ He tells the same jokes over and over (again).
次のように動詞をくり返すこともある。
The child cried and cried during dinner.
(その子は食事のあいだずっと泣いていた。)
133 強調構文
次の文を強調構文を使って、( )内の語句を強調する英文に書き換えなさい。
Beth teaches music at the university.(ベスはその大学で音楽を教えています。)
※ 強調したい語句をIt is [ ] that …の[ ]の位置に入れて表すことがある。これを強調構文と呼ぶ。[ ]に入るのは、主語・目的語・補語になっている名詞や代名詞、または副詞の働きをする語句である。なお、強調構文では動詞や形容詞を強調することはできない。
1) (Beth)
It is Beth that[who] teaches music at the university.
※ (その大学で音楽を教えているのは、ベスです。)
上記文は元の文の主語であるBethが強調されている。「音楽を教えているのはベス
で、ほかの人じゃないんだよ」と言いたいのである。なお、強調する名詞が人の場
合は、thatの代わりにwhoを用いてもよい。

2) (music)
It is music that[which] Beth teaches at the university.
※ (ベスがその大学で教えているのは音楽です。)
上記文は元の文の目的語であるmusicが強調されている。強調する名詞が人以外の
場合はthatの代わりにwhichを用いてもよい。

3) (at the university)
It is at the university that [where]Beth teaches music.
※ (ベスが音楽を教えているのはその大学です。)
上記文は元の文の副詞句が強調されている。強調する副詞句が場所の場合はthat
の代わりにwhereを用いることもできる。
〈注意〉thatの省略 口語ではthatが省略されることもある。
It was yesterday I borrowed your textbook.
(君の教科書を借りたのは、昨日だったよ。)
〈注意〉強調するものが代名詞の場合 主語であれば主格を用いる
It is I who am responsible for safety in this theater.
(この劇場の安全管理責任者は私です。)
ただし、次のように目的格を使って表すことが多い。
→ It’s me that[who] is responsible for safety in this theater.
〈参考〉強調構文の否定文、疑問文は次のようになる。
It wasn’t Mike that[who] caught a turtle in this pond yesterday.
(昨日この池でカメをつかまえたのは、マイクではなかった。)
Was it yesterday that Jim caught a turtle in this pond?
(ジムがこの池でカメをつかまえたのは、昨日でしたか。)
〈強調構文で節、疑問詞を強調する〉
次のように強調構文を用いて節を強調することもできる。
It is because pandas look cute that we like them so much.
(私たちがパンダを大好きなのは、かわいいからだ。)
また、次のように疑問詞を強調することもできる。この場合は語順に注意。
Who was it that invented the telephone?
(電話を発明したのはいったいだれだったかな?)
疑問詞を強調する疑問文は、〈疑問詞+is[was] it that+平叙文の語順〉という形になる。It was [ ] that invented … の[ ]の部分が疑問詞になって文頭に出て、その後がwas itのように疑問文の語順になるのである。
134 関係詞などを使った強調
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 彼に欠けているのは、知識ではなく経験だ。
(What) he is lack in (is) not knowledge but experience.
※ 関係代名詞のwhatを使ったWhat … is[was]~の形を用いることで、強調したい語句を後ろに回すことができる。上記文は、What he is lack isと言った後にnot knowledge but experienceを続けることで、「かけているもの」が「知識ではなく経験」であることを強調している。
What surprised me was her scream.
(私を驚かせたのは、彼女の悲鳴だった。)

2) このボタンを押すだけでいいのです。
(All) you have to do (is) (push) this button.
※ 上記文は、Allの後に関係代名詞thatが省略されたAll you have to doを主語、不定詞を補語として、「あなたがしなければならないすべてのことは~することだ」という意味を表している。「すべきなのは~することだけ」ということなので、「~しさえすればよい」という意味になる。上記文のようにbe動詞の前がto doの場合は、be動詞の後に動詞の原形を直接続けることができる。
→ All you have to do is (to) push this button.
また、次のような文も強調の表現である。
The first thing to remember is not to criticize anyone.
(忘れてはいけない第一のことは、だれの悪口も言わないことだ。)
135 倒置
( )の語句をならべかえて英文を完成させなさい。
1) Never (have I failed to watch the TV program).
※ (私はそのテレビ番組を一度も見逃したことがない。)
上記文のnever(一度も[決して]~ない)のような否定の意味をもつ副詞(句)が強調のために文頭に置かれると、その後はYes/No疑問文と同じ語順になる。ふつうの語順だと次のようになる。
→ I have never failed to watch the TV program
文頭に置かれて倒置が起こるおもな副詞(句)には、ほかに次のようなものがある。
at no time(一度も~ない)
seldom(めったに~ない)
rarely(めったに~ない)
hardly(ほとんど~ない)
scarcely(ほとんど~ない)
little(ほとんど~ない)
on no account(決して~ない)
under no circumstances(どんな状況でも~ない)
Rarely does he tell a joke.(彼はめったに冗談を言わない。)
At no time did the actor mention his private life.
(その俳優は一度も私生活のことに触れたことはなかった。)
〈注意〉onlyも否定的な意味をもつ
onlyを含む副詞句が文頭に置かれる場合も、疑問文と同じ語順の倒置が起こる。
Only in case of emergency can you use this exit.
(緊急の場合にだけ、この出口を使うことができる。)
〈否定語と副詞が文頭に出るNot until … 〉
Not until I talked to him did I know he was homesick.
(彼と話して初めて、彼がホームシックになっていることがわかった。)
notの後に副詞句を続けたnot until I talked to himのようなまとまりが文頭に出ると、その後ろでは疑問文と同じ語順の倒置が起こる。もとの文は、次のとおり。
→ I did not know (that) he was homesick until I talked to him.
Not until yesterday did he tell the truth.
(昨日になって初めて、彼は本当のことを話した。)
〈not only A but (also) B「AだけでなくBも」〉
Not only does he draw illustrations but he (also) writes novels.
(彼はイラストを描くだけでなく小説も書く。)
not only A but (also) Bを使った文では、文頭にNot onlyを置くことがある。その場合は、疑問文と同じ語順の倒置が起こる。もとの文は次のとおり。
→ He not only draws illustrations but he (also) writes novels.
〈程度を表す副詞(句)が文頭に出る倒置〉
否定語以外でもwellのような程度を表す副詞が文頭に出た場合には、倒置が起こる。
Well do I remember that day.(あの日のことはよく覚えています。)
この場合も、その程度がどうなのかを文頭の副詞で強調している。
また、so … that~, such … that~の場合も倒置が起こる。
So terrible was the concert that I left the hall.
(そのコンサートはあまりにひどかったので、私はホールを後にした。)

2) No (other mistake did he make).
※ (彼は他のどんな間違いもしなかった。)
強調のために文頭に出た目的語にno, not, littleなどの否定語が含まれていると、倒置が起こり、疑問文と同じ語順になる。考え方は、否定の副詞(句)が文頭に出た場合と同じ。
Not a word did she say.
(一言も彼女は口に出さなかった。)
No hope did I have at that time.
(当時、私にはまったく希望がなかった。)
否定後を含まない目的語が文頭に出た場合には、次のように〈OSV〉の語順になり、倒置は起こらない。
Spaghetti I like, but macaroni I dislike.
(スパゲッティは好きだが、マカロニは嫌いだ。)

3) Away (ran the bank robber ).
※ (逃げたのは銀行強盗だった。)
上記文のawayような方向や場所を表す副詞(句)が文頭に出ると、主語と動詞の位置が入れかわる。疑問文の語順になる倒置ではないことに注意。このような語順になるのは文脈による場合が多く、伝えたい情報である名詞が文の最後にまわされたと考えられる。
Down fell an apple. (下に落ちたのはリンゴだった。)
In my pocket was his business card.
(私のポケットの中にあったのは彼の名刺だった。)
〈注意〉代名詞の場合は倒置は起こらない
主語がitやheのような代名詞であれば、倒置は起こらない。代名詞は何を指すかわかっているものなので、わざわざ文末にまわす情報ではないからである。
Into the room he walked. (部屋の中に彼は歩いて入った。)
There[Here]+VS
Thereやhereが文頭に出て〈There[Here]+VS〉という形になることがある。この場合のthereやhereは、相手の注意を引くために用いられている。(ただし、代名詞のときには〈There[Here]+SV〉の形。)
Here comes the train. (ほら、電車が来るよ。)
Here he comes. (ほら、彼が来るよ。)

4) Amazing (was the show at the Mirage Hotel in Las Vegas ).
※ (すごかったのはラスベガスのミラージュホテルでのショーだった。)
上記文では補語になっている形容詞amazingが文頭に置かれ、主語the show at the Mirage Hotel in Las Vegasと動詞wasの位置が入れかわっている。ふつうの語順ではThe show at the Mirage Hotel in Las Vegas was amazing..となる。このように、補語になっている形容詞が文頭に出ると、主語と動詞がいれかわる倒置が起こることがある。このような倒置が起こるのは、主語である名詞に前置詞句や関係詞節などの長い修飾語句がついている場合が多く、文のリズムを整えるためと考えられる。
Wonderful was the view from the balcony.
(すばらしかったのは、そのバルコニーからの眺めだった。)
Happy is the man who knows his business.
(幸せなのは、自分が何をすべきか知っている人だ。)
〈参考〉補語の形容詞が文頭に出ても主語が代名詞であれば倒置は起こらない。
◯ Happy he is.
× Happy is he.
慣用的な倒置
先に述べられた肯定文に同意を示す場合は、〈so+(助)動詞+主語〉の語順で、「〈主語〉も(また)そうだ」という意味を表す。
“I was poor at math in school.” “So was I.”
(「学校じゃ、数学が苦手だったんですよ。」「私もそうでした。」)
先に述べられた否定文に同意を示し、「〈主語〉も(また)そうでない」と言うときは、〈neither[nor]+(助)動詞+主語〉となる。
“I don’t like watching movies alone.” “Neither[Nor] do I.”

(「映画をひとりで 見るのは好きじゃないです。」「ぼくもです。」)
136 挿入
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) The concert was, in the end, called off.
そのコンサートは結局中止になった。
※ 上記文は、in the endという句(副詞句)が挿入されている。このように挿入される語や句は副詞(句)が多い。挿入される部分はコンマ(,)、ダッシュ(-)、やカッコのあいだにはさみ込まれることが多い。
after all (結局)
as a matter of fact (実のところ)
as a rule (一般に)
for example (たとえば)
for sure (確かに)
however (しかしながら)
in a sense (ある意味で)
in fact (実際は)
indeed (実に)
moreover (さらに)
to be sure (確かに)
therefore (したがって)
nevertheless (それにもかかわらず)
on the other hand (他方では)
in the end (最後に/結局)
to make matters worse (さらに悪いことには)
to one’s surprise (〜が驚いたことに)

2) The book, to my surprise, sold well also in Japan.
その本は、私が驚いたことに、日本でもよく売れた。
3) This experiment, I’m afraid, is a failure.
この実験は、残念ながら失敗です。
※ 上記文は、I’m afraid that this experiment is a failure.と考えればよい。文中に〈主語+動詞〉で挿入されるものには、話者の判断を表す次のような表現がある。
I believe / suppose / think (私は思う)
I’m afraid (残念ながら)
I hope (願わくば)
it seems (どうやら)
また、he said (彼は言った)やyou know(わかるでしょ)のような表現もよく挿入される。
〈参考〉seldom, if ever, … という形で「(たとえあるにしても)きわめてまれに」
という意味を表す。
Bill seldom, if ever, watches TV. (ビルはまずめったにテレビを見ない。)
137 省略
次の文で省略できる部分を指摘しなさい。
1) Mr. Jones wasn’t angry, but Ms. Smith was angry.
Mr. Jones wasn’t angry, but Ms. Smith was.
※ (ジョーンズさんは怒っていなかったが、スミスさんは怒っていた。
上記文ではMs. Smith wasの後のangryはなくても何を言っているのかはっきりわかるので省略される。このように、補語になる語句がすでに出ていて、言わなくてもわかる場合は省略される。
次の文のように、動詞が省略されることもある。
John ate a hamburger, and Mary French fries.
(ジョンはハンバーガーを食べ、メアリーはフライドポテトを食べた。)
上の文のように、andの前後で同じ構造の文が続く場合、後の文では、最初の文と同一の要素を省略することがよくある。すぐ前に出ているので、省略しても問題ないのである。
次のように、主語になる名詞が省略されることもある。
John went upstairs and knocked at the door.
(ジョンは2階へ上がって行って、ドアをノックした。)

2) You can eat this pudding if you want to eat it.
You can eat this pudding if you want to.
※ (もし食べたければ、このプリンを食べてもいいよ。)
上記文では、toの後に動詞eatが省略されている。Toの後に続く動詞の原形が文脈上明らかな場合は、toだけを残して動詞の原形は省略する(この場合のtoを代不定詞と呼ぶ)。
You may site wherever you want to.
(どこでも好きなところに座ってもいいよ。)

3) Did you visit Hollywood while you were traveling in the United States?
Did you visit Hollywood while traveling in the United States?
※ (合衆国で旅行中、ハリウッドを訪れましたか。)
when, while, if, unless, thoughなどの接続詞に導かれる副詞節の中では、〈主語+be動詞〉が省略されることがある。ただしその場合、副詞節中の主語は主節の主語と同一であることが多い。
Though tired, she studied till late.
= Though she was tired, she studied till late.
(疲れていたが、彼女は遅くまで勉強した。)
ifの後の省略
if節中では、〈主語+動詞〉が頻繁に省略される。定型表現として使われるので、節中の主語が主節の主語と違っていることも多い。
I’ll help you if necessary. [= if it is necessary]
(必要なら、あなたに手を貸しますよ。)
I’d like to see you off if possible. [= if it is possible]
(できればあなたを見送りたい。)
Please point out the mistake if any. [if there are any (mistakes)]
(もしあれば、間違いを指摘してください。)
ほかにもif so(もしそうであれば)、if not(もしそうでなければ)などがある。
見出しや広告での省略
新聞などの見出し、広告、掲示などでは冠詞やbe動詞が省略される。
Kidnapper Arrested in Chicago (= The kidnapper was arrested in Chicago.)
(誘拐犯シカゴで逮捕)
Road Closed (= The road is closed.) (道路閉鎖中)
共通語句
I tried but failed to stop her from going away.
(= I tried to stop her from going away but I failed to stop her from going away.)
(私は彼女が立ち去るのを止めようとしたが、できなかった。)

tried
I <but> to stop her from going away.
failed
このように、文を簡潔にするために1つの語句が共通語句として使われる場合がある。andやbut, orなどに注意して、それぞれの語句がどのような関係にあるかを把握することが大切である。
138 同格
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) Carter, a friend of mine, graduated from Oxford University.
※ (私の友人のカーターはオクスフォード大学を卒業した。)
上記文では、Carterとa friend of mineが同格の関係にある。名詞を同格で並べるときには、上記のようにコンマを使う場合と、次のようにコンマを使わない場合がある。
・Her best friend Lisa is a nurse. (彼女の親友のリサは看護師だ。)
コンマを使うのは、最初の上記文のa friend of mineのように、補足説明をする場合であり、コンマをつかわないのは、her friend Lisaのように両者が1対1で結びつくような場合である。

2) My son is pleased with his name of Daisuke.
※ (私の息子は大輔という名前を気に入っている。)
his name of Daisukeは、「大輔という名前」となる。このように、同格のofを使って〈the[one’s]A of B〉という形で名詞同士を同格の関係で結ぶことができる。the name of Kate(ケイトという名)やthe city of Seattle(シアトルという都市→シアトル市)のように、人や都市の名前を表すときに使われることが多い。
名詞や代名詞を言い換えるときの表現
① コロン(:)やダッシュ(-)を用いる
They need two kinds of support; economic and technical.
(彼らには2種類の援助が必要だ。つまり、経済的、技術的援助である。)
There are two things I have trouble remembering – people’s names and phone numbers.
(私には覚えるのに苦労するものが2つある。人の名前と電話番号だ。)
② 「つまり/すなわち」という意味のthat is (to say)やnamelyを用いる。
I read War and Peace, that is , one of the masterpieces by Tolstoy.
(私は『戦争と平和』、つまり、トルストイの傑作の1つを読んだ。)
③ 「言い換えれば」という意味のorを用いる
He studies astronomy, or the study of stars, at collage.
(彼は天文学、つまり星の研究を大学でしている。)

3) We heard the news that a thief had broken into Bill’s house.
※ (私たちはどろぼうがビルの家に侵入したという知らせを聞いた。)
名詞の内容を、それに続くthatから始まる名詞節が説明して、同格の関係となる場合がよくある。ただし、どんな名詞に対してもthatが使えるわけではないので注意が必要。
同格のthat節と結びつくおもな名詞
① 思考や認識を表す名詞
belief(信念)
concept(概念)
feeling(感情)
idea(考え)
knowledge(知識)
opinion(意見)
thought(考え)
② 要求・欲求・伝達を表す名詞
decision(決心)
demand(要求)
desire(願望)
expectation(期待)
hope(希望)
information(情報)
news(知らせ)
proposal(提案)
report(報告)
rumor(うわさ)
suggestion(提案)
③ その他の名詞
chance(見込み)
fact(事実)
possibility(可能性)
evidence(証拠)
plan(計画)
proof(証拠)
〈注意〉関係詞節と同格のthat節の区別
I know the fact that she is trying to conceal.[関係詞節]
(彼女が隠そうとしている事実を私は知っている。)
concealの後に目的語がないので、thatは目的格の関係代名詞であることがわかる。
I know the fact that she is trying to conceal the scandal.[同格のthat節]
(彼女がそのスキャンダルを隠そうとしているという事実を私は知っている。)
thatはthe factと同格の名詞節を導く接続詞。
〈参考〉whetherや疑問詞が導く節が同格節となることがある。
We discussed the question whether a new baseball stadium should be built in the city.
(私たちは、新しい野球場がその都市に建設すべきかどうかという問題について議論した。)
準動詞を使った同格の表現
① 〈名詞+of+動名詞〉で同格を表現することもある。
His idea of making a fortune overnight is unrealistic.
(一晩で大もうけをするという彼の考えは非現実的だ。)
動名詞は、「実際に起きていること/習慣的なこと/客観的可能性」などを表す。ofは「~に関する」という意味合いをもち、idea, difficulty, dream, habit(習慣)などの名詞と結びつく。
② 〈名詞+to不定詞〉で同格を表現することもある。
She has a desire to succeed as an opera singer.
(彼女にはオペラ歌手として成功したいという願望がある。)
desire, planのように、「これからやりたい/やるべき/やろうとすること」にかかわる名詞は、to不定詞でその内容を説明することができる。
なお、同格のthat節と結びつくことができる名詞が限られているのと同様、〈of+動名詞〉と結びついて同格を作る名詞や、to不定詞と結びついて同格を作る名詞も、動名詞とto不定詞のニュアンスの違いにもとづいて決まっている。
×the habit to read → ○the habit of reading(読書の習慣)
×the mood of going out → ○the mood to go out(出かけたい気分)
第18章 名詞(解説)
139 普通名詞・集合名詞・物質名詞・抽象名詞・固有名詞の用法
(  )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) (Freedom) is as important as equality.
※ 自由は平等と同じくらい重要です。
freedomは抽象名詞(具体的な形のない抽象的なことを表す名詞)で数えられない名詞。
・数えられない名詞(U)
① 物質名詞:一定の形のない物質を表す名詞 (「金属」「液体・気体」「材料」など)
gold, iron, water, coffee, tea, milk, wine, rain, ink, air, smoke, wood,
meat, money, chalk, bread, cheese, sugar, stone, paper, clothなど
② 抽象名詞:具体的な形のない抽象的なことを表す名詞
beauty, kindness, honesty, happiness, love, peace, joy, work,
homework,, news, information, advice, silence, speech, freedom,
invention, weather, importanceなど
〈前置詞+抽象名詞〉で形容詞や副詞のように用いられることがある。
He is a man of ability.(彼は有能な人物だ。)
He struck the desk in anger.(彼は怒って机をたたいた。)
This information is of no value to me.
(この情報は私には全く価値がない。)
of value (= valuable)
of importance (= important)
with care (= carefully)
with ease (= easily)
on purpose (= purposely)
by accident (= accidentally)
with more care (= more carefully)
of no importance (= unimportantly)
of no value (= valueless)
③ 固有名詞:人名や地名など、特定のものを表す名詞
London, Tokyo Dome, John, Januaryなど。また、the British Museaumのような公共施設などは、theと一緒に使う場合もある。
A) of…のついた地名など
the Cape of Good Hope(喜望峰), the University of Chicago
B) 複数形の固有名詞
The United States of America, the Alps(アルプス山脈)
C) 川、海、海峡など
the Hudson (River), the Pacific (Ocean)(太平洋)
D) 公共の建物・劇場、乗り物の名前など
the White House, the Nozomi(のぞみ号)
E) 新聞・雑誌[イタリック体(斜字)で表記される。]
the New York Times(ニューヨーク・タイムズ紙), the Economist
(エコノミスト誌)

2) (Wine is) made from grapes.
3) The Japanese are (a hardworking people).
※ (日本人は勤労な国民(民族)です。)
peopleは集合名詞(人や物の集合体を表す名詞)で数えらる名詞。ここでは、「国民・民族」という意味で、普通名詞と同じように扱われる。また、「人々」という意味のpeopleは単数で複数扱いとなる。People tend to keep quiet in elevators.(エレベーターの中では人は無口になりがちだ。)
数えられる名詞(C)
① 普通名詞:同じ種類のものに共通して用いることができる名詞
table, chair, house, book, pencilなど
② 集合名詞:人や物の集合体を表す名詞
family, class, team, club, committee, group, crew, audience, people,
police, cattle(畜牛:牛の総称), staffなど
A) 1つのまとまった,ものとして考える場合:〈a/an+単数形〉となったり、複数形になる。
We are a family of four.(うちは4人家族です。)
A crowd gathered outside the hotel.
(多くの人がホテルの外に集まった。)
B) 1人1人に重点を置いて考える場合:形は単数でも複数扱いとなる。
The class are preparing for the school festival.
(そのクラスの生徒は、学園際の準備をしているところだ。)
ただし、アメリカ英語では集団の構成員を意識するときでも単数扱いすることが多い。
(= The class is preparing for the school festival.)
C) 複数形がない集合名詞 (police, cattle, staff)
policeは「警察」という1つのまとまりではなく、「警察」を構成す
る「警察官たち」に重点が置かれるため、複数扱いとなる。police
は単数扱いすることはできないし、複数形もない。cattleも同じ用法。
また、staffも集合名詞なので、「私はスタッフです。」と言うときに、
×I’m a staff.とは言えない。
The police are looking for the robber. 
(警察はその強盗犯を探している。)
I’m a member of the staff. (= I’m a staff member.)
(私はスタッフです。)
D) 注意すべき集合名詞
furnitureの用法
furnitureは「机」や「タンス」などの家具の総称で、数えられ
ない名詞として扱われる。(baggage, luggage, clothing, jewelry,
music, poetry, foodも同様に用いる。)また、1つ、2つと数を
表す必要があるときは、a piece of furnitureやtwo pieces of
furnitureなどとする。
fruitとfishの用法
fruitとfishは、furnitureと同様に、そのままの形で「くだもの全般」「魚全般」を表す。その種類に重点を置く場合や異なった種類を強調する場合にのみに複数形を使用するだけで、単数形を使用する場合がほとんどである。
This lake is full of fish.(この湖は魚が多い。)
There are various fishes in this lake.
(この湖にはいろいろな種類の魚がいる。)

4) He drank (three cups of coffee).
※ 彼はコーヒーを3杯飲みました。
形・容器・単位などを使った物質名詞の数え方

a piece of paper [chalk] (紙1枚[チョーク1本])
a sheet of paper (紙1枚)
a slice [loaf] of bread(パン1枚[1つ])
容器
a bottle of milk(牛乳1本)
three glasses of water(水コップ3杯)
a cup of tea(紅茶1杯)
単位
a pound of butter(バター1ポンド)
two spoonfuls of sugar(砂糖スプーン2杯)
three liters of beer(ビール3リットル)
物質名詞の量や程度を表す表現
much, (a) little, a lot of, some, any, noを用いる。〈数〉が多いことや少ないことを表すmanyや(a) fewなどは使えない。

5) You must write in (ink), not with (a pencil).
140 数えられない名詞を普通名詞として使う
(  )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) I will never forget your many (kindnesses).
※ kindnessは抽象名詞としては「親切」という意味だが、普通名詞としては「親切な行為」という意味を表す。個々の行為を表す場合、数えらる名詞として使う。
He will be an important addition to the team.
(彼はチームにとって重要な補強になるだろう。)

2) You must not throw (stones) in the park.
※ ここでは、stoneは「小石」という意味の普通名詞として使われているので、複数形になる。This bridge is made of stone.(この橋は石でできている。)のような場合、「石」は物質名詞で数えることはできない。
3) I want to be (an Edison).
※ 〈a/an+固有名詞〉で「~という人物」や「~の作品」という意味になる。
He bought a Picasso in Paris.(彼はパリでピカソの作品を買った。)
A Mr. Brooks is at the reception desk.
(ブルックスさんとおっしゃるかたが受付にいらしてます。

4) The bus (fare) is 210 yen.
※fareは交通機関の料金であり、feeは報酬、授業料、入場料などの料金になる。
使い分けに注意すべき名詞の例
(a) 「料金」を表す名詞
fare(交通機関の料金), fee(報酬、授業料、入場料), charge(手数料), price
(品物の値段), cost(費用)
(b) 「予約」を表す名詞
appointment(面会などの約束), reservation(席などの予約)
(c) 「天候」を表す名詞
weather(ある時点・場所での天気), climate(年間を通じての気候)
(d) 「習慣」を表す名詞
habit(個人の習慣/習癖), custom(社会的な習慣)
(e) 「客」を表す名詞
passenger (乗客), customer(顧客), audience(聴衆), spectator(観客), client
(依頼人), guest(招待客), visitor(訪問客)
141 規則変化・不規則変化
次の名詞の複数形を書きなさい。
1) pencils 2) cities 3) feet 4) women
5) Japanese 6) passers-by 7) boxes 8) children
※ 規則変化の例外
stomachs, pianos, roofs, safes(金庫), beliefs, the Coxs(コックス一家), 
three Marys(3人のメアリー)
不規則変化
単数形と複数形が同じ
means(手段), carp(コイ), sheep, deer, yen, species(種)
外来語の複数形
datum→data,
medium→media
crisis→crises
analysis→analyses
phenomenon→phenomena
文字、数字、略語の複数形
CD→CDs[CD’s]
UFO→UFOs[UFO’s]
the 90s[90’s]
複合名詞の複数形
passer-by→passers-by
woman astronaut→women astronauts
142 複数形の意味と用法
下線の語句の意味に注意して、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) It is bad manners to make a noise when you eat soup.
スープを飲む時に音をたてるのは作法にかなっていません。
※ ● 複数形になると別の意味になる名詞
glass(ガラス/コップ) → glasses(メガネ)
force(力) → forces(軍隊)
good(善/利益) → goods(商品)
arm(腕) → arms(武器)
custom(習慣) → customs(税関/関税)
manner(方法) → manners(作法)
letter(文字) → letters(文学)
day(日) → days(時代)
● 必ず複数形で用いられる名詞 (数える場合には、a pair of …のような形)
contact lenses, trousers, pants, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves
一対になったものの片方を指す場合はgloveやshoeのように単数形で用いる
I have lost my left shoe.(左足の靴下をなくしてしまった。)
● 学問を表す名詞は複数形で単数扱い
economics, physics, mathematics, politics, linguistics, statistics
● 金額・距離・時間のまとまりは単数扱い
One hundred dollars is enough to buy that sweater.
(100ドルあればそのセーターを買うのに十分です。)
Twenty miles is a long distance to run.
(20マイルは走るには長い距離です。)
Ten years is called a “decade.”(10年は”decade”と呼ばれる。)

2) We got to know each other during our college days.
私たちは大学生時代に知り合いました。
3) I changed trains for Nara at Kyoto.
私は京都で奈良行きの電車に乗り換えました。
※複数形の名詞を含む慣用表現
change trains(電車を乗り換える)
make friends with…(…と友達になる)
143 所有格・B of Aの形を用いて所有を表す
次の文の必要な語を所有格に直して、正しい英文にしなさい。
1) I borrowed Henry’s motorcycle yesterday.
2) It is ten minutes’ walk to the museum.
※ 人間と生物以外で所有格を用いる場合
① 時の表現(時間・日・週・月など)
ten minutes’ break(10分の休息)
tomorrow’s weather(明日の天気)
② 金額・距離・重さの表現
three dollars’ worth of candy(3ドル分のキャンディー)
a yard’s distance(1ヤードの距離)
ten kilograms’ weight(10キロの重さ)
③ 国名など
Japan’s climate(日本の気候)
the world’s population(世界の人口)
3) My sister sometimes stays at our grandmother’s.
※ 所有格の後の名詞は省略されることがある。
① 反復を避ける場合
This bicycle is my brother’s (bicycle).
(この自転車は私の兄のものです。)
② 家・商店などを表す場合
I’m going to stay at my uncle’s (house)
(おじさんの家に泊まるつもりです。)
Kate went to the baker’s (shop)
(ケイトはパン屋さんに行きました。)
第19章 冠詞(解説)
144 冠詞の働き(不定冠詞・定冠詞・無冠詞)
次の文の(  )に適切な冠詞を入れなさい。無冠詞にするのが正しいときには×を入れなさい。
1) There is (an) apple on the table.
※ (テーブルの上にリンゴが1つある。)
「数えられる名詞」が単数形の場合、上記のan appleのように不定冠詞を使うと、具体的な1つのものを表す。複数形のときには不定冠詞は使えないので、次のように無冠詞になり、複数のものを表す。
There are apples on the table.(テーブルの上にリンゴがいくつかある。)

2) I ate a slice of cake. (The) cake was delicious.
※ (私はケーキを一切れ食べた。そのケーキはおいしかった。)
上記のa slice of cakeのaのように不定冠詞を使う場合は、「相手がそれまで意識していなかった・それまで食べたことのないケーキの話をする」ことになる。上記のThe cakeのtheのように定冠詞を使う場合は、「どのケーキのことを指しているのか、I ate a slice of cakeという直前の説明のおかけで聞き手にはわかっている(他のケーキとはっきり区別をつけることができる)」ことになる。

3) All living things live in (×) nature.
※ (全ての生き物は自然の中で生きている。)
同じnatureという単語を使っていても、冠詞の有無により意味が異なる。上記の
natureは「自然」という意味である。「自然」というものは、「どこからどこまで
が自然か」をはっきり示すことができない。このように、ほかのものとの区切りを
はっきりつけることのできない場合は定冠詞は使えない。定冠詞は、次のようにほ
かのものとの違いを示す境界線があるときに使うものである。
・What is the nature of your research?(あなたの研究の本質は何なのですか。)
この文のthe nature of your researchは「あなたの研究の本質」という意味である。
「あなたの研究の」という限定があれば、「本質」は1つに決まってくる。言い換
えれば、はっきりとほかのものと区別できるわけだ。こうした場合は定冠詞を使っ
て、the natureとする。

4) My daughter went to (×) bed at ten last night.
※ (私の娘は昨夜10時に寝ました。)
上記文のように無冠詞の場合は、具体的なものそのものよりも、そのもののもつ「働き」に焦点が当たることになる。つまり、ベッドというもの自体にではなく、ベッドが睡眠をとるための働きをするという事実に目を向けている。要は、「1台のベッド」という具体的なものを意識しているのではなく、「その場所では何をするのか」のほうに意識が向いているので、「もの」として数を教える必要性を感じないから無冠詞になるのだ。
次のように不定冠詞を使う場合は、「具体的な1つのもの」という意味になる。
I want to buy a bed for my room.(私の部屋に置くベッドを買いたい。)
145 不定冠詞の用法
必要なところにaまたはanを入れて、正しい英文にしなさい。
1) I bought a mountain bike yesterday.
※ (私は昨日、マウンテンバイクを買った。)
それまで話に出てこなかったもの、つまり聞き手や読者が知らない事柄を示すときには、上記文のように不定冠詞が使われる(もちろん「数えられる名詞」の単数形のときだけである)。また、「数えられる名詞」の単数形が特定のものでないときにも、上記文のように不定冠詞を使う。この場合、具体的な「1台のマウンテンバイク」を意味することになる。

2) There are 60 minutes in an hour.
※ (1時間は60分ある。)
不定冠詞を使用して上記文や次のように数を強調したりする。
Rome was not built in a day.(ローマは1日にして成らず。)
また、次のように「任意の/どれでもよいから1つ」を表したりする。
Can you give me a hint?(ヒントをください。)
このように、話に初めて出てきた「1つの具体的なもの・こと・人」にはa / anを使う。
また、「1回の」という意味を表す場合もある。
I had an accident on my way home yesterday.
(昨日帰り道に事故にあった。)
また、「ある/いくらかの」という意味を表す場合もある。
That painting looks more beautiful from a distance.
(あの絵は少し離れて見ると、もっとすばらしく見える。)

3) My father works five days a week.
※ (私の父は1週間に5日働く。)
単位を表す語の前で、「~につき」という意味を表すことができる。
〈不定冠詞的な働きをするsome〉
複数形や数えられない名詞の前に置かれたsomeが、不定冠詞のような働きをすることがある。
Open the window and let in some fresh air.
(窓を開けて、新鮮な空気を入れてください。)
この場合、「窓を開けたら入ってくる空気」は「ある一定量の空気」なので、someを使ってばくぜんと限定する。
Some people dislike baseball.(野球が嫌いな人もいる。)
この場合、世の中の人全般が野球を嫌いなのではなく、「一部の人」が嫌っているということを表すためにsomeが使われている。
〈形容詞をともなうことによって不定冠詞が必要になる場合〉
ふつうは無冠詞か定冠詞とともに使う名詞でも、形容詞をともなうと不定冠詞が必要になる場合がある。
a good dinner (←dinner)
a half moon (← the moon)
形容詞をともなうと、「いくつもある種類のうちの~な1つ」「いくつもある側面のうちの~な1つ」という意味合いが生まれるからだ。a half moonは「満月」「半月」「三日月」「新月」という月が見せるいろいろな側面の「1つ」にすぎないので、不定冠詞を使うことになる。
146 定冠詞の用法
必要なところにtheを入れて、正しい英文にしなさい。
1) Do you mind if I open the window?
※ (窓を開けてもよろしいですか?)
上記文のように、話し手と聞き手のあいだでどれのことを言っているのかわかるものを指し示すときには、theが使われる。周囲の状況から特定することが可能な名詞であればtheが使われる。
Did you remember to lock the door?(忘れずにドアに鍵をかけてきた?)
また、話の中にすでに出てきていて、指しているものが決まっているときに、次のようにtheを使う。
You took a photo of me. Show the photo to me.
(あなた、私の写真を撮ったでしょ。あの写真を見せてよ。)
また、形容詞の最上級やonly, first, last, sameなどで限定されている名詞や、句や節によって特定されている名詞とともに、theは使われる。
He is the only person I can trust.(彼は私が信用できる唯一の人だ。)
〈注意〉関係代名詞や同格が後続すれば何でも定冠詞になるわけではない
I met an old man who was walking in the park.
(公園を散歩している老人に会った。)
このように不定冠詞を用いる場合は、「公園を散歩中の老人」というだけでは「1人」とは限らないことを表したり、「老人」の存在自体を聞き手がまったく意識していないだろうと話し手が判断していることを示す。the old manとすると「その時公園を散歩中の老人は1人しかいなかった」ことを聞き手がすぐに了解してくれることになる。そういう了解が成り立たないときには、theではなくaを用いる。

2) We are paid by the week.
※ (私たちは週単位で賃金をもらっている。)
上記文のように、単位を表す名詞の前で、「~単位で」という意味を表すことができる。by the meterなら「メートル単位で」という意味になる。単位の場合は、ほかの単位とはっきり区別するために、theを用いて、ほかとの境界線をはっきりさせるわけだ。the meterとすることで、センチメートルでもキロメートルでもなくただのメートルということを示しているのである。
In England, we buy butter by the pound.
(イングランドでは、バターはポンド単位で買います。)
また、次のように、身体の一部を表す名詞とともに使われることもある。
Jim took his daughter by the hand and left the room.
(ジムは娘の手を引いて、部屋から出ていった。)
hit me on the headなら「私の頭をなぐる」となる。
〈所有格とthe〉
所有格は、theに意味が1つ加わったものと考えればよい。〈the+私の〉でmyになる。だれのものかが明白な状況では、原則として所有格は使わない。
Her boyfriend punched me in the face.
(彼女のボーイフレンドがぼくの顔をなぐったんだ。)
この例文の場合、「だれの顔なのか」はすでにmeで示されているので、「顔」はthe faceで表す。×Her boyfriend punched me in my face.
3) Can you play the guitar?
※ (あなたはギターを弾くことができますか?)
定冠詞は上記文のように、楽器とともに使われたり、〈the+形容詞[分詞]〉で、the old[elderly](老人)/ the young(若者)/ the unemployed(失業者)のように使われたりする。
〈参考〉楽器のほかにも、電話のような発明品を表す場合は普通名詞にtheをつける。
The telephone was invented by A.G. Bell.
(電話はA.G.ベルによって発明されました。)
また、その普通名詞のもつ一般的な側面に焦点を当てる場合にも、theをつけることがある。
The pen is mightier than the sword.(ペンは剣より強し。)
〈theとthat / this〉
thatやthisは、theに意味が1つ加わったものと考えればわかりやすい。thatは〈the+比較的遠くにあるもの〉、thisは〈the+比較的近くにあるもの〉を表す。ただし、日本語の「あの」や「この」に機械的にthatやthisを当てはめないように注意したい。that / thisは、ほかとの対比が意識されるときに使う。
May I close the window?(窓を(全部)閉めてもいいですか。)
You can close that window, but leave this one open.
(あの窓は閉めてもいいが、こっちの窓は開けておいてくれ。)

4) I want to travel around the world some day.
※ (私はいつか世界中を旅行したい。)
上記文のように、もともと1つしかないので誤解の余地がないものを指す場合にもtheを使う。このように、話し手にも聞き手にもわかる「特定のもの・こと・人」にはtheを使う。
147 無冠詞になる場合
文中の不要な冠詞に×をつけなさい。
1) He filled the glass with (×the) milk.
※ (彼は牛乳でコップをいっぱいにした。)
上記文では、牛乳はどこからどこまで区切ったらいいのかはっきりしないので無冠詞となる。
It’s difficult to find water in the desert.(砂漠で水を見つけるのは難しい。)
〈注意〉the water
海や湖など、水がたまっている具体的な場所を指すときは、the waterという。
She dived into the water.(彼女は水の中に飛び込んだ。)
また、「いろいろなブランドのミネラルウォーター」の場合は、mineral watersも可能。
「情報」もどこで区切って1つとするのかはっきしりない。
I need information about flights to Hawaii.
(ハワイへの飛行機の情報が必要です。)

2) She went to the post office by (×a ) bicycle.
※ (彼女は自転車で郵便局へ行った。)
上記文のように手段を表すbyを使った場合は、具体的な1台の自転車をイメージすることはない。交通手段としての自転車についてばくぜんとイメージするだけなので、無冠詞になる。on my bicycleとした場合は、onが具体的に「(自転車)の上で」という意味合いをもつので、a / the / myなどが必要になる(どれを使うかは状況による)。
They came to the wedding by car.(彼らは結婚式に車でやって来た。)
I reserved the ticket by phone.
(私は電話でチケットを予約した。)[通信手段としての電話]

3) We don’t have to go to (×the) school on Sundays.
※ (日曜日には学校に行かなくてもよい。)
上記文では、学校を1つの建物として考えているのではなく、勉強などが行われる「場」としてとらえている。あるものの「働き」や「役割」「性質」に焦点を当てると無冠詞になる。その場合には、建物を数えるのではないので不定冠詞は使わない。a schoolは、1つの学校全体か、学校の建物を考えているときに使う。the schoolは特定された学校を指すときに使う。
go to bed〈寝る〉という表現も、bedのもつ役割に焦点を当てている。
I went to bed late last night.(私は昨夜遅く寝た。)

4) Let’s play (×the) baseball in the park.
※ (公園で野球をしよう。)
次のような場合に無冠詞になる。
① 呼びかけ/家族関係/官職などが補語になる場合/食事・スポーツ・ゲームの名
Professor!
Mother!
He was elected mayor of the city.(彼はこの市の市長に選ばれた。)
We invited him for dinner.(彼を夕食に招待した。)
play baseball(野球をする)
play chess(チェスをする)
例えば、Professor!は× A professor!や× The professor!とはしない。呼びかけられた「教授」はProfessorという単語だけ聞けば、自分のことだとすぐにわかる。このように、「名詞だけ見れば(聞けば)だれのことか、または、どれのことかすぐわかる」場合は無冠詞になる。
また、King Lear(リア王)のように、称号や官職が名前の前に置かれた場合や、Dr. Smith, professor of linguistics(言語学者の教授のスミス博士)のように、称号や官職が名前と同格になる場合も無冠詞になる。
② 2つの名詞が対句になっている場合
from door to door(1軒ごとに)
day and night(昼も夜も)
③ 慣用句における無冠詞
at noon(正午に)
by accident(偶然に)
in fact(実際)
〈新聞の見出しで無冠詞になる場合〉
新聞の見出しなどでは冠詞の脱落が起こる。また冠詞だけでなく、あちこち細かく削って、極力簡潔な表現をする。
President to Attend U.N. Talks on Arms Control
(大統領 軍縮に関する国連の会談に出席予定)
→The president is to attend the U.N. talks on arms control.
Bomb Destroys U.S. Embassy in Nairobi
(ナイロビのアメリカ大使館爆破)
→ A bomb destroyed the U.S. embassy in Nairobi.
148 冠詞の位置
必要なところにa / an / theのいずれかを入れて、正しい英文にしなさい。
1) What a nice handkerchief you have!
※ (あなたがもっているハンカチはなんて素敵なんだろう。)
上記文では〈what a / an(+形容詞)+名詞〉という語順になる。名詞を修飾するときに、不定冠詞よりも前に置かなくてはならない語がある。whatやsuchを使う場合は、次のようにする。
○what a nice handkerchief
×a what nice handkerchief
○such a wonderful story
×a such wonderful sory

2) I have never seen so big an airplane.
※ (私はそんなに大きな飛行機を一度も見たことがない。)
上記文では〈so+形容詞+a / an+名詞〉という語順になる。名詞を修飾するとき、形容詞をともなって不定冠詞よりも前に出る語がある。so / how / as / tooを使う場合は、次のようにする。
○so big an airplane
×a so big airplane
×so a big airplane
さらに、この表現を使うときには、不定冠詞が存在しなくてはならない。したがって以下の表現は誤りとなる。
×so big airplanes
×so surprising news
〈注意〉so many people 次のように数量を表す場合は不定冠詞は不要。
so many people / so few people
so much water / so little water

3) She gave me such an interesting book.
※ (彼女はこのようなおもしろい本を私にくれた。)
4) Has he spent all his money I gave to him?
※ (彼は私があげたお金をすべて使ってしまったのですか。)
上記文では〈all the+名詞〉という語順になる。名詞を修飾するとき、定冠詞より
も前に出る語がある。all / both / half / doubleなどを使う場合は、次のようにする。
○all the books
×the all books
○both the books
×the both books
これはもともと、all of the booksという表現で、ofが脱落したものである。allbooksという形も用いられる。
〈a A and Bとa A and a B〉
次の2文の違いに注意
① I saw a black and white dog.(私は白黒ぶちの犬を1匹見かけた。)
② I saw a black and a white dog.(私は黒い犬と白い犬の2匹を見かけた。)
①には不定冠詞が1つしかない。これは、犬が1匹だったことを表している。よって、「白黒ぶちの犬が1匹」ということになる。それに対し、②では不定冠詞が2つ使われているから、犬は2匹いたことになる。「黒い犬と白い犬の2匹」をみかけたわけだ。
〈同じ名詞でも、組み合わせる冠詞によって言いたいことが変わる〉
① I don’t like sleeping on a bed.(私はベッドで寝るのが嫌いだ。)
② Carry our baby to the bed, please.(赤ちゃんをベッドまで運んでください。)
③ I went to bed late last night.(私は昨日遅く寝た。)
①は、ベッドならどんなベッドでも、とにかく「ベッド」の上で寝るのは嫌いだという意味。具体的に1つのベッドのイメージを思い浮かべているので、不定冠詞が使われている。②は、状況から赤ちゃんを運んでいくべきベッドは決まってくるので、theを使う。それに対して③は、「ベッドのところまで移動した」ということではなく、「(ベッドまで行って)寝た」という意味である。この場合、具体的なものとしてのベッドではなく、「寝るためのもの」としてのベッドの機能が問題になっている。このように機能が問題になっているときには具体的なものを指す語であっても無冠詞で用いられる。
もう1つ考えてみよう。
④ He is an only child.(彼は一人っ子だ。)
⑤ He is the only child in the club.(彼はそのクラブでたった1人の子どもだ。)
⑥ He is still child enough to believe in Santa Clause.
(彼はサンタクロースの存在を信じるほど子どもっぽい。)
④のan only childは「一人っ子」という意味。1つの家族にとっては「唯一」のこどもでも、世の中全体をみると一人っ子は何人もいるわけだから、「(複数あるうちの1人の)子ども」という意味で、不定冠詞を使う。⑤は「そのクラブ」という限られた中で「たった1人だけ子どもだ」という意味だから、定冠詞を使う。クラブの中には、ほかにだれも子どもはいないということになる。⑥は特殊な用法。この場合は具体的な子どもとう1つの存在は意識されず、代わりに「子どもっぽい」という「性質」が前面に出てくる。1つの存在をまるごととりあげるというより、そのもののもつ「性質」を問題にしているという意味では、③のgo to bedの用法に近いものがある。
〈固有名詞と冠詞〉
固有名詞にはふつう冠詞は不要である。しかし、冠詞が使われる場合もある。
① While you were out, a Mr. Richardson came to see you.
(リチャードソンという人が留守中に訪ねてきたよ。)
だれのことを指すのかまだ特定されない場合、不定冠詞を使って「リチャードソンという名前の1人の人」という意味合いを表す。
② He bought a Picasso in Paris.(彼はピカソの作品をパリで買った。)
芸術家などの場合、生みだした作品は複数あるのがふつうである。そういう
数ある作品のうちの1つを指す場合にも不定冠詞が使われる。
③ He wants to be an Einstein in the future.
(彼は将来アインシュタインのような人になりたいと思っている。)
著名な人物の場合、一種の「手本」になりえるので、「~のような人」という意味で不定冠詞とともに固有名詞が使われる。
④ We’re going to invite the Richardsons to dinner.
(私たちはリチャードソン夫妻[一家]をディナーに招待するつもりです。)
性を共有する1つの集団(夫婦、家族など)を指すときには、ほかの集団との区別をつけるために定冠詞を使う。「その性で呼ばれるあるグループ全員」という意味合いを表す。この場合、性は複数形となる。
⑤ the National Museum (国立博物館)/ the Panama Canal(パナマ運河)
museaumやcanalのように、普通名詞を固有名詞化した場合は、定冠詞で限定するのが原則。ただし、Shinjuku Station(新宿駅)/ Narita Airport(成田空港)のように、「駅」「空港」「公園」「橋」の名前は無冠詞になる。
〈「総称」表現について〉
「ライオンは危険な動物だ」というとき、「ライオン」の表現のしかたは、原則として次の3種類がある。
A) 無冠詞複数:Lions are dangerous animals.
B) 不定冠詞単数:A lion is a dangerous animal.
C) 定冠詞単数:The lion is a dangerous animal.
このうち、もっとも一般的に使われるのがA)の無冠詞複数である。これは「ライオン」というグループ全体をばくぜんとまとめることになる。B)の不定冠詞単数は、具体的なサンプルを取り上げて、それについて説明している感じなので、「具体的な1頭のライオン」にふさわしい文脈がないところで使うと不自然な感じがする。C)の定冠詞単数は、ほかのものと対比するイメージがある。つまり、「ライオン」と「トラ」を比べるときなどに使う。そのような対比がまったく感じ取れない文脈でthe lionと言うと、「(ほかのライオンではなく)そのライオン」という意味に解釈するのが自然だということになってしまう。また、文体も固くなるので、むやみに使わないほうがよい。
なお、the lionsとすると、限られたライオンの一群全部を指すことになってしまい、ライオン一般を指さないのがふつうである。
第20章 代名詞(解説)
149 人称代名詞(格変化 / ばくぜんと「人々」を指すyou/they/we / 所有代名詞)
次の文の下線部を適切な代名詞に変えなさい。
1) I bought a pair of shoes for my son. He was pleased with them.
※ (私は息子のために一足の靴を買ってあげました。彼はその靴に喜んでいました。)
上記のheのように、文中で主語として用いられる形を「主格」と呼ぶ。
〈注意〉目的格が主語の代わりに使われる
本来は主格の代名詞を使う場合に、目的格が使われることもある。口語では目的格が使われることが多い。
・“Who is it?” “It’s me.” (「どなたですか?」「私です。」)
“I will go.” “Me, too.” (「ぼくは行くよ。」「私も。」)
〈「人々」を指すyou/they/we〉
You can’t get a driver’s license until you’re eighteen.
(18歳になるまでは、運転免許をとることはできません。) [youは、具体的な人を指しているのではなく、ばくぜんと「人々」を表している。]
They say she is getting married next month.
(彼女は来月結婚するらしい。)[theyは、ばくぜんと「人々」を表している。このようなtheyは、話し手も聞き手も含まれない場合に用いられる。文脈によっては、具体的な「彼ら」を指すことになるので、使うときには注意が必要。
We had little rain last month.
(先月は雨がほとんど降らなかった。)[weは、話し手を含む「人々」の代表として述べている。この文では、「雨が降らなかった」のは「話し手が住んでいる地域」ということになる。]
〈oneで「人」を表す〉
oneをもちいて「人/人はだれでも」という意味を表すこともある。ただし、これは文章体である。
One can never tell when an earthquake will occur.
(地震がいつ起こるかは決してわからない。)

2) Mike and I are good friends. We made the model plane in two days.
※ (マイクと私は良い友達です。私たちは2日で模型飛行機を作りました。)

3) Your room is as large as mine.
※ (あなたの部屋は私のと同じくらい大きい。)
代名詞の所有格は、my roomのように後ろに名詞を続けなければならない。それに対し、mine(私のもの)やyours(あなたのもの)のような所有代名詞は単独で用いることができる。所有代名詞は、mineを除き、所有格に-sがついた形になる。なお、hisはもともと-sで終わっているので、所有格と所有代名詞が同じ形になる。a, the, this, that, noなどと所有格を続けて用いることはできない。
〈参考〉a friend of mineは「友人が何人かいるうちの不特定の1人」を表し、my friendは「特定の1人の友人」を表す
This is my friend Lisa. (こちらは私の友人のリサです。)

4) I borrowed a bicycle from Bob. His bicycle was nice
※ (私はボブから自転車を借りた。彼の自転車は良かった。)
上記のHis bicycleのように、名詞の直前に置かれ、日本語の「〜の」に相当する意味をもつ形を「所有格」と呼ぶ。所有格の代名詞は単独では用いられず、つねに名詞の直前に置かれる。
また、所有格の代名詞の後ろに形容詞のownを入れて、「自分自身の」「〜独自[独自の]という意味を付け加える場合がある。
She has her own sense of fashion.
(彼女は彼女独特のファッションセンスをもっている。)
150 人称代名詞(再帰代名詞の再帰用法 / 強調用法)
日本語の意味に合うように、( )に適語を入れなさい。
1) あなた自身が私にそう言ったのよ。
You told me so (yourself).
※ 上記のyourselfのように、人称代名詞の所有格、あるいは目的語に、-selfまたは-selvesのついた形を再帰代名詞と呼び、「(だれだれ)自身」という意味になる。
再帰代名詞は、名詞や代名詞を強調することができる。上記文では、「あなたが自分自身で」ということを強調している。
〈参考〉再帰代名詞を主語の後ろに置く場合もあるが、文章体となる。
You yourself told me so.

2) 私たちはパーティーで楽しく過ごした。
We enjoyed (ourselves) at the party.
※ 上記のourselvesのように、他動詞の目的語が主語と同じ人やものである場合、目的語には再帰代名詞を用いる。
〈再帰代名詞を使った重要表現〉
Help yourself to the salad. (サラダをご自由にお取りくださいね。)
I couldn’t make myself understood in England.
(私の英語は通じなかった。[私は英語で自分の意思を伝えられなかった。]
I had to shout to make myself heard in the noisy class.
(私は騒がしい教室で、自分の声を聞かせるために叫ばなければならなかった。)
Please make yourself at home. (どうぞ楽にしてください。)
Take care of yourself. (おからだをお大事に。)
Did you tie your shoelaces by yourself. (靴ひもは自分1人で結んだのかい。)
You should decide your course for yourself.
(自分の進路は自分で決めるべきだ。)
He behaved himself at the party. (彼パーティーで行儀よくふるまった。)
He introduced himself to everyone in the classroom.
(彼は教室でみんなに自己紹介した。)
I fell down the stairs and hurt myself. (私は階段から落ちて、けがをした。)
151 itの用法
次の文の下線部のitが指している語句を答えなさい。
1) I have lost my handkerchief. I bought it only yesterday.
it = my handkerchief
※ (私はハンカチをなくしてしまった。それを昨日かったばかりなのに。)
itはすでに出た単数の名詞を指すことができる。
また、下記のように句や節の内容も指すことができる。
We wanted to fly there directly, but it wasn’t possible.
[it = to fly there directly]
(そこまで直行便の飛行機で行きたかったが、それは不可能だった。)
He likes eating sweets, but he won’t admit it. [it = He likes eating sweets]
(彼は甘いものが好きなのに、本人はそれをどうしても認めようとしない。)
また、下記のような様々な用法がある。
① 時や天候・距離などを表すときに使う(特に意味をもたないitを主語にする)
「曜日・日時」
What day is it today? (今日は何曜日?)
It is Culture Day today. (今日は文化の日です。)
「天候・明暗・寒暖」
It’s very humid here, isn’t it? (ここはとてもむしむししますね。)
It gets dark at around eight o’clock in the summer.
(夏は8時ごろ暗くなる。)
「距離」
It’s about two kilometers to the town from here.
(ここからその町までは2キロほどあります。)
② 状況を表すときに使う。(「ばくぜんとした状況」や「事情」を表す)
How’s it going? (調子はどう?)
It was very comfortable in the First Class cabin.
(ファーストクラスの客室は、とても快適だった。)

2) It is difficult to win the race.
It = to win the race
※ 形式主語のit: 不定詞やthat節が主語として用いられる場合、主語の位置にitを形式的に主語として置き、真の主語である不定詞句やthat節を後ろにまわすことが多い。
It is important that you follow the rules. (規則に従うことは大切だ。)
〈参考〉動名詞句が主語になる場合も、形式主語のitが用いられることがあるが、
それほど多くない。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
(こぼれたミルクのことで泣いてもむだだ。[覆水盆に返らず。])
〈注意〉that節以外の名詞節: 形式主語itが用いられている場合、真の主語として
that以外の名詞節が用いられる場合もある。
It is not clear whether he did it himself or not.
(彼がそれを自分自身でやったかどうかは、はっきりしていない。)
〈節の内容を指すit〉
次のようなitは厳密に言うと形式主語ではないが、形式主語のitと同様の考え方ができる。
Is it all right if I use this computer?
(私がこのコンピューターを使ってもよろしいですか。)
It was quite a shock to me when he turned out to be a thief.
(彼がどろぼうだとわかった時は、私にはとてもショックだった。)
上記の2つのitはともにif節、when節の内容を指していると考えられるが、これらの節は両方とも副詞節なので真の主語と考えることはできない。このような場合は、あまり文法的な分類にこだわらず、itが何を指しているのかを文の内容から判断できればよい。

3) I think it necessary that you should do the homework by yourself.
it = that you should do the homework by yourself
※ 形式目的語のit: SVOC(第5文型)の文で、目的語として、不定詞句やthat節を用いると、述語動詞(V)と目的格補語(C)が離れてしまって文の構造がわかりにくくなってしまう。そのため、目的語の位置にitを形式的に目的語として置き、真の目的語である不定詞句やthat節を補語の後ろに置く。上記では、that you should do the homework by yourselfというthat節が真の目的語である。
〈参考〉形式目的語のitをとるおもな動詞には、find, think, make, take, consider,
believeなどがある。
〈参考〉形式目的語の場合と同様、動名詞句に対して形式目的語が用いられる場合があるが、それほど多くはない。
They thought it dangerous climbing that mountain in winter.
(彼らは冬場にあの山に登るのは危険だと考えた。)
〈itを用いた表現〉
It takes + 時間 + to do (〜するのに〈時間〉がかかる)
It takes two hours to get to the airport. (空港に着くまでに2時間かかる。)
It costs + 費用 + to do (〜するのに〈費用〉がかかる)
It costs thirty dollars to fix the computer.
(そのコンピューターを修理するのに30ドルかかった。)
It makes no difference whether 〜 (〜かどうか関係ない)
It makes no difference to me whether she comes or not.
(彼女が来ようが来まいが、私には関係がない。)
take it for granted that 〜(〜を当然だと思っている)
They take it for granted that they have a car.
(彼らは、車を持っていることを当然だと思っている。)
152 指示代名詞
次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) The city library is a long way from here. That is the problem.
市立図書館はここからは遠い。それが問題だ。
※ thisやthatは具体的なものを指すだけでなく、すでに述べられた話の内容かを指すことがある。
〈参考〉That is (the reason) why … (そういうわけで…)のthatも、前の文の内容
を指している。
Your blood pressure is too high. That is (the reason) why you must take this medicine.
(あなたの血圧は高すぎます。そういうわけで、あなたはこの薬を飲ま
なければならない。)
〈次の文の内容を指すthis〉
Keep this in mind: the voters want reform.
(このことを覚えておきなさい。有権者は改革を望んでいるのです。)
thisは前に述べられたことを指すのが一般的だが、これから述べることに対して注意をひくために用いられることもある。上記文では、thisはthe voters want reformを指している。

2) The population of China is much larger than that of Japan.
中国の人口は東京の人口はよりもずっと多い。
※ 文中ですでに述べられた名詞の繰り返しを避けるために、〈the+名詞〉をthat(複数形の場合はthose)で代用することができる。上記文では、thatがthe populationの代用となっている。
〈those who … で「…である人々」を表す〉
Those who wish to smoke must go outside.
(たばこを吸いたいひとは、外へ出なければいけません。)
those who[whose / whom]… の形で「…である人々」という意味になることがある。この場合、代名詞thoseは一般的な人々を表す。また、those present(そこにいる[いた]人々), those concerned(関係者), those around us((私たちの)身の回りの人々)のように、関係詞節以外の形容詞(句)が用いられる場合もある。
〈the sameの用法〉
sameは、the sameという形で「同じもの[こと]」という意味の代名詞として働く(theなしではふつうは使わない。
If I try the new method of studying English, will you do the same?
(もしぼくがその新しい英語の勉強法を試したら、君も同じことをするか
い?)
She’s almost the same height as I am.
(彼女がは私と背の高さがほとんど同じだ。)
the sameは形容詞としても用いることができるので、〈the same + 名詞〉
の形で「同じ〜」という意味になる。何と同じなのかを明記するためには、
後ろにas… をつけ足して表す。Asの後ろには節、名詞・代名詞が続く。
I want the same shoes as yours. (君のと同じ靴がほしいな。)
He is the same man that I saw yesterday.
(彼は昨日見かけた男の人と同じ人だ。)
His opinion about this plan is much the same as yours.
(この計画についての彼の意見は、君のとほとんど同じだ。)
much the sameはalmost the same(ほとんど同じ)と言う意味で、補語として用いることができる。ほかにも、about the same(だいたい同じ), just the same(ちょうど同じ), exactly the same(まったく同じ)などの形がある。
153 不定代名詞(one / another / the other / others)
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) “Do you have a red pen?” “Yes, I have (one).
※ (赤ペンをもっていますか。はい、もっています。)
代名詞のoneは、すでに出た数えられる名詞のくり返しを避けるために用いられる。上記文の場合、oneはred penの代わりに用いられている。このようにoneが単独で用いられると、〈a/an+名詞〉の意味を表すことになる。上記文では、oneはa red penを表している。(×a oneとはできない)。
〈oneを単独で用いることができるのは、不特定の1つ[1人]を意味する場合なので、特定のものを指す場合には、oneではなくitを用いなければならない。〉
“Did you bring the red pen? “ “No, I didn’t bring it.”
(「あの赤ペンもってきた?」「いや、持ってこなかったんだ。」)
〈参考〉前に〈a/an+名詞〉があれば、必ずoneを用いるわけではない。
If you find a pen, you can use it.
(ペンを見つけたら、それを使ってよい。)
この場合はa penそのものを指しているのでit を用いている。
〈形容詞がつくと冠詞が必要〉
I lost my umbrella yesterday; I must buy a new one.
(昨日かさをなくしてしまった。新しいのを買わなければ。)
oneに形容詞がつく場合は、上記のように冠詞が必要。このoneは、umbrellaの代わりをしている。
These boots have worn out. I need to buy some new ones.
(このブーツははき古してしまった。新しいのを買わなければ。)
複数形のonesは、上記のsome new onesのように、形容詞のような修飾語句をともなう場合に用いることができる。このonesは、前にでた名詞bootsの代わりをしている。
〈the one / the onesの用法〉
oneに修飾語句などがついて特定のものを表す場合は、次のようにthe oneやthe onesを用いる。
This guitar is similar to the one I have. (= This guitar is similar to mine.)
(このギターは私が持っているものと似ている。)
“Which are your shoes?” “The ones with red shoelaces.”
(「どちらが君の靴?」「赤い靴ひもがついているほうだよ。」)
〈that / thoseを使う場合〉
the oneやthe onesの後ろに修飾語句がついている場合は、the oneをthat, the onesをthoseで置き換えることもできる。特にof … が続く場合にはthatやthoseが用いられる。なお、the oneやthe onesは人を指すことができるが、thatの場合は人を指すことはできない。
The man I saw was older than the one [×that] you were talking to.
(私が見た男の人は、君が話していた男の人よりも年をとっていた。)
〈参考〉不特定の複数のものを指す場合にはsomeを用いる。
You have a lot of CD-ROMs; please give me some.
(君はたくさんのCD-ROMを持っているね。少しくれないか。)
[このsomeはsome CD-ROMsを意味している]
また、特定の複数のものを指す場合にはtheyを用いる。
Look at the birds in the sky! They are eagles, aren’t they?
(空の鳥をみてごらん。ワシだよね)
〈oneを使うことができない場合〉
① 数えられない名詞の代わりに用いることはできない。
数えられない名詞を繰り返したいときはoneを代用せず、その名詞を繰り返
す。また、形容詞がある場合は、その名詞は省略してもよい。
I like white wine better than red (wine).
(私は赤ワインよりも白ワインが好きです。)
② 所有格の後に続けることはできない。
×my oneとはせず、mineとする。

2) I have this kind of wallet. Please show me (another).
※ (私はこの種の財布は持っています。ほかのを見せてください。)
anotherは「もう1つ[1人]」という「他の不特定の1つ」を表す。上記でanotherが使われているのは、ほかにいくつかあるうちの1つを指しているからである。
また、anotherは、下記のように形容詞として使われ、後ろに名詞をともなうことができる。
Would you like another piece of pie? (パイをもう1切れいかがですか。)

3) Hold the racket in one hand and the ball in (the other).
※ (一方の手にラケットを、もう一方の手にボールを持ちなさい。)
the otherは、「残りの1つ[1人]という「ほかの特定の1つ」を表す。上記では、「(残りの)1つ」について述べているので、the otherが使われている。
また、the otherは下記のように形容詞として使われ、後ろに名詞をともなうことができる。
Tom was in the classroom but the other students were playing outside.
(トムは教室にいたが、ほかの生徒たちは外で遊んでいた。)
Open the other hand. (もう一方の手を開きなさい。)
Open your other hand.とすることもできる。

4) We have four children. One is a college student, and (the others) are high school students.
※ (私たちはには4人の子供たちがいます。1人は大学生で残りは高校生です。)
残りのものが複数の場合にはthe othersという形で「ほかの全部」を表す。
また、othersは下記のように「ほかの複数の人[複数のもの]」という不特定のばくぜんとした数を表す。
Some likes dancing, and others don’t.
(踊るのが好きな人もいるし、そうでない人もいる。)
また、形容詞として使われる場合は、下記のように〈other+名詞〉という形になる。
He couldn’t find the CD, so he decided to check other stores.
(彼はそこでそのCDを見つけられなかったので、ほかの店を見てみることにした。)
〈each other〉
otherを使った表現にeach other(お互い)がある。each otherは代名詞なので自動詞と一緒に用いるときは前置詞が必要。
They talked with each other. (彼らは話し合った。)
154 不定代名詞(some / any)
( )内にsomeかanyのいずれかを入れて、英文を完成させなさい。
1) If there is (any) milk left, could I drink (some)?
※ (コーヒーが(いくらかでも)残っていたら、少しいただけますか。)
anyは上記のように、「何かが少しでもあれば」という条件節でよく用いられる。
someは上記のmilkのような数えられない名詞についてある程度の量があることを、また下記のmembersのような数えられる名詞についてある程度の数があることを表す。
Some of the members were tired. (メンバーの何人かは疲れていた。)
また、anyは下記のように何かが少しでもあるかどうかを尋ねる疑問文でも用いられる。
I need some paper clips. Do you have any?
(ペーパークリップが必要なんです。お持ちですか。)

2) I’d like (some) information about the trip.
※ (私はその旅についていくらか情報をいただきたい。)
someは上記のように形容詞として使われ、後ろに名詞をともなうことができる。
someは肯定文で用いられるのがふつうだが、下記のように、「ある」と思って質問するときは、疑問文でもsomeを使う。
Are there some messages for me, too? (私にも何か伝言がありますか。)
また、何かをすすめるような場面でもsomeを用いる。(これらの場合はYesという答えが想定されている)。
Would you like some coffee? (コーヒーはいかがですか。)

3) I haven’t met (any) of her family yet.
※ (私はまだ、彼女の家族のひとりとも会っていない。)
anyは上記のような否定文で用いられると、「少しも…ない」という意味になる。
anyが肯定文で用いられると、3人以上の人や3つ以上のものについて、「どれも」という意味を表すことになる。この場合、単数形の名詞を修飾することが多い。下記では「どの生徒を選んでも」という意味を表している。
Any student in this class can answer the question.
(このクラスのどの生徒でも、その質問に答えることができる。)
〈Any … not〜 の語順にしない〉
anyを否定文で用いるとき、×any … not〜のように、anyをnotよりも前に出すことはできない。以下のようにnone(代名詞の場合)やno(形容詞の場合)を用いる。
◯None of the students are from Canada. (カナダ出身の生徒はいません。)
×Any of the students are not from Canada.
◯No amount of money can buy happiness.
(どんなに多くのお金でも、幸せを買うことはできない。)
×Any amount of money cannot buy happiness.
155 不定代名詞(both / either / neither/ all / none / each / someone / everything)
( )内の語のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) I have two pretty birds and I like (both) of them.
※ (私は2羽のかわいい鳥をを飼っていて、両方とも好きです。)
bothは、2人の人や2つのものについて、「両方とも」という場合に用いられる。
下記のように、複数形の名詞の前に置いて「両方の〜」という意味の形容詞として用いることもできる。
She broke both legs in the accident. (彼女はその事故で両足を骨折した。)
また、代名詞の所有格やthe, these/thoseとともに用いる場合、bothをその直前に置くこともある。
Both my parents were brought up in Hokkaido.
(= Both of my parents were brought up in Hokkaido.)
(私の両親は2人とも北海道育ちです。)
〈人称代名詞+both〉
He invited us both.(彼は私たち2人を招待してくれた。)のように、人称代名詞の後にbothを続けることもできる。また、主語について「両方とも」という場合は、次のように、一般動詞の前、be動詞や助動詞の後で用いられる。
We both went. (私たちは2人とも行った。)
The ladies over there are both from Greece.
(あそこにいる女性は2人ともギリシャ出身です。)
〈either〉
2人の人や2つのものについて、「どちらか一方/どちらでも」と言う場合は次のようにeitherを用いる。eitherは単数扱いするのがふつう。
Either of your parents can attend the PTA meeting.
(あなたの両親のどちらでも、PTAの会合にでることができます。)
次のように、名詞の前に置いて「どちらかの~」という意味の形容詞として用いることもできる。
You can take either cake.(どちらのケーキをとってもいいですよ。)
また、eitherは、否定文で用いられると「どちらの~も…ない」という意味になる。
You cannot touch either of these buttons.
(この2つのボタンのどちらにも触ってはいけない。)
また、eitherがsideやendなどの名詞と結びついて、「どちらにも」「両方とも」という意味になる場合がある。この場合、sideやendは単数形で使う。
There were many cherry trees on either side of the river.
(その川の両岸には、たくさんの桜の木があった。)
Place the cards at either end of the table.
(テーブルの両端に、カードを並べなさい。)
〈neither〉
2人の人や2つのものについて、「どちらも…ない」と言う場合にneitherを用いる。「片方がそうでなくて、もう片方もそうでない」という場合に用いる。次のようにeitherと同じで単数扱いがふつうだが、意味的に複数を表す文では、複数扱いとなることもある。
We passed two gas stations, but neither of them was[were] open.
(ガソリンスタンドを2ヵ所通過したが、とちらも開いていなかった。)
また、次のように返答のときにneitherだけをもちいることもある。
“Which one of these two dogs would you chose?”
(「あなたならこの2匹の犬のうち、どちらを選びますか。」)
“Neither.”
(「どちら選びません。」)
また、次のようにneitherは後ろに名詞が続く形容詞として用いられることもある。
I could find neither book I was looking for.
(探していた本は、どちらも見つからなかった。)

2) (None) of the ten girls watched the TV drama last night.
※ (その10人の少女のだれも、昨夜そのテレビドラマを見なかった。)
3人以上や3つ以上のものについて、「どれも[だれも]…ない」という意味を表すときにはnoneを用いる。none of の後に複数の名詞や代名詞が来る場合は、単数・複数の両方の扱いができるが、ofの後に数えられない名詞が来る場合は、単数扱いとなる。
None of us agrees[agree] with you.
(私たちはだれも君の意見には同意しない。)
None of the information is useful. (その情報はどれも役に立たない。)
noneは必ず代名詞として用いられ、形容詞としては用いられない。「どの〜も…ない」という意味を表すときは、下記のようにno, またはnot … anyを用いる。
No student in this class could answer the question.
(クラスのだれもその質問に答えられなかった。)
 I was not against any of these proposals.
(私はこれらのどの提案にも反対しなかった。)
また、noneは次のように単独で用いられることもある。(ただし、文章体。口語ではnothing, no one, nobodyをよく用いる。)
I wanted some ice but there was none in the freezer.
(氷がほしかったが、冷蔵庫には少しも入っていなかった。)
〈all〉
allは次のように、3人以上の人や3つ以上のものについて、それら全体を指し「すべて」という意味を表す。この場合のallは複数扱いである。
All of the members were against the proposal..
(メンバーは全員、その提案に反対だった。)
数えられない名詞について、その全体を「すべて」という場合にも用いられる。この場合はのallは単数扱い。
All of our furniture was damaged in the fire
(うちの家具はすべてその家事で損害を受けた。)[furnitureは数えられない名詞]
また、allは次のように後ろに名詞を続けて、「すべての~」という意味を表す形容詞としても用いることができる。また、both同様、theや所有格などの前に置き、〈all+the[所有格/these/those]+名詞〉の語順にできる。
All [the] students have to take the test.
(生徒は全員、そのテストを受けなければならなかった。)
また、allは人称代名詞の後で用いることもできる。また、主語について「すべて」という意味で用いるときは、allの位置は一般動詞の前、be動詞や助動詞の後ろになる。
We all love him.(私たちはみんな、彼が大好きです。)
They were all excited.(彼らはみんな興奮していた。)

3) My uncle gave candies to (each) of us.
※ (僕のおじさんは僕たち1人1人にキャンディをくれた。)
eachは複数の人やものの1つ1つを指して、「それぞれ」という意味を表す。次のように形容詞として〈each+単数形の名詞〉の形で用いられることもある。
Each book in the store was on sale for 100 yen.
(その店では、どの本も100円で売り出されていた。)
〈every「どの~も」〉
everyを使って次のようにすることもできる。
Every book in the store was on sale for 100 yen.
everyは形容詞なので、おもに単数形の名詞を修飾して〈every+単数形の名詞〉の形になる。Everyは、eachのように単独では用いられない。Eachのほうが、1つ1つを個別に意識している意味合いが出る。
〈eachとeveryは単数扱い〉
代名詞eachや〈each+名詞〉、〈every+名詞〉は、「それぞれ1つずつ」を表すので、単数扱いとなる。
○Each participant is to be awarded a prize.(参加者全員に賞品があります。)
×Each participants are to be awarded a prize.
〈人称代名詞+each〉
eachは人称代名詞の後で用いることができる。また、主語について「すべて」と言うときは、一般動詞の前、be動詞や助動詞の後ろで用いる(金額や数量を表す場合は文末に置くこともある)。この場合の主語は複数扱いとなる。
We each have (×has) our own room.
(私たちはそれぞれ自分の部屋をもっている。)
They were each preparing for the examination.
(彼らはそれぞれ、試験の準備をしていた。)
We were paid ten dollars each.
(私たちは、それぞれ10ドルずつもらった。)
〈eachとeveryの使い分け〉
eachは2人[2つ]以上、everyは3人[3つ]以上のことについて用いる。eachとeveryには大きな意味の差はないが、1つ1つを個別に考える場合は、eachのほうが好まれる。
There are two books in my bag and each(×every)book is carefully wrapped in colorful paper.
(私のかばんには2冊の本が入っているが、それぞれの本はカラフルな紙で入
念に包装されている。)
〈注意〉Every+数詞+複数形の名詞
everyの後ろには単数形の名詞を置くのが原則である。しかし、every two weeks(2週間ごとに)のように、「~ごと(に)」という意味でeveryを用いる場合には、everyの後ろに数詞のついた複数形の名詞を置くことができる。
The Olympic Games are held every four years.
(オリンピックは4年ごとに開催される。)
[この場合はeveryの前に前置詞をいれないこと]
This school has one computer for every two students.
(この学校には生徒2人につき1台のコンピュータがある。)

4) I have (something) to do today.
※ (私は今日何かすべきことがある。)
some, every, any, noに-one, -body, -thingをつけた形の代名詞(no one
だけは1語にしない)はいずれも単数形として扱う。また、これらの代
名詞に形容詞がつく場合は、形容詞を後ろに置くことに注意。
There is something strange about the taste of this pizza.
(このピザの味は何か変だ。)
〈参考〉someone, somebodyを代名詞で受ける場合、以前はheを用いていたが、言語上の性差別をなくすためにhe or sheという形を用いるようになった。現在ではtheyを使うことも多い。
第21章 形容詞(解説)
156 形容詞の用法
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) China has (a large population).
※ (中国は人口が多い。)
名詞を修飾する形容詞は、修飾する名詞の前に置くのが原則。上記文では、largeは直後のpopulationを修飾している。このように、形容詞が名詞を修飾する用法を、限定用法と呼ぶ。
形容詞を並べる順序
・Come and see my ten cute small young white Dutch rabbits.
(私の10匹のかわいい小さな子どもの白いオランダうさぎを見においでよ。)
・I’m looking for a large brown leather bag.
(私は大きな茶色の皮のかばんを探しています。)
形容詞が名詞を修飾する場合、その形容詞が1語だけとは限らない。上の例のように、名詞を修飾する形容詞がいくつも続くこともある。そういう場合には、次のような順序の原則がある。ただし、あまりたくさんの形容詞を続けるとわかりにくくなるので気をつけよう。
冠詞や、人称代名詞や名詞の所有者 my a
数量 ten
主観的判断 (fine / lovely / niceなど) cute
大小 small large
年齢・新旧 young
色 white brown
材料・出所 Dutch leather

2) Please give me (something hot) to drink.
※ (何か温かい飲み物をください。)
上記文のsomethingのような-thingのつく代名詞を修飾する場合、形容詞はその後に置かれる。また、someoneのような-oneのつく代名詞の場合も同様である。
・Is there someone special in your life?
(あなたの人生において特別な人はいますか。)

3) Look at the (sleeping) baby.
※ (その眠っている赤ちゃんを見てごらん。)
次のように名詞を修飾する形容詞にほかの語句がついて、2語以上の語群となる場合には、名詞を後ろから修飾する。
Look at the baby sleeping in the bed.
(そのベッドで眠っている赤ちゃんを見てごらん。)
 I don’t like traveling in trains full of people.
(私は満員電車に乗るのが好きではない。)
He tried to climb a fence two meters high.
(彼は2メートルの高さの柵をよじ登ろうとした。)
〈参考〉高さや長さ、年齢などを表す形容詞の場合は、それがどのくらいの数量なのかを表す語句が形容詞の前に置かれる。
a book 300 pages long (300ページの本)
a building ten stories high (10階建てのビル)

4) They caught the bear (alive).
※ (彼らはそのクマを生け捕りにした。)
SVC, SVOCの文型で、形容詞は補語(C)として用いられる。これを叙述用法と呼ぶ。
上記文は、SVOCの文型で、OとCには〈O is C〉の関係、つまりThe bear is alive.の関係が成り立つ。上記文のaliveは「生きて」という意味で、叙述用法でしか使われない。ここでのaliveは準補語で「…の状態で」という意味になる。したがって、名詞の前では用いられない。
この種の形容詞には次のようなものがある。
alone (ただ1人の/孤独の)
asleep (眠って)
afraid (恐れて)
awake (目覚めて)
aware (気づいて)
content (満足して)
glad (喜んで)
well (元気で)
逆に限定用法でしか使われない形容詞には次のようなものがある。
only (唯一の/たった1つの)
live (生きている)
living (生きている)
mere (ほんの/単なる)
elder (年上の)
former (前の)
latter (後の)
lone (1人の)
main (おもな)
golden (貴重な)
total (全部の)
daily (毎日の)
very (まさにその)
また、限定用法と叙述用法で意味が異なる形容詞には次のようなものがある。
certain a certain charm (ある種の魅力)
I’m certain this is the correct answer. (これが正解だと私は確信している。)
late the late news report (最近のニュース記事)
He was late. (彼は遅れた。)
present the present topic (現在の話題)
He was present. (彼は出席していた。)
right the right hand (右手)
He is right. (彼は正しい。)
ill ill temper (不機嫌)
He is ill. (彼は病気だ。)

5) My son was taller than all the (boys present).
※ (私の息子はそこにいるすべての少年達よりも背が高かった。)
present, responsible, concerned, involvedなどの形容詞は、単独で名詞の後に置かれることがある。名詞の前に置かれる場合と意味に違いが出ることがあるので注意が必要。
the present situation (現状), a person present (出席者)
the man responsible (責任者), a responsible man (頼りになる男)
the people concerned (関係する人), concerned people (心配している人)
available, requiredのように、名詞の前でも後でも意味に違いがないものもある。
また、available, possible, imaginableのように、-ableや-ibleで終わる形容詞がある。これらがall, every, noや最上級の形容詞とともに使われる場合は、名詞の後に置かれることがある。
There is no bus service available after 11 o’clock.
(11時以降はバスは運行していません。)
The sea was the deepest blue imaginable.
(その海が考えうる限りもっとも濃い青色だった。)
157 分詞形容詞
( )内の語のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) It’s so (boring) to spend the weekend alone.
※ (週末に1人で過ごすのはとても退屈だ。)
英語の形容詞の中には、分詞から派生しているものがある。その中でも、boring / boredのような感情を表す動詞から派生しているものに関しては、-ing形の形容詞と-ed形の形容詞の使い分けに誤解が生じやすい。分詞形容詞については、日本語の表現方法を、そのまま英語に持ち込まないようにすることが大切。
boringはもともとboreの現在分詞、boredはboreの過去分詞で、boreは「〜を退屈させる」という意味の他動詞。したがって、boringは「退屈させる」という能動の意味、boredは「退屈させられた」という受動の意味をもつことになる。
I’m bored. (私は退屈だ。)
It was an exciting game. (それはわくわくする試合だった。)
I saw a lot of excited supporters. (私はたくさんの興奮したサポーターを見た。)

2) We were very (shocked) to hear the news.
※ (私たちはその知らせを聞いてとても衝撃を受けた。)
shockingとshockedの使い分けも同じである。
shockは「〜に衝撃を与える」という意味の他動詞なので、受動の意味をもつshockedは上記文のように「衝撃を受けた」という意味になる。
a shocked boy (衝撃を受けた少年)
能動の意味をもつshockingは次のように使う。
The news was shocking. (その知らせは衝撃(人に)衝撃を与えた。)
shocking news. ((人に)衝撃を与える知らせ)
158 主語に注意すべき形容詞 / 可能性・確実性を表す形容詞 / such
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) He is (likely) to succeed as a singer.
※ (彼は歌手として成功しそうだ。)
上記文のように人を主語にして〈S is likely to 不定詞〉とすると、「Sは〜しそうだ」という意味になる。形式主語を用いてIt is likely that … という形にして、「起こりそうなこと/ありそうなこと」を表すこともできる。
= It is likely that he will succeed as a singer.
possible
possibleは「可能な」という意味の形容詞で、次のようにIt is possible that … / It is possible for人 to 不定詞という形で用いる。likelyとは異なり、人を主語にすることはできない。
Is it possible that you will come to the next meeting?
= Is it possible for you to come to the next meeting?
(君が次の会議に出席するのは可能ですか。)
probable
probableは、possibleよりも可能性が高いことを表す。次のようにIt is probable that … の形で用いられ、人を主語にしたり、to不定詞を使うことはできない。
It is probable that he will pass the exam. (彼はおそらくその試験に合格するだろう。)

2) It is (sad) to see him resign.
※ (彼が退職するのを知って残念です。)
形容詞の中には、sorry(残念に思う)のように、叙述用法では人を主語にしなければならないものがある。happy(うれしい)、glad(うれしく思う)も人だけを主語にして、物事を主語にすることはできない。この種の形容詞の多くは、おもに人間特有の性質や感情を表す形容詞である。
○I am sorry to see him resign. (彼が退職するのを知って残念に思います。)
×It is sorry to see him resign.
○I am glad to hear the news. (その知らせを聞いてうれしく思います。)
×It is glad to hear the news.
〈注意〉luckyの使い方 lucky(幸運な)はitを主語にすることができる。
I was lucky to get the ticket.
= It was lucky for me to get the ticket.
(そのチケットを手に入れることができて、幸運でした。)
人を主語にできない形容詞
形容詞の中には、叙述用法では人を主語にすることのできないものがある。
convenient (都合のよい)
necessary (必要な)
essential (不可欠な)
Is it convenient for you to meet us at ten?
(10時に私たちに会うということで、ご都合はいかがですか。)
×Are you convenient to meet us at ten?
It is necessary for you to see a doctor.
(君は医者に診てもらう必要があるよ。)
×Are you necessary to see a doctor?
It is essential for you to improve your English.
(あなたの英語力を向上させることは不可欠です。)
×Are you essential to improve your English?
また、dangerous (危険な)やdelightful / pleasant (楽しい)などは、人を主語にすると、He is dangerous. (彼は危険人物だ。)、She is delightful. (彼女は人を楽しくさせる人だ。)のような意味になるので注意しよう。

3) It is (certain) that he will win the election.
※ (彼が選挙で勝つのは確かだ。)
certain
certainはIt is certain that … という形で「…であることは確かだ」という意味を表すことができる。
次のように〈S is certain+to不定詞〉で「話し手が確信していること」を表すこともできる。
He is certain to win the election. (彼はきっと選挙に勝つ。)
また、確信している人を主語にして〈S is certain that … 〉とすると、「Sは…であることを確信している。」という意味になる。
I am certain that he will win the election.
(私は彼が選挙に勝つことを確信している。)
sure
sureは〈S is sure+to不定詞〉の形で、話し手が「Sはきっと〜する/Sが〜するのは確実だ。」と確信していることを表すことができる。
He is sure to win the election. [sureは主観的確信]
= He is certain to win the election. [certainは客観的確信]
(彼はきっと選挙で勝つ。)
また、確信している人を主語にして〈S is sure that … 〉とすると、「Sは…であることを確信している。」という意味になる。×It is sure that …という形は使わない。
I am sure that he will win the election. [sureは主観的確信]
= I am certain that he will win the election. [certainは客観的確信]
(私は彼が選挙に勝つことを確信している。)
× It is sure that he will win the election.
〈参考〉〈S is sure[certain]of -ing〉という形で「Sは〜すると確信している」という意味を表すこともできる。
He is sure[certain] of winning the election. (彼は選挙で勝つことを確信している)
I am sure[certain] of his winning the election
.
(私は彼が選挙で勝つことを確信している。)
4) We can’t stay home on (such a nice day).
※ (私たちはこんな(とても)天気の良い日に家にいられない。)
suchは形容詞として「そのような〜/このような〜」という意味で用いられる。上記文では、suchが名詞a nice dayを修飾している。このように、suchの後ろに数えられる(形容詞+)名詞の単数形が来ると、〈such a / an+(形容詞+)名詞〉の語順になる。通常の形容詞とは異なり、suchをa/anの前に置くことに注意。上記文のようにsuchは、〈形容詞+名詞〉の前に置かれて、「本当に[とても]〜な」という意味で使われることもある。
He is such a kind person. (彼は、本当にやさしい人だ。)
名詞の前に形容詞がない場合、次のように名詞が表す程度が強いことを表し、「そんなにすごい[ひどい]〜」という意味になる。
I have never seen such a storm. (私はこんな(激しい)あらしは見たことがない。)
また、suchは、〈such A as B〉または〈A(,) such as B〉の形で「(例えば)BのようなA」という意味になり、Aの具体例をBで示す際に用いられる。
In this zoo, you can see such rare animals as the panda an the koala.
= In this zoo, you can see rare animals, such as the panda and the koala.
(この動物園では、パンダやコアラのような、珍しい動物がみられます。)
〈代名詞のsuch〉
suchは「そのようなもの[人]」という意味の代名詞として使われることもある。
They might refuse to give me a pay raise. Such being the case, I will resign.
(彼らは私の給料を上げるの拒むかもしれない。そうなったら、私はやめる。)
この文では、代名詞suchが前の文の内容を受けて、「そのようなこと」という意味を表している。Such being the caseは独立分詞構文で直訳すると「そのようなことが現実になれば」(=If such a thing is the case)となる。
159 数量を表す形容詞
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) Taking too (much) salt is not good for your health.
※ (塩分の取りすぎは健康に良くない。)
「多い」を表す形容詞にはmanyとmuchがある。manyは数が多いことを表し、数えられる名詞(複数形)の前に置く。muchは量が多いことを表し、数えられない名詞の前に置く。なお、manyとmuchはおもに疑問文と否定文で用いられる。manyが主語を修飾するときは、肯定文でも用いられる。too, so, asをともなうと、muchもmanyも肯定文で用いられる。
Do you have many books on history?
(あなたは歴史に関する本をたくさん持っていますか。)
We haven’t had much rain this summer. (この夏は雨があまり降っていない。)
Many students use the school cafeteria. (多くの学生が学食を利用する。)
Ellis used to spend so much time playing video games.
(エリスはテレビゲームにとても多くの時間を費やしていたものだ。)
There were so many people at the party.
(そのパーティーにはたくさんの人がいた。)
また、a lot ofとlots ofは数えられる名詞にも数えられない名詞にも用いることができる。ふつうは肯定文で用いられる。どちらも会話でよく用いられる表現で、lots ofはa lot ofよりもくだけた表現である。
He has a lot of friends in Korea. (彼は韓国にたくさんの友人がいる。)
Kate drank lots of wine at her birthday.
(ケイトは、誕生パーティーでたくさんワインを飲んだ。)
〈参考〉plenty ofも、a lot of / lots ofと同じようにつかうことができる。
〈参考〉a lot of / lots ofの代わりに次の表現が用いられることがある。
・数が多い
a great[large] number of+数えられる名詞(複数形)
・量が多い
a great deal [a large amount] of+数えられない名詞

2) She had (a few) friends in New York City.
※ 「少ない」を表す形容詞にはfewとlittleがある。fewは数が少ないことを表し、数えられる名詞(複数形)の前に置く。littleは量が少ないことを表し、数えられない名詞の前に置く。a few / a littleとaがつくと、「少しはある/少数の」という、肯定的な表現となるが、単独でfew / littleを用いると、「少ししか[ほとんど]ない」という否定的な表現となる。
Few students handed in the homework.
(宿題を提出した生徒はほとんどいなかった。)
Can you add a little pepper to this salad dressing?
(このサラダドレッシングに、少しこしょうを加えてください。)
〈参考〉severalを使うとa fewよりも多い数を表すことができる。
Several boys are playing cards in the classroom.
(数人の男の子が教室でトランプをしている。)
〈fewとlittleを使った注意すべき表現〉
quite a few[little] 「かなり多くの数[量]の」
Dr. Jones has quite a few books on ancient civilizations.
(ジョーンズ博士は、古代文明に関する本をかなりたくさん持っている。)
aを用いずにquite few[little]とすると「非常に少ない数[量]の」という意味になることに注意。
only a few[little] 「ほんのわずかの、ほんの少しだけの」
There’s only a little food left in the refrigerator.
(冷蔵庫にはほんの少ししか食べ物が残っていない。)
not a few[little] 「少なくない数[量]の」
Jim read not a few books for the report.
(ジムはレポートを書くために、少なからぬ数の[けっこうたくさんの]本を読んだ。)
この表現は文章体で、あまり使わない。

3) This town doesn’t have (many) parks.
※ (この町にはあまり多くの公園がない。)
第22章 副詞(解説)
160「様態」「場所」「時」「頻度」「程度」を表す副詞
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) Bob opened (the box carefully).
※ (ボブはその箱を注意深く開けた。)
「様態(動作がどのようであるか)」を表す副詞(fast/well/happily/quietly/carefully/seriously)の文中での位置は、動詞が自動詞の場合はその直後に、また、上記文のように動詞が他動詞の場合は、目的語の直後に置くことが多い。
・They danced happily. (彼らは楽しそうに踊った。)
She took my advice seriously. (彼女は私の助言を本気で聞き入れてくれた。)
〈参考〉副詞を動詞の前に出すこともできる。
She quietly came into the room. (彼女は静かに部屋の中に入ってきた。)
目的語が長い場合は動詞の前に置かれることが多い。
He carefully arranged the pieces of the jigsaw puzzle on the table.
(彼はテーブルの上のジグゾーパズルのピースを慎重に組み合わせた。)
〈注意〉助動詞がある場合の副詞の位置
文に〈助動詞+動詞〉の形があれば、副詞は助動詞の後、つまり助動詞と動詞のあいだに置く。受動態の場合も同様。
You should carefully look at the broken statue.
(君はその壊れた像を注意深く見るべきだ。)
The broken statue was carefully examined by the police.
(その壊れた像は警察によって注意深く調べられた。)

2) She (always) goes to school by bicycle.
※ (彼女はいつも自転車で学校に行く。)
「頻度」を表す副詞(always(いつも), usually(ふつう), often(しばしば), frequently(頻繁に), rarelyseldom, sometimes(ときどき), never(決して〜ない))の文中での位置は、一般動詞の前、be動詞・助動詞の後ろが原則。
・He is usually in his office until six on weekdays.
(彼は平日はたいてい6時まで会社にいます。)
I will never forget what you said. (ぼくは君が言ったことを決して忘れないよ。)
〈参考〉sometimesやusuallyは文頭や文尾に置くこともできる。
「程度」を表す副詞(almost (ほとんど), nearly(ほぼ), barely(かろうじて), completely(完全に/すっかり), hardlyscarcelyなど)は修飾する語句の前に置くのがふつうだが、動詞を修飾する場合は、一般動詞の前、be動詞・助動詞の後ろに置くのが原則。
The result of the experiment was hardly surprising.
(実験の結果は驚くほどのものではなかった。)
I have almost finished my homework. (宿題はもうほとんど終わっています。)
〈注意〉almostの使い方
almostは、形容詞や副詞、動詞を修飾して「ほとんど〜」という程度を表す副詞である。
Almost all the students in our class bring lunch to school.
(私たちのクラスのほとんどすべての生徒は、学校に弁当を持ってくる。)
したがって、次のように名詞を修飾することはできない。
×Almost students in our class bring lunch to school.
mostならmanyの最上級で「大多数の」という意味を表すので、次のように表現できる。
Most students in our class bring lunch to school.
(私たちのクラスのほとんどの生徒は、学校に弁当を持ってくる。)

3) I’m going to live (in Paris next year).
※ (私は来年パリで住むつもりです。)
「場所」を表す副詞と「時」を表す副詞がいっしょに用いられる場合は、〈場所→時〉の順になることが多い。
Rome is my favorite city. We must there last summer.
(ローマは大好きな都市です。私たちは昨年の夏そこで出会いました。)
「時」を表す副詞は文尾に置くことが多い。
The sale started yesterday. (そのセールは昨日始まった。)
We have a math test tomorrow. (明日は数学のテストがあります。)
〈参考〉「時」を表す副詞を文頭に置くこともできる。
Tonight I have to do my homework. (今夜は、宿題をしなければならない。)
before, early, late, immediatelyはふつう文頭には出さない。
You should go to the teachers’ room immediately.
(すぐに職員室に行ったほうがいいよ。)
「時」を表す複数の副詞が用いられる場合は、小さい単位から先に出す。
I have an appointment at three o’clock tomorrow.
(私は明日の3時に面会の約束があります。)

4) My sister is traveling (abroad) now.
※ (私の妹は今海外旅行中です。)
abroad, homeの使い方
「私は外国へ行きたい」を英語にするときに、×I want to go to abroad.としてしまう人が多い。abroad(外国へ)は副詞なので、前置詞を前に置くことはできない。正しい文は、○I want to go abroadである。同じことがhome(家に)にも言える。「帰宅する」はcome[go] homeで、×come[go] to homeとしない。
「場所」を表す副詞は、動詞が自動詞の場合はその直後に、また動詞が他動詞の場合は、目的語の直後に置くのがふつう。「様態」を表す副詞がある場合は、「場所」を表す副詞の前に置かれる。
My sister went upstairs. (私の姉は2階に行きました。)
You can park your car here. (ここに車をとめてもいいですよ。)
You must read quietly in the library.
(図書館では静かに本を読まなくてはいけません。)
〈参考〉この文のin the libraryのような前置詞句は、副詞として働く。
「場所」を表す複数の副詞が用いられる場合は、小さい単位から先に出す。
I want to live in a small house in the mountains.
(私は山の中の小さな家に住みたい。)
161 文を修飾する副詞
副詞が何を修飾しているのか考え、次の文を日本語に直しなさい。
1) She lives happily with her grandchildren.
(彼女は孫たちと一緒に幸せに暮らしています。)
※ 上記文では副詞happilyが動詞のlivesを修飾している。happilyは「様態」を表す副詞で、動詞を修飾する場合、動詞が上記のように自動詞の場合は動詞の直後に置く。
2) Happily, the typhoon didn’t approach Japan.
(幸いなことに、その台風は日本に接近しませんでした。)
※ 上記文では副詞happilyがthe typhoon didn’t approach Japanという文全体を修飾し、この内容について話し手や書き手がどう感じているかを表している。
文全体を修飾する副詞は、上記文のように文頭に置かれたり(この場合上記文のようにコンマを直後につけることが多い)、一般動詞の前や、be動詞・助動詞の後ろに置かれることが多い。
〈参考〉文修飾の副詞は文尾に置くこともできる。この場合は、副詞の前にコンマを
入れることがある。
He was dissatisfied with the result, unfortunately.
(残念ながら、彼はその結果に不満だった。)
文を修飾する副詞には、文の内容の確実性に対する話し手の判断を表すobviously(明らかに), clearly(明らかに), probably(おそらく), possibly(もしかしたら)や話し手の気持ちや意見を表すhappily(幸いにも), fortunately(幸運にも), naturally(当然), unfortunately(不幸にも), luckily(幸運にも)などがある。
〈副詞は句や節を修飾することができる〉
副詞は修飾する句・節の直前に置かれることが
① 句を修飾する
My house is just behind my school. (私の家は学校のちょうど裏にある。)
② 節を修飾する
He wants a computer only because you have one.
(彼は君が持っているという理由だけで、コンピュータをほしがっている。)
〈名詞や代名詞を修飾する副詞〉
名詞や代名詞を修飾する副詞もあるが、次のような一部の副詞に限られる。
① 時や場所を表す副詞が名詞を後ろから修飾する。
In Japan, most teenagers nowadays want to own a smartphone.
(日本の最近の10代の人たちはスマートフォンを持ちたがる。)
② quite, even, onlyが名詞や代名詞の前に置かれる。
He is quite a stranger to me. (彼は私がまったく知らない人です。)
Everyone was late. Only he came here on time.
(みんな遅れてきた。彼だけが時間どおりここに来た。)
162 注意すべき副詞の形と意味
( )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) Mayumi is sometimes (late) for school.
※ (まゆみは時々学校を遅刻する。)
late(遅く)とlately(最近)
・My father came home very late last night.
(父は昨夜、大変遅く家に帰ってきた。)
He has been trying to loose weight lately. (彼は最近、減量にはげんでいる。)

2) I can (hardly) believe the news.
※ (私はその知らせがほとんど信じられない。)
hard(熱心に)とhardly(ほとんど〜ない)
He always works hard. (彼はいつも熱心に働く。)
I hardly know him. (私は彼のことをほとんど知らない。)

3) The boy (nearly) fell into the river.
※ (その少年は川に落ちかけた。)
near(近くに)とnearly(ほぼ)
He came near to me. (彼は私の近くに来た。)
My homework is nearly finished. (宿題はほぼできています。)
most(もっとも)とmostly(たいていは)
This picture interested me most. (私はこの絵にもっとも興味をもちました。)
She mostly goes shopping on Sundays.
(彼女はたいてい日曜日に買い物に行く。)
〈形容詞と副詞〉
副詞には、形容詞に-lyをつけたものが多い。しかし、形容詞の語尾によっては、単に-lyをつけるだけではいけないこともあるので注意。
slow → slowly [基本]
happy → happily [yで終わる語はyをiに変えてlyをつける]
probable → probably [leで終わる語はleをlyにする]
true → truly [ueで終わる語はeをとってlyをつける]
full → fully [llで終わる語はllをllyにする]
語尾が-lyであっても副詞であるとは限らない。次のような形容詞に注意。
friendly(友好的な), lonely(孤独な), lovely(すてきな)など
このような形容詞には、上のfriendlyやlovelyのように名詞に-lyがついたものが多い。
次のように、形容詞と副詞が同じ形の語もある。
The question is hard to answer. (その問題は答えるのが難しい。)[形容詞]
He works hard.(彼は熱心に働く。)[副詞]
形容詞と副詞が同じ形の語には次のようなものがある。
early(形:早い/副:早く)、fast(形:速い/副:速く)、last(形:最後の/副:最後に)、long(形:長い/副:長く)、far(形:遠い/副:遠くに)、well(形:健康な/副:よく)、
pretty(形:きれいな/副:かなり)など
163 very/much/ago/before/already/yet/still/too/either/neither
( )内の語のうち、適切なほうを選びなさい。
1) I met him two weeks (ago).
※ (私は2週間前に彼に会いました。)
agoとbeforeはどちらも「時間の長さ」を表す語句の後ろに置かれ、~ago, ~beforeで「~前」を表す。
agoが現在を基準にして、「(今より)~前」を表すのに対し、beforeは過去のある時点を基準にして、「(その時より)~前」を表す。上記文は現在よりも「2週間前」のことであるのでagoを用いる。次のように過去の時点から見た「2週間前」の場合はbeforeを用いる。
I told her that I had met him two weeks before.
(私は彼女に、2週間前に彼に会ったと言った。)
beforeは次のように単独で用いられると、「今までに、以前に」という意味となり、過去または現在完了の文で用いることができる。
I have heard that song before.(私はあの歌を前に聞いたことがある。)
また、次のように「過去のある時点よりも前」を表す場合もあり、この場合は過去完了が用いられる。
I knew I had met her before, but I couldn’t remember where.
(以前彼女に会ったことがあるのはわかっていたのだが、どこで会ったのか
思い出せなかった。)
〈参考〉agoは単独では用いない。

2) This is a (very) interesting novel.
※ (これはとてもおもしろい小説です。)
very:形容詞や副詞を修飾
very(とても)形容詞を修飾したり次のように副詞を修飾したりする。また、上記文のinterestingやboring, excitingのような、形容詞化した現在分詞を修飾したり、tired, surprised, shocked, confusedのような形容詞化した過去分詞も修飾する。
She speaks very slowly. (彼はとてもゆっくり話す。)
This is a very boring documentary.
(これはとても退屈なドキュメンタリーだ。)
I’m very pleased.(私はとてもうれしい。)
I was very surprised at the news.(私はその知らせにとても驚いた。)
much:動詞や過去分詞を修飾
much(とても)は、動詞を修飾する。mcuhが単独で用いられるのは疑問文と否定文の場合である。肯定文で用いられるときは、very muchの形になる。また、形容詞化しておらず、状態ではなく、動作を表す過去分詞を修飾する。
I don’t eat out much.(私はあまり外食をしません。)
I like the song very much.(私はその歌がとても好きです。)
He is much admired by young writers.
(彼は若い作家からとても尊敬されている。)
〈参考〉過去分詞を修飾するのに、veryやmuch以外の副詞を使うこともできる。
I’m terribly pleased.(私はものすごくうれしい。)
I was absolutely exhausted.(私はへとへとに疲れていた。)
muchは、形容詞と副詞の比較級および形容詞の最上級も修飾する。

3) She didn’t go to the party, and I didn’t, (either).
※ (彼女はそのパーティーに行かなかった。そして私も行かなかった。)
eitherは否定文で、tooは肯定文で用いられ、「…もまた~」という意味を表す。
“I’m from Arizona.” “Really? I am, too.”
(「私はアリゾナの出身です。」「本当?私もそうです。」)
口語ではMe, too.と答えることが多い。
“I can’t eat raw fish.” “I can’t, either.”
(「私は生の魚を食べられません。」「私もだめです。」)
口語ではMe, neither.と答えることが多い。
先に述べられた否定文を受けて、「〈主語〉も(また)そうでない」というときは、次のようneither[nor]を使って、〈neither[nor]+(助)動詞+主語〉という語順にする。
“I don’t feel like eating any more.” “Neither[Nor] do I.”
(「もうこれ以上食べたくありません。」「ぼくもだよ。」)

4) I haven’t received the card (yet).
※ (私はまだそのカードを受け取っていない。)
yet
yetは否定文で用いられ、「まだ(~ない)」という意味を表す。疑問文で用いられると「もう/すでに」という意味になる。
Have you typed that paper yet?
(君はもう、そのレポートをタイプしましたか。)
already
alreadyは「もう/すでに」という意味で肯定文で用いられることが多い。
I have already cleaned my room.(私はすでに自分の部屋のそうじをしました。)
疑問文や否定文で用いると、意外感や驚きを表す文になる
Have you vacuumed the carpet already?
(もうカーペットにそうじ機をかかけてしまったの。)
still
stillは肯定文で用いられ、「まだ」という継続の意味を表す。疑問文でも用いることができる。否定文で用いることもあるが、その場合は否定語の直前に置く。
I’m still feeling sick.(私はまだ気分が悪い。)
Are you still feeling dizzy?(まだめまいがしますか。)
I still can’t find a new apartment.
(私はまだ新しいアパートを見つけることができていない。)
164 so
日本語の意味に合うように、与えられた語句を並べかえなさい。
1) 「ナンシーはパーティーに来るの?」「ええ、たぶん。」
“Is Nancy coming to the party?” “(I guess so).”
※ soは前に出た節の内容を表す
上記文ではsoがguessの後に置かれ、肯定形のthat節と同じ意味を表している。つまり、I guess (that) Nancy is coming to the party.ということである。否定形のthat節の意味を表す場合は、I’m afraid not.のような形になる。
このsoは、think, hope, expect, believe, say, tell, hear, suppose, guess, imagineのような動詞の後に置かれることが多い。
“Do you think it will be sunny tomorrow?” “I hope so.”
(「明日は晴れると思うかい?」「そうだといいね。」)
do soで前に出た動詞句の内容を表す
He told me to wait in a line and I did so.
(彼は私に並んで待つように言ったので、私はそうした。)
上記文では、soがdidの後に置かれ、すでに述べられた動詞表現のくり返しを避けるために用いられている。このdid soはwaited in lineという意味である。

2) 私は昨日学校に遅刻したが、兄もそうだった。
I was late for school yesterday, and (so was my brother).
※ so VS「〈主語〉もそうだ」
上記文のような〈so+(助)動詞+主語〉の形にすると「主語もまたそうだ」という意味になり、それ以前に述べられた内容が主語についても当てはまることを表す。この場合は主語を強く発音する。主語が伝えたい情報だからである。
I often go to the library, and so does my sister.
(私はよく図書館に行きますし、姉もそうです。)
so SV「本当にそうだ」
They say the greatest gift we have is our health, and so it is.
(最高の贈り物は健康であると言われるが、実際そのとおりである。)
上記文のような〈so+主語+(助)動詞〉の形にすると「本当にそうだ」という意味を表す。それ以前に述べられた文の内容を認めるときに用いるので(助)動詞を強く発音する。
“It is getting dark in this room.” “So it is.”
(「部屋の中が暗くなってきましたね。」「そうですね。」)
165 2つの文の論理関係を表す副詞
( )内の語のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) Let’s take a taxi. It’s getting dark. (Besides), it’s starting to rain.
※ (タクシーに乗ろう。暗くなってきた。そのうえ、雨が降りだしている。)
上記文のBesidesは「そのうえ」という意味で前の文の内容をつなぐ働きをする。
2つの文の論理関係を表す副詞には、次のようなものがある。
otherwise(さもないと)
furthermore / moreover(さらに)
besides(そのうえ)
therefore / thus(したがって)
hence(それゆえ)
nevertheless(それにもかかわらず)
nontheless(それでもなお)
・Hurry up; otherwise we won’t get god seats.
(急ごう。さもないとよい席がとれないよ。)
This computer is very good. However, it is too expensive.
(このコンピュータはとてもよい。しかし、値段が高すぎる。)
I haven’t seen that movie. Therefore I can’t talk about it.
(私はその映画を見たことがないので、それについて話すことはできません。)

2) I tried hard to solve the problem. (However), I couldn’t.
※ (私は懸命にその問題を解こうとした。しかしできなかった。)
副詞と前置詞
これらの副詞は、2つの文がどういうつながりになっているかを示すものなので、使い方の点で接続詞とは区別しなければならない。例えば、I slept nine hours last night.(昨夜は9時間寝た。)という英文と、I’m still sleepy.(まだ眠たい。)という英文をつなぐ場合には、次のようにする。
I slept nine hours last night. However, I’m still sleepy.
I slept nine hours last night, but I’m still sleepy.
×I slept nine hours last night, however I’m sleepy.
[howeverは副詞なので、接続詞のように、2つの文を1つにすることはできない。]
第23章 前置詞(解説)
166 at / in / on
(  )内の前置詞から、正しいものを選びなさい。
1) I saw your father standing (at) the bus stop.
※ (私はあなたの父がバス停で立っているのを見ました。)
at
atは〈一点〉を表すのが基本。上記文では「バス停」を〈場所の一点〉と考えるためatが用いられている。
また、次のように〈時の一点〉の場合もatが用いられる。
 The meetings usually begin at ten.(会議はふつうは10時に始まる。)
会議が「始まる」のが、10時という〈時の一点〉なので、atを用いている。「10時から始まる」と日本語で考えて、fromを用いないように注意。
■ atの意味の広がり
● 目標
He aimed his bow and arrow at the target.
(彼は標的に弓矢を向けてねらいをつけた。)
● 所属
Lisa is a student at Prinston.(リサはプリンストン大学の学生です。)
● 従事
James is at work in the computer room.
(ジェームスはコンピュータ室で仕事中です。)
at table(食事中)、at school(在学中で)
● 状態
I feel at ease when I’m with you.(私はあなといるとくつろぐ。)
at a loss(途方にくれて)
● 価格・速度
I bought this coat at a discount.(私はこのコートを割引価格で買った。)
I was driving at forty miles per hour.
(私は時速40マイルで車を走らせていた。)
● 関連点
Susie is good at swimming.(スージーは水泳が得意だ。)
● 極限
The garden is at its best in June.(その庭は6月が最高だ。)
at (the) least(少なくとも)、at (the) worst(悪くとも)
● 感情の原因
We were surprised at his bad manners.(私たちは彼の無作法さに驚いた。)
in
場所に関するinは、立体の中を表すのが基本。
 I happened to see Cindy in the theater.
(劇場の中でたまたまシンディーに会った。)
時に関するinはある期間の中を表す。「~という期間の中のある時に→~に」
 I first visited Germany in 1991.(私は1991年に初めてドイツを訪れた。)
■ inの意味の広がり
● 運動の目標
I threw the letter in the fire.(私は炎の中に手紙を投げ込んだ。)
● 着用
I dressed in my best clothes to go to the opera.
(私はオペラに行くのに、一番よい服を着た。)
● 状況・環境
Don’t go out in the rain.(雨の中を出ていくのはやめなさい。)
● 状態
I’m in love with her.(私は彼女に恋をしている。)
● 従事
He is in publishing.(彼は出版関係の仕事をしている。)
● 関心の範囲
I am interested in Chinese history now.(私は今、中国史に関心がある。)
● 手段・方法
Please sign your name here in ink.(ここにインクでご署名ください。)
speak in English(英語で話す)
● 形態
The students stood in a line.(生徒達は一列になって立っていた。)
● 時の経過
I think he’ll be a millionaire in a year.
(1年後には、彼は大金持ちになっていると思う。)
〈時間の長さ〉に関する表現がinの後に置かれると、in~は「(現在を始点にして)~後に」の意味で使われる。この意味ではafterは使えない。
on
場所に関するonは線や平面との接触を表す。「~の上の」と訳せることも多いが、onは場所の上下のではなく、接触を表すことに注意。
・Pick up those toys on the table.
(テーブルの上のおもちゃを取って来なさい。)
・There is a fly on the ceiling.(天井にハエがいる。)
時に関するonは特定の日を表す。特定の日にちや曜日、特定の日を表す場合に用いる。
How about having dinner on Christmas Eve?
■ onの意味の広がり
● 接近
He owns a bookstore on Oxford Street.
(彼はオクスフォード通りに書店を所有している。)
a house on the river(川沿いの家)
● 動作の対象
He is concentrating on this experiment.(彼は実験に集中している。)
wait on~(~に仕える)
● 主題
He wrote an essay on modern pop music.
(彼は現代のポップミュージックについての評論を書いた。)
speak on~(~について講演する)
〈注意〉主題を表すonとabout
学問的で、専門家向けの主題を表すときはonを用い、一般的な内容に関するときはaboutを用いるのがふつう。
a book on ancient Roman art(古代ローマ美術に関する本)
a book for children about animals(子ども向けの動物に関する本)
aboutは「~について」という話題を表すときによく用いられる。
What are you talking about?(何について話しているの?)
● 依存
Don’t depend on others.(他人に頼るな。)
rely on~(~に頼る)、count on~(~をあてにする)
● 手段・方法
I usually go to school on foot.(私はふだんは歩いて学校に行く。)
speak on the phone(電話で話す)、watch a drama on television(テレビでドラマを見る)
● 状態・進行
The house is on fire.(その家が火事だ!)
on duty(仕事中で)、on sale(販売中)
● 同時
On getting home, I phoned Mik.(家に着くとすぐに、私はマイクに電話した。)

2) I usually get up (at) ten (on) Sundays.
※ (私は日曜日はふつう10時に起きます。)
時を表すon / at / inの使い分け
上記文のようにonは時刻よりは時間の幅の広い、日付や曜日を表すときに使うのが基本。
atは〈時の一点〉、つまり時刻を表すときに使うのが基本。
We left the hotel at 10 a.m.(私たちは午前10時にホテルを後にした。)
inは日付や曜日よりも時間の幅がさらに広い、月・季節・年・世紀などに使う。
Sally graduated from college in 1995.(サリーは1995年に大学を卒業した。)
〈morning / afternoon / eveningと前置詞〉
Jim often goes to the pub in the evening.
(ジムは夕方、そのパブに行くことがよくある。)
一日の中の部分(= morning / afternoon / evening)にはinを使う。nightの場合は、at nightとする。
ただし、ある特定の日の場合は、morning / afternoon / eveningだけでなく、nightの場合もonを使う。
My sister was born on the night of July 7.
(私の姉は7月7日の夜に生まれた。)
167 from / to / for
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適切な前置詞を入れなさい。
1) 私たちはパリからロンドンまで飛行機で飛んだ。
We took the plane (from) Paris (to) London.
※ fromは動作や運動なのど〈出発点・起点〉を表すのが基本。from A to B(AからBへ)のように、到着点を示す語句とともに用いられることも多い。
I’ll be on vacation from July 24.(私は7月24日から休暇をとります。)
■ fromの意味の広がり
● 出身・起源
Steve is from Australia.(スティーブはオーストラリアの出身だ。)
● 分離
We must protect children from violence.
(私たちは子どもたちを暴力から守らなければならない。)
keep away from~(~に近づかない)、prevent O from ~ing(Oが~するのを妨げる)、prohibit O from~ing(Oが~するのを禁止する)
● 原因・根拠
He is suffering from a stomachache.(彼は腹痛に苦しんでいる。)
die from~(~が原因で死ぬ)、result from~(~から結果として生じる)
● 区別
Your viewpoint is totally difficult from mine.
(あなたの根拠は、私の根拠とまったく異なる。)
distinguish A from B / tell[know] A from B(AとBを区別する)
● 原料
Butter is made from milk.(バターは牛乳から作られている。)
材料に変化がある場合はfrom、変化ない場合はofを使う。
to
toは「~に向かって」という〈方向〉を表すが、方向だけでなく〈到達点〉を含んでいる。また、結合・付着も表し「何かにくっつく」というイメージがある。
Let’s go to the park and feed the ducks.
(公園に行ってアヒルにえさをやろう。)
Attach your name tag to your bags, please.
(かばんに名札をつけてくださいね。)
■ toの意味の広がり
● 行為の相手
He suddenly spoke to me.(彼は突然私に話しかけた。)
● 範囲・限界
I got wet to the skin.(びしょぬれになった。)
to some extent(ある程度まで)
● 結果
Eat to your heart’s content.(心ゆくまでたべなさい。)
〈参考〉to one’s joy[sorrow / disappointment / surprise / relief]で、「~が喜んだ
[悲しんだ/がっかりした/驚いた/ほっとした]ことに」という意味になる。
 To my surprise, Sam was awarded the first prize.
(驚いたことに、サムは1等賞を与えられた。)
● 一致
I hope this gift is to your liking.
(この贈り物が君の好みに合っているといいのだが。)
● 比較
I think this novel is superior to that one.
(あれよりもこの小説のほうが優れていると思う。)
prefer A to B(BよりもAが好きだ)

2) 私はジュリアのためにダイヤモンドの指輪を買った。
I bought a diamond ring (for) Julia.
※ forは上記文のように利益・目的・追求の意味を表す。
They held a farewell party for me.
(彼らは私のために送別会を開いてくれた。)
The politicians are campaigning for the coming election.
(政治家たちは次の選挙のために選挙活動をしている。)
for
forは、場所を表す名詞が続くと、「~に向かって」という〈目標へ向かう方向〉を
表す。時を表す名詞が続くと、「~のあいだ(ずっと)」という〈期間〉を表す。for
ages(長いあいだ)もこの用法。
■ forの意味の広がり
● 対象
I’m looking for Martin.(マーティンを探しています。)
I recommend this racket for a beginner.
(初心者にはこのラケットをすすめます。)
care for~(~の世話をする)
● 交換・代用・代価
I took Steve for his brother.(スティーブを彼のお兄さんと間違えちゃった。)
I paid 10,000 yen for these sneakers.
(ぼくはこのスニーカーに1万円払った。)
stand for~(~を表す)、exchange A for B(AとBを交換する)、for nothing(無料で)
● 原因・理由
Joe was fined for speeding.(ジョーはスピード違反で罰金をとられた。)
for this reason(この理由で)、be famous for~(~で有名だ)
● 支持・賛成
Are you for his proposal?(彼の提案に賛成ですか。)
「反対」はagainstで表す。(Are you against his proposal?)

3) 冬休みのあいだにこの本を読んでみたら?
Why don’t you read this book (during) winter vacation?
※ 期間を表すfor / during / in の使い分け
duringは上記文の「冬休みのあいだ」のように、どういう期間なのかを表すときに使われる。forはあることがどのくらいの期間続いたかとう「長さ」を表す。
I slept for ten minutes during the meeting.
(会議中に10分間寝てしまった。)
in は何かをするのにかかる時間を表すときに使われる。
He learned how to use a computer in three weeks.
(彼はコンピュータの使い方を3週間で覚えた。)
Can you finish this job in a day?
(この仕事を1日でできますか。)
168 of / by / until / with
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適切な前置詞を入れなさい。
1) 彼は18歳で両親から独立した。
He became independent (of) his parents at the age of eighteen.
※ ofは〈分離〉を表し、上記文のように、heとhis parentsを引き離すような意味で使われる。be independent of ~(~独立している)、rob A of B(AからBを奪う)、derive A of B(AからBを奪う)。
■ ofの意味の広がり
● 部分
Three of my classmates got full marks in math.
(級友のうち3人が、数学で満点をとった。)
● 原因・理由
Mr. Jones died of cancer.(ジョーンズ氏がガンで亡くなった。)
● 材料
This pendant is made of crystal.(このペンダントは水晶でできている。)
〈ofとfromの使い分け〉
原因と材料/原料に関して、ofとfromの使い分けには次ような原則がある。
原因:直接の原因はof、間接的な原因はfromを用いる。
Mr. Jones died of cancer.(ジョーンズ氏はガンで亡くなった。)
In some countries many people die from poverty.
(多くの人が貧困のために亡くなる国もある。)
材料/原料:材料/原料に変化がなければofを、加工されて変化していればfromを用いる。
This jacket is made of leather.(このジャケットは革製だ。)
This burger is made from soybeans.(このバーガーは大豆でできています。)
ただし、これらの使い分けはあくまでも原則にすぎず、実際には区別せずに使うことが多い。
● 関連
I like to read stories of adventure.
(私は冒険(についての)小説を読むのが好きだ。)
remind A of B(AにBを思い出させる)もこの用法。
● 特徴・性質
Mr. Hamilton is a man of ability.(ハミルトン氏は有能な人だ。)
● 同格
The three of us went there.(私たち3人がそこに行った。)

2) 突然、知らない人から話しかけられた。
Suddenly, I was spoken to (by) a stranger.
※ byは上記文のように動作主を表すときに用いられることが多い。また、「~のそば/~の隣」という〈近接〉の意味を表すのが基本。
That man standing by Janet is Scott.
(ジェーンの隣に立っているあの男がスコットだ。)
That strange building was designed by my uncle.
(あの風変りな建物は、私のおじの設計です。)
■ byの意味の広がり
● 手段・方法
I reserved a hotel room by e-mail.(メールでホテルの部屋を予約した。)
by train(電車で)、by car(車で)もこの用法。
● 時間の期限
I’ll be back by 3:30.(3時半までには戻ります。)
● 差異
I missed the train by two minutes.(私は2分の差で、その列車に乗り遅れた。)
● 単位
Eggs are sold by the dozen.(卵はダース単位で売られる。)
● 経由
He came in by the back door.(彼は裏口から入ってきた。)
● 判断基準
You shouldn’t judge a person by his or her appearance.
(外見で人を判断すべきではない。)

3) 父は8時には家に帰っているでしょう。
My father will come home (until) eight o’clock.
※ byとuntilの使い分け
byは〈期限〉を表し、その時までに動作が完了することを表す。
You must finish this job by noon.
(君はこの仕事を正午までに終えなければならない。)
until[till]は〈継続〉を表し、その時まで動作が続くことを表す。
I waited for his call until[till] midnight.
(私は夜中の12時まで彼からの電話を待った。)

4) トムはナイフでそのロープを切った。
Tom cut the rope (with) a knife.
※ withは上記文のように道具・材料の意味を表す場合がある。
Vicky ate her ramen with a fork.(ビッキーはラーメンをフォークで食べた。)
He filled the bottle with spring water.
(彼はボトルにわき水をいっぱい入れた。)
〈注意〉交通や通信の手段を表す場合にはbyが用いられる。
I want to send this letter by airmail.
(この手紙を航空便で送りたい。)
withは「~と一緒に」という〈同伴〉を表すのが基本。また、何かとの関係や関連を表すときにも用いられる。
Come with me, please.(一緒に来てください。)
Something is wrong with this computer.
(このコンピュータはどこかおかしい。)
I have nothing to do with the robber.(私はその強盗とは何の関係もない。)
■withの意味の広がり
● 対象
I agree with you.(私はあなたと同意見です。)
argue with~(~と口論する)も同じ用法。
● 原因
She is busy with her homework.(彼女は宿題で忙しい。)
● 所有・携帯
I’m looking for an apartment with a garage.
(私は車庫つきのアパートを探している。)
I have no money with me.(私はお金の持ち合わせがありません。)
● 様態
She solved the problem with ease.(彼女は簡単にその問題を解いた。)
● 付帯状況
He entered the dark house with his legs shaking with fear.

(彼は恐怖で足をふるわせながら暗い家に入った。)[with fearのwithは「様態」を表す。]
169 about / after / before / along / across / through / around / in front of / behind / opposite / into / out of / onto / over / under / above / below / between / among
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適切な前置詞を入れなさい。
1) この川は森を抜けて、海へ注いでいます。
This river runs (through) the forest and flows into the sea.
※ through
throughの基本的なイメージは「中を通り抜ける」
I can see him through the windows.(窓越しに彼の姿が見える。)
throughが時について使われると、「~のあいだじゅう/~のはじめから終わりまで」
の意味になる。
He lived in Texas all through the 1950s.
(彼は1950年代をずっとテキサスで暮らした。)
along
alongの基本的なイメージは「線に沿って進む」。
We walked along the river.(私たちは川沿いに歩いた。)
across
acrossの基本的なイメージは「平面を横切って」。
The man tried to swim across the channel.
(その男は海峡を泳いで渡ろうとした。)
acrossには、「~の向こう側に」という意味もある。
My house is just across the street.(私の家は通りのちょうど向こう側です。)

2) その家の裏には、きれいな庭があった。
There was a beautiful garden (behind) the house.
※ behind
behindは「~の後ろに[裏に]」を表す。behindが時について使われると「〈定刻
など〉に遅れて」という意味になる。
The concert started 30 minutes behind schedule.
(コンサートは予定より30分遅れて始まった。)
in front of
in front of は「~の前に[正面に]」を表す。
Don’t park your car in front of this building.
(このビルの前に車をとめないでください。)
opposite
oppositeは「(通りなどをへだてて)~の向かいに」の意味。この意味ではacross (the street[road]) fromとすることも多い。
The bank is opposite that building.(銀行はあのビルの向かいにあります。)
= The bank is across the street[road] from that building.
into / out of / onto
intoは「~の中へ」、out of は「~の中から外へ」、ontoは「~の上へ」が基本的な意味。なお、intoには「~に(なって)」という〈変化〉を表す用法もある。
Please go into the living room.(どうぞリビングルームにお入りください。)
Would you translate this sentence into English?
(この文を英語に訳していただけませんか。)
Come out of the kitchen now!(すぐに台所から出てきなさい!)
The cat jumped onto the TV set.(そのネコはテレビの上に飛び乗った。)

3) マイクの点数は平均より下だった。
Mike’s score was (below) average.
※ below / above
上記文のようにbelowとaboveはある基準よりも上か下かを表すときに用いられ
る。
The temperature remained below zero.(気温は零度以下のままだった。)
Your score is above average.(君の点数は平均より上だよ。)
belowは「~よりも低いところに/~よりも下に」のような意味で、aboveは「~よ
りも高いところに/~よりも上に」のような意味で使われる。
The sun sank below the horizon.(太陽は地平線の下に沈んだ。)
The people above us are very noisy.
(私たちの上の階の人たちはとても騒がしい。)
over / under
overとunderは垂直的な位置関係を表す。
overは〈上〉を表し、「~の上に/~の上の方に」のような意味で使われる。〈真上〉
を含み、「上の方で覆っている」というイメージがある。
The rain clouds were over our heads.(雨雲が私たちの頭上にあった。)
〈移動を表す動詞とともに使われるover「~を超えて向こう側に」〉
The dog jumped over the fence.(その犬は塀を飛び越えた。)
〈接触を表すover「~の上を(部分的、または全体に)覆って」〉
He spread a plastic sheet over the table.
(彼はビニールシートをテーブルの上に広げた。)
〈注意〉overの注意すべき用法
① 「(数量などが)~を超えて」
He is well over 50 years old.(彼はゆうに50歳を超えている。)
② (話す・眠るなどの意味の動詞とともに)「~しながら/~に従事して」
We talked over a cup of coffee.
(私たちはコーヒーを飲みながら話をした。)
underは〈下〉を表し、「~の下に/~の下の方に」のような意味で使われる。overとは逆に〈真下〉を含み、「下の方に空間などが広がっている」というイメージがある。
I found my key under the desk.(私はカギを机の下で見つけた。)
〈注意〉underの注意すべき用法
① 「~のもとで」
The team won the game under the new coach.
(チームは新しいコーチのもとでその試合に勝った。)
② 「〈動作・行為〉中で/~されていて」
This bridge is under construction.(この橋は建設中です。)
③ 「~(の状況)で」
I don’t want to work here under such conditions.
(そのような条件では、ここで働きたくない。)

4) 子どもたちがウサギのまわりに集まった。
The children gathered (around) the rabbit.
※ aroundの基本的なイメージは「~のまわりに(ぐるりと)」。「~のあちこちに」という意味もある。
We walked around the small town.
(私たちはその小さな町のあちこちを歩き回った。)
5) 私は松林の中に小さな小屋を見つけた。
I found a small cabin (among) the pine trees.
※ between / among
betweenは、あるものとあるもののあいだに位置していることを表し、amongはあ
る集団に囲まれていたり、含まれていたりするときに用いる。
Peter sat between Allison and Jane.
(ピーターはアリソンとジェーンのあいだに座った。)
He disappointed among the people in the crowd.
(彼は群衆の中に消えた。)
〈注意〉amongの注意すべき用法
〈among+最上級+名詞の複数形〉は、「もっとも~な…の1つ」という意味。
He is among the most popular comedians in Britain.
= He is one of the most popular comedians in Britain.
(彼はイギリスでもっとも人気のあるコメディアンの1人です。)
170 群前置詞
日本語の意味に合うように、(  )に適語を入れなさい。
1) 病気のため、彼は旅行をキャンセルしなければならなかった。
He had to cancel the trip (because) (of) ill health.
※ because of = owing to = due to (~のせい[理由]で)
2) 家にいないで、外に出よう。
Let’s go out (instead) (of) staying home.
※ instead of (~の代わりに/~しないで)

群前置詞
① 2語からなる群前置詞
according to(~によれば), apart from(~から離れて/~を別にすれば), as for(~について言えば), as to(~については), because of(~が原因で), but for(~がなければ), due to(~のために), instead of(~のかわりに) , owing to(~のために), thanks to(~のおかげで), up to(~まで), with all(~にもかかわらず) など
② 3語以上からなる群前置詞
as far as(~まで), at the risk of(~の危険を冒して), by means of(~によって), by way of(~経由で), for fear of(~を恐れて/~しないように), for the sake of(~のために), in addition to(~に加えて), in case of(~の場合には), in front of(~の前に), in spite of(~にもかかわらず), on account of(~のために), on behalf of(~に代わって)), with regard to(~に関して)など
第24章 接続詞(解説)
171 等位接続詞の用法(and, but, or, nor, so, for)
日本語に合うように、(  )内のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) 彼は野球選手であるだけではなく、フットボールの選手でもある。
He is not only a baseball player (but) also a football player.
※ not only A but (also) B
not only A but (also) Bは「AだけでなくBも」という意味で、Bのほうに重点が置かれる。as well asを使ってほぼ同じ意味を表すことができるが、B as well as Aという語順になって、前のBのほうに重点が置かれる。(not A but Bは「AではなくB」の意味)
= He is a football player as well as a baseball player.
〈参考〉not only A but (also) Bで、not onlyが文頭に出て倒置が起こることがある。
Not only a baseball player but (also) a football player is he.
〈参考〉not A but B / not only A but (also) Bの表現では、butで結ばれるとAとB
に、節や句が入ることもある。
・The question is not how he did it, but why he did it.
(問題は、彼がどうやってそれをしたのかではなく、なぜそれをしたのかだ。)
I was fascinated not only by his smile but also by his voice.
(私は彼のほほえみだけでなく、声にも魅了された。)
〈参考〉as well as の後に動詞を続ける場合は、ing形にすることがある。
He not only plays the guitar, but also sings.
He sings as well as plays the guitar.
He sings as well as playing the guitar.
(彼はギターを弾くだけではなく、歌も歌う。)
not A but B
not A but Bは「AではなくB」という意味。
He has not one but two computers.
(彼は1台ではなく2台のコンピュータを所有している。)
and「…と〜」
andの基本は複数のものをつなぐことである。節と節、語と語、句と句を結ぶことができる。
Gary arrived and we started the game.
(ゲーリーが到着して、私たちはゲームを始めた。)
I bought a cheeseburger and French fries.
(私はチーズバーガーとフライドポテトを買った。)
〈参考〉3つ以上の語句をつなぐ場合は、最後の語句の前だけ
andをつければよい。例えば3つの語句をつなぐ場合はA,B(,) and Cとする。and の前のコンマは省略してもよい。
He speaks English, German(,) and Chinese.
(彼は英語とドイツ語と中国語を話す。)
〈come and seeの表現〉
〈動詞+and+動詞〉の形で、〈動詞+to不定詞〉の意味を表すことがある。
Come and see me tomorrow evening. (明日の夕方、会いに来てください。)
come and seeはcome to seeとほぼ同じ意味で使われている。この文のように命令文で使われるのがふつう。同様の表現にgo and see (〜を見に行く)やtry and see (〜を見ようと試みる)などがある。
but「…だが〜」
butは、butの前と後が内容的に対立することを表すときに用いられる。
I thought the story was true, but it wasn’t.
(その話は真実だと思っていたが、そうではなかった。)
〈It is true … but〜 / may … but〜 / indeed … but〜〉
これらはいずれも「確かに…だが、〜だ」という〈譲歩〉を表す表現である。この場合は、but 以下に意味の重点が置かれている。
It’s true that used cars are cheap, but they’re not always reliable.
(確かに中古車は安いが、安心して使えるとは限らない。)
Pet cats may be cute, but they’re difficult to look after.
(ペットのネコはかわいいかもしれないが、世話をするのが大変だ。)
〈譲歩〉とは、自分の主張にとって都合の悪い事実を認めたうえで、それでもなお自分の主張は変わらないということを述べる表現方法のことである。
or「…か〜」
orは選択の対象を並べる場合に用いる。
I want to go to Hong Kong or Singapore this summer.
(私はこの夏、香港かシンガポールに行きたい。)
Shall we go shopping or stay at home?
(買い物に行きましょうか。それとも家にいますか。)
〈参考〉3つ以上の語句をつなぐ場合は、最後の語句の前にだけorをつければよい。
例えばA, B(,) or Cとする。Orの前のコンマは省略してもよい。
Will you have tea, coffee(,) or orange juice?
(お茶、コーヒー、オレンジジュースはいかがですか?)
〈否定文で使われるor〉
否定文でorが使われると、「どちらも…ない」という意味になる。この場合、andは使わないことに注意。
The road was not very wide or easy to find.
(その道はそれほど広くもなく、見つけやすくもなかった。)
〈参考〉ある語句をその直後で言い換えるときに、orを用いて「すなわち、言い換えれば」の意味を表すことができる。orの前にはふつうコンマを置く。
I’m majoring in psychology, or the science of the mind.
(私は心理学、すなわち心の科学を専攻しています。)

2) 寒くなってきた。それで私たちは家に帰った。
It was getting colder, (so) we went home.
※ soは〈結果〉を後に続け(出来事→結果)、forは〈理由や根拠〉を後に続ける(結果←理由)。この2つの接続詞には、節と節を結ぶ用法しかない。また、直前にコンマを置くのがふつう。
You broke up the speed limit, so you’ll have to pay a fine.
(スピード違反をしたので、罰金を払わなければならないでしょう。)
I got up at five, for I wanted to watch the sunrise.
(私は5時に起きた。というのも、日の出を見たかったからだ。)
〈参考〉forはややかたい表現で、口語で用いることはあまりない。

3) パーティーにいったほうがいいよ。そうしないと彼女に会う機会を逃してしまう。
You should go to the party, (or) you will miss the chance to see her.
※ 命令文+or
命令文や上記文のようにshould, must, had betterを使った文の後にorがつかわれると、「そうしないと…」という意味を表す。
Drive more slowly, or you’ll have an accident.
(もっとゆっくり運転しなさい。そうしないと事故を起こしますよ。)
You had better take a taxi, or you’ll miss your train.
(タクシーにのりなさい。そうしないと電車に乗り遅れるよ。)
命令文+and
命令文の後でandが使われると、andは「そうすれば…」という意味を表す。
Get up early tomorrow, and you’ll have time to eat breakfast.
(明日の朝早く起きなさい。そうすれば朝ごはんを食べる時間があるよ。)

4) 私の兄も私も早起きだ。
Bothe my brother (and) I are early risers.
※ both A and B
both A and Bは「AとBの両方とも」という意味で、「どちらも」を強調する表現。
Steve can both speak and write Japanese.
(スティーブは日本語を話すことも書くこともできる。)
either A or B / neither A nor B
either A or Bは「AかBのどちらか」の意味で、「どちらか(一方)」を強調する表現。
Neither A nor Bは「AでもBでもない/AもBも…ない」という意味で、両者を否定するときに用いる。
I think she is either a president or a director.
(彼女は社長か重役のどちらかだと思います。)
The boy neither admits nor denies that he told a lie.
(その少年はうそをついたことを認めてもいないし、否定もしていない。)

5) 私は有名でないし、なりたいとも思わない。
I’m not famous, (nor) do I wish to be.
※ nor
上記文のような〈節, nor+節〉という形では、〈nor+節〉の部分は「そしてまた…しない」の意味になる。norに続く文では、上記文のdo I wish to beのように倒置が起こる。
I don’t want to see a snake, nor do I want to touch one.
(私はヘビを見たくないし、触りたくもない。)
また、次のようnot, never, noなどの後で使われるA nor B(A,Bは語句)は、「AもBも…しない[…でない]」という意味になる。なお、このnorの代わりにorが使われることもある。Orよりも否定を明確にしたいときにはnorを使う。
What I need is not fame, nor money.
(私が必要としているのは名声でもなければ、お金でもありません。)
〈参考〉3つ以上の語句をつなぐ場合は、2つ目以降のそれぞれの語句の前にnorをつけ
る。3つの語句をつなぐ場合なら、A nor B nor Cとする。
This work cannot be done by you nor by me nor by anyone else.
(この仕事は、あなたにも私にもまたほかのだれにもできない。)
主語と述語動詞の一致
主語の数に合わせて述語動詞の形を決めるときは、以下の点に注意。
① 主語が〈A and B〉のように接続詞andでつながれている場合→複数扱い
Tom and Jerry are good friends. (トムとジェリーは親友だ。)
To say and to do are different things. (言うことと行うこととは別物だ。)
ただし、同一の人物や、まとまった1つのものを指す場合→単数扱い
The actor and singer is very popular among young people.
(俳優でもあり歌手でもあるその人は若者にとても人気がある。)
② 主語が〈either A or B〉や〈neither A nor B〉でつながれている場合→動詞はor / norの次の語Bに一致させるのが原則。
Either you or your brother has to apologize to him.
(あなたかあなたの兄のどちらかが、彼に謝らなければならない。)
Neither you nor he is right. (あなたも彼もどちらもただしくない。)
③ 主語が〈not only A but (also) B〉でつながれている場合→動詞はbutの次の語Bに一致させるのが原則。
Not only you but also I was wrong. (あなただけでなく私も間違っていた。)
④ 主語が〈B as well as A〉でつながれている場合→Bに一致させるのが原則。
I as well as you was wrong. (あなただけでなく私も間違っていた。)
172 名詞節を導く従属接続詞の用法
1) 困ったことに、ジムは飛行機での旅行が好きではないんだ。
The problem is (that) Jim doesn’t like traveling by air.
※ that節の補語の働き
上記文ではthat節は文全体の補語の働きをしている。
The problem is that … (問題は…ということだ)のほかにも、次のような表現でよく用いられる。なお、このthatは省略されることがある。
The fact is that … (事実は…ということだ)
The trouble is that … (問題は…ということだ)
The truth is that … (真実は…ということだ)
The reason is that … (理由は…ということだ)
that節の主語の働き
It is true that Bill passed the entrance exam.
(ビルが入試に合格したのは本当です。)
上の文ではthat節が文全体の主語の働きをしている。That Bill passed the entrance exam is true.だと主語が長くなるので、形式主語のitを用いる。
that節の目的語の働き
I can’t believe (that) he is an artist. (彼が芸術家だなんて、信じられません。)
上の文ではthat節が動詞believeの目的語になっている。that節が動詞の目的語になっている場合、thatは省略されることが多い。ただし、形式目的語のitを使った文ではthatを省略することはできない。
He made it clear that we had to hand in our essays by the end of the month.
(彼は、私たちが月末までに作文を提出しなければならないということをはっきりさせた。)
形容詞に続く節を導くthat
I’m sure (that) he will succeed in business. (彼はきっと事業に成功するだろう。)
that節はsure(確信して), glad(喜んで), sorry(気の毒に思って)などの〈感情/心理〉を表す形容詞の後でよく用いられる。なお、この場合のthatは省略されることが多い。
〈感情/心理〉を表す分詞形容詞の後でもthat節は用いられる。
He was disappointed (that) you didn’t call him.
(君が彼に電話しなかったことで、彼はがっかりしていたよ。)

2) 彼が明日映画を見に行くかどうか知っていますか。
Do you know (whether[if]) he is going to see a movie tomorrow?
※ whetherとifは「…かどうか」という意味を表す名詞節を作り出す。ただし、whether節は、主語、補語、目的語として働くが、if節は原則的には上記文のように動詞の目的語としてしか用いられない。なお、ifはwhetherよりも口語でよく用いられる。
3) 私は娘が入試に合格したという知らせを受け取った。
I received the news (that) my daughter had passed the entrance exam.
※ that節の注意すべき用法
●同格を表すthat節
thatには〈同格〉の関係を表す用法がある。上記文のように〈名詞+that節〉という形で、直前の名詞の具体的な内容をthat節が表す。
We heard the news that she won the gold medal in Judo.
(彼女が柔道で金メダルをとったというニュースを聞いた。)
●前置詞の目的語として働くthat節
that節が前置詞の目的語になるのは、in that(…という点で/…であるから)という表現。
I’m lucky in that I have three brothers.
(私は3人も兄弟がいるという点で幸運である。)

4) ゲーリーがその申し出を受けるかどうかは定かではない。
It is uncertain (whether) Gary will take the offer.
※ whetherとifは「…かどうか」という意味を表す名詞節を作り出す。ただし、whether節は、主語、補語、目的語として働くが、if節は原則的には上記文のように動詞の目的語としてしか用いられない。上記文では、主語(この文では形式主語のitが用いられている)として働いているのでifは原則的に使用しない。
173 副詞節を導く従属接続詞の用法
(  )内の語句のうち、正しいほうを選びなさい。
1) My mother was very delighted (when) I gave her a present.
※ (私の母は私がプレゼントをあげた時、とても喜んだ。)
when
whenは上記文のように「…する[…である]時に」という意味を表すときに用いられる。
I used to go swimming in the river when I was a child.
(子どものころ、その川へよく泳ぎに行きました。)
I was taking a bath when you called me.
(あなたが電話してきた時、私はおふろに入っていたんです。)
while
whileは「…する[…である]あいだに」という意味を表すときに用いられる。ある状態や動作が継続している期間を表すので、whileに続く節では、動詞が動作動詞の場合、進行形を用いることが多い。
I found a wallet while I was jogging in the park.
(公園をジョギングしているあいだに、サイフを見つけた。)
〈対比を表すwhile〉
whileは「…だが一方~」という意味で〈対比〉を表すことがある。
While I like the color of the shirt, I don’t like its shape.
(そのシャツの色は好きだけど、形が気に入らない。)
before / after
beforeは「…する前に」、afterは「…した後に」という意味を表すときに用いる。
You need to get a visa before you enter that country.
(その国に入る前にビザを取ることが必要だ。)
I learned German after I moved [had moved] to Berlin.
(私はベルリンに引っ越してからドイツ語を習得した。)
主節が過去形の場合でも、afterの後で過去完了形を使う必要はない。
〈注意〉before の後に否定文を続けない
before it gets dark(暗くなる前に)とすべきところを、「暗くならないうちに」と考えて、×before it doesn’t get darkとしないこと。

2) I’ll wait here (until) school is over.
※ (学校が終わるまで私はここで待ちます。)
until / since / by the time
until[till]は「…するまで」という意味で、主節の状態や継続している動作が終了する時点を示す。sinceは「…して以来」という意味で、主節の動作・状態が始まる時点を示す。by the timeは「…する時までに」という意味で、その時までに何かが完了することを表す場合に用いる。
Wait here until[till] I get home.(私が戻るまで、ここで待っていなさい。)
I’ve lived here since I was five years old.
(私は5歳の時からここに住んでいます。)
The ship had sunk by the time the rescue helicopter arrived.
(救助のヘリコプターが到着するまでに、その船は沈没していた。)
as soon as / once
as soon asは「…するとすぐに」という意味を表す。なお、ほぼ同じ意味をthe moment[instant]やno sooner … than~でも表すことができる。onceは「いったん…すると」という意味の接続詞で、段階が進むとどうなるかを表すときに用いる。
My dog started to bark as soon as he heard my voice.
(私の犬は私の声を聞くとすぐにほえ始めた。)
The moment[instant] he stood up, he felt dizzy.
(彼は立ち上がった瞬間に、めまいを感じた。)
Once you get a car, you can go anywhere you want.
(いったん車を手に入れたら、どこにでも行きたい所に行けますよ。)
〈参考〉hardly[scarcely] … when[before]~で「…するとすぐに~/…するかしないか
のうちに~」の意味を表す
We had hardly[scarcely] found our seats when[before] the concert began.
(私たちが席を見つけるか見つけないかのうちに、コンサートは始まった。)

3) I will fix the roof (in case) we have heavy rain.
※ (雨が激しく降る場合に備えて屋根を直そう。)
in case
in caseは上記文では「…するといけないから/…する場合に備えて」という意味で使われている。この場合、in caseを導く節はふつう主節の後に置かれる。
I’ll take an umbrella in case it rains.
(雨が降るといけないからかさを持っていこう。)
また、次のように、「…の場合は」という意味も表す。これはおもにアメリカ英語の表現である。
In case I’m late, start without me.(私が遅れたら私ぬきで始めてください。)
〈注意〉in caseの使い方
in caseの後にthatを続けて×in case that … とすることはできない。また、in caseの後では未来のことを表すwillは使わない。
〈参考〉in caseが導く節でshouldを用いることがある。
I’ll buy a flashlight in case there should be a power cut.
(停電の場合に備えて懐中電灯を買おう。)
for fear that … / lest … should~
We hid in the basement for fear that the hurricane would destroy the house.
(ハリケーンで家が壊れるといけないから、私たちは地下に隠れた。)
for fear that … は「…するといけないから/…することをおそれて」という意味を表す。未来に起こるかもしれないことを表すので、ふつうwill[would]が入る。なお、口語では、thatが省略されることも多い。
Speak quietly lest they should hear us.
(彼らに聞かれないように静かに話しなさい。)
lest … should~は「…が~しないように」という意味を表すが、文章体のかたい表現である。なお、lestが導く節ではshouldを用いるが、アメリカ英語ではshouldは用いず動詞の原形が来ることが多い。
「~しないように」という意味を表すには、so that … not~やso as [in order] not to doのほうがよく用いられる。
I’ll write it down so that I won’t forget.
I’ll write it down so as not to forget.
(忘れないようにそれを書きとめておこう。)

4) It was (such) a nice day that we decided to go for a drive.
※ (とても天気の良い日だったので、私たちドライブに出かけることにした。)
such … that~
suchの後に名詞を置いて、「とても…なので~」という意味を表す。上記文のsuch a nice dayのように名詞を修飾する形容詞をともなうことが多いが、次の文のように形容詞をともなわない場合もある。(thatは口語では省略されることが多い。)
 He was in such a hurry that he forgot to lock the door.
(彼はとても急いでいたので、ドアにカギをかけ忘れた。)
〈参考〉かたい言い方では、suchの後に名詞がない、S+be動詞+such that~「S〈事〉
がとても大きいので~」という表現もある。このsuchはso greatという意味。
Her astonishment was such that she nearly fell over.
(彼女の驚きは大変なものだったので、あやうく倒れそうになった。)
so … that~
so の直後に形容詞か副詞を置いてso … that~とすると、「とても…なので~」という意味を表したり、「~なほど…」という意味を表すことができる。(thatは口語では省略されることが多い。)
The lecture was so boring that half the students fell asleep.
(その講義はとても退屈だったので、生徒の半分が寝てしまった。)
He spoke so clearly that we could understand him.
(彼はとてもわかりやすく話したので、私たちは彼の言うことを理解でき
た。)
〈参考〉この構文で、〈a/an+形容詞+名詞〉の形容詞にsoをつけると、〈so+形容詞
+a/an+名詞+that~〉という語順になる。
It was so boring a lecture that half the students fell asleep.
ただし、この〈so+形容詞+a/an+名詞+that~〉はかたい表現で、ふつうはsuchを使った表現になる。
= It was such a boring lecture that half the students fell asleep.
〈参考〉強調のためにsoが文頭に出て、倒置が起こることがある。
= So boring was the lecture that half the students fell asleep.
so that / in order that
so thatは「…するために/…するように」という意味で、〈目的〉を表す。so that節の中では、文脈に応じて助動詞のcanやwill, mayを用いる。なお、口語ではthatが省略されることも多い。
Lock the door so that no one can get in.
(だれも入れないように、ドアにカギをかけなさい。)
Talk louder so I can hear you.
(聞こえるように、もっと大きな声で話してください。)
in order thatもso thatとほぼ同じ意味で使われる。ただし、in order thatのほうがかたい表現で、in order that節の中ではmayが使われることが多い。
She spoke loudly in order that the people in the back might hear.
(後ろの人に聞こえるように、彼女は大きな声で話した。)
because / since / now that
becauseは〈直接の原因・理由〉を表し、「…なので/…だから」という意味になる。
Mr. Brown was very angry because I didn’t tell the truth.
(ブラウン先生は私が本当のことを言わなかったので、とても怒っていた。)
〈参考〉because節を文頭に置くときは、節の終わりにコンマを入れる。また、この
場合becauseが強く読まれることが多い。
=Because I didn’t tell the truth, Mr. Brown was very angry.
sinceは、相手がすでに知っている〈原因・理由〉を述べるときに用いる。この意味では、sinceが導く主節の前に置かれるのがふつう。
Since you have a fever, you should stay home tonight.
(熱があるのだから、今夜は家にいたほうがいいよ。)
〈参考〉asを使って理由を表すこともある。
As he was not in his office, we had to wait in the lobby.
(彼はオフィスにいなかったので、私たちはロビーで待たなければならなか
った。)
now that … は「今やもう…だから」という意味の接続詞として使う。口語ではthatを省略することもある。now that … で現状を述べ、そのうえで成り立つことをその後に続ける。
Now that we have children, we don’t go out very much.
(今はもう子どもがいるので、それほど出かけない。)

5) My father doesn’t use taxis (unless) it is absolutely necessary.
※ (私の父は、絶対に必要というわけでない限り、タクシーを利用しない。)
unless / if
unlessは「…の場合を除いて/…でない限り」の意味で、unlessの後には上記文のように主節の内容が成り立たない唯一の条件が続く。
 He’ll be here at six unless his flight is delayed.
(飛行機が遅れない限り、彼は6時にここに来るでしょう。)
if は「もし…ならば/(仮に)…とすれば」の意味で、〈仮定〉や〈条件〉を表す。
Please read my report if you have time.
(時間があれば、私のレポートをよんでください。)
〈if … notとunless〉
unlessがif … notとほぼ同じ意味にとれることも多い。
He’ll be here at six if his flight isn’t delayed.
if … notをunlessで表せない場合もある。
I’ll be surprised if Mike doesn’t complaint about it.
(マイクがそのことに文句を言わないなら、ぼくは驚くね。)

6) (Although) we did our best, we lost the game.
※ (私たちは最前を尽くしたが、その試合に負けた。)
though / although / (even) though
thoughとalthoughは「…であるけれども/…にもかかわらず」という意味で、譲歩
を表す。thoughやalthoughの導く節では実際に成り立っていることを述べている
ことに注意。althoughは比較的かたい表現で、thoughのほうが一般的である。強
調するときにはeven thoughを使う。
Even though I don’t like comedies, I saw the movie because my girlfriend wanted to see it.
(コメディーは好きではないのだけれども、ガールフレンドが見たいと言ったのでその映画を見た。)
even if
even if も譲歩を表すが、thoughやalthoughとは異なり、even if の後には事実か
どうかわからないことが続く。「たとえ…でも」という意味。
Never give up even if you make mistakes.
(たとえ間違いをしても、あきらめてはいけない。)
as long as / as far as
as long asは大きく2つの意味に分かれる。1つは「…するあいだは」という意味
で、次のように用いられる。
You can swim in the pool as long as I’m here.
(私がここにいるあいだは、プールで泳いでいいよ。)
もう1つは次のような「…しさえすれば」という意味で、最低限の条件を表す使い
方である。so long asとすることもある。
You can watch TV as long as you do your homework first.
(宿題を先にするなら、テレビを見てもいいよ。)
as far asは「…の(およぶ)限りでは/…に関する限り」という意味で、範囲や程度
を表す。
As far as I know, he is not guilty.(私の知る限りでは、彼に罪はない。)
whether A or B
whether A or Bは「AであろうとBであろうと」という意味で、譲歩を表す。
whether A or notで「Aであろうとなかろうと」という意味を表す。
You must eat the carrots whether you like them or not!
(好きであろうとなかろうと、そのニンジンを食べなさい!
I don’t care whether you win or lose.
(あなたが勝とうが負けようが、私にはどうでもよい。)
suppose[supposing] / providing[provided]
suppose, supposing, providing, providedを使って〈条件〉を表すことができる。
Suppose [supposing] it was fifty dollars cheaper, would you buy it?
(それが50ドル安いとしたら、あなたは買いますか。)
You can go to the party providing [provided] you promise to return by
11:00.
(11時までに戻ってくると約束すれば、そのパーティーに行ってもいいよ。)
〈asの代表的な使い方〉
● 接続詞
① 「…する時/…するあいだ/…しながら」:「時」を表す
I saw Judy as I was getting off the train.
(電車を降りるときにジュディーを見かけた)
② 「…につれて」:「比例」を表す
As time went by, she became more beautiful.
(時がたつにつれ、彼女はいっそう美しくなった。)
③ 「…(する)ように/…(する)とおりに」:「様態」を表す
Why don’t you behave as I’ve always told you to?
(しなさいっていつも言っているようになぜしないのよ。)
④ 「…なので/…だから」:「理由」を表す
As it was getting late, he decided to check into a hotel.
(遅くなってきたので、彼はホテルにチェックインすることにした。)
⑤ 「…だけれども」:「譲歩」を表す
Angry as she was, she couldn’t help smiling.
(彼女は腹を立てていたが、思わずほほ笑んでしまった。)
● 前置詞
① 「…(である)と」:〈他動詞+目的語+as …〉の形で補語を導く
Her father regards her as a genius.
(父親は彼女が天才だと思っている。)
② 「…として」
She works as a cook at the restaurant.
(彼女はそのレストランでコックとして働いている。)
③ 「…の時に/…のころ」
As a child, he lived in Ireland.
(子どものころ、彼はアイルランドに住んでいた。)

長文読解

精読と多読
英語の長文を理解するためには、精読多読の2つの読み方を使い分けることが重要です。どちらも効果的な読解スキルを向上させるために必要な読み方ですが、それぞれ目的やアプローチが異なります。

1. 精読とは?
精読とは、文章を細かく分析しながら、文法・語彙・構造をしっかり理解する読み方です。特に難解な文章や学術的な内容を読む際に必要となります。
“The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence has raised concerns about its potential impact on employment, ethics, and human decision-making. While AI can enhance efficiency, critics argue that it might replace human workers and lead to unforeseen consequences.”

読み方:
①語彙の確認:
advancement(進歩)、concerns(懸念)、potential impact(潜在的な影響)、efficiency(効率)、unforeseen consequences(予期せぬ結果)などの重要単語をチェック。
②文法・構造の分析:
・”The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence”

主語
・”has raised concerns about…”

動詞+目的語
・”While AI can enhance efficiency, critics argue that…”

副詞節と主節の関係を理解
③内容理解:
AIの進歩が雇用や倫理に影響を与える可能性があることを述べている。

精読のメリット:
文法・語彙の強化
正確な理解
難解な文章の読解力向上

2. 多読とは?
多読とは、大量の文章をできるだけ辞書を使わずに読み、全体の意味を大まかに理解する読み方です。ストーリーの流れやテーマを掴みながら、速く読むことが目的です。
“John loved traveling. Ever since he was a child, he had dreamed of exploring new places and experiencing different cultures. As soon as he graduated from college, he packed his bags and set off on a journey around the world.”
読み方:
①全体の流れをつかむ:
ジョンが子供のころから旅行を夢見ていて、大学卒業後に世界旅行を始めたことが分かる。
②細かい単語は気にしない:
もし exploring(探検する)や set off(出発する)の意味が分からなくても、文脈から「ジョンが旅行を始めた」ことを理解できればOK。適当に読み飛ばすことではなく、わからない単語や意味が分からない部分に執着せず、理解できる箇所を手がかりにして読み進めます。
③辞書を使わない:
文全体の意味を推測しながら読む。


補足:文章の内容の推測
英文の最新テーマを日頃から把握し、さまざまな分野の知識を持っていると、文章の内容が予測しやすくなります。

多読のメリット:
読解スピード向上
語彙力の自然な増加
英語の文章に慣れる

精読と多読の使い分け
精読正確に理解し、文法語彙を学ぶ
   (難解な文章を読むとき)
多読全体の意味をつかみ、速読力を向上させる

(物語やニュース記事を楽しむとき)

まとめ:
精読でしっかりとした基礎力をつけ、多読で読解スピードを向上させることが、英語長文の理解力を高める鍵となります。
速読のテクニック
英語長文を効率的に読み、正しく理解するためには、適切な読解テクニックを使い分けることが重要です。本記事では、以下の4つのテクニックを解説し、それぞれの例文と解法を紹介します。
1. フレーズリーディング
2. スキャニング
3. スキミング
4. パラグラフリーディング

1. フレーズリーディングとは?
フレーズリーディング(Phrase Reading)とは、単語単位ではなく意味のある語のまとまり(フレーズ)ごとに読むテクニックです。1単語ずつ読むと遅くなるため、かたまりで捉えることでスムーズに読解できます。
“The development of renewable energy sources / has become a global priority / due to concerns about climate change.”
区切り方:
①1語ずつ読むのではなく、意味のまとまりごとに区切る。
・The development of renewable energy sources(再生可能エネルギーの開発)
・has become a global priority(世界的な優先事項となっている)
・due to concerns about climate change(気候変動への懸念のため)
②それぞれのフレーズの意味を理解することで、文全体の意味がつかみやすくなる。

フレーズリーディングのメリット:
読解スピードの向上
文構造を理解しやすくなる
文の流れを自然に把握できる

補足:速読の必要性とフレーズリーディング実践方法
速読の必要性
速読が必要な理由は大きく2つあります。
短時間で多くの情報を得るため
より正確な情報を得るため

一見、①「速く読むこと」と②「正確に読むこと」は矛盾しているように思えます。しかし、ゆっくり読むからといって正確に理解できるわけではありません。単語を一つずつ追うよりも、「語のカタマリ」で読む方が、全体の意味を正確に把握しやすくなります。
<単語を一つずつ追う>
Climate  change  has  become  a  serious  global  issue,  affecting  millions  of  people  and  causing  extreme  weather  conditions  such  as hurricanes,  droughts,  and  heatwaves.  Many  scientists  believe  that  human  activities,  including  the  burning  of  fossil  fuels  and deforestation,  are  the  main  causes  of  this  problem.  Governments around  the  world  have  started  to  take  action  by  implementing policies  to  reduce  carbon  emissions  and  promote  renewable  energy sources  such  as  wind  and  solar  power.  However,  individuals  also need  to  contribute  by  using  less  plastic,  conserving  energy,  and supporting  eco-friendly  products.  If  we  work  together,  we  can  slow down  global  warming  and  protect  our  planet  for  future  generations.
<「語のカタマリ」で読む>
Climate change has become a serious global issue, / affecting millions of people / and causing extreme weather conditions / such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves. Many scientists believe / that human activities, / including the burning / of fossil fuels and deforestation, // are the main causes of this problem. Governments / around the world // have started to take action / by implementing policies / to reduce carbon emissions / and promote renewable energy sources / such as wind and solar power. / However, / individuals also need to contribute / by using less plastic, / conserving energy, / and supporting eco-friendly products. / If we work together, // we can slow down global warming / and protect our planet / for future generations.
フレーズ・リーディングの実践方法
「語のカタマリ」を意識して読む方法をフレーズ・リーディングといいます。以下のルールを守ると、効果的に読むことができます。
① 接続詞の前で区切る
「接続詞+SV…, S’V’~」の英文の場合には、2番目のS’の前で大きく区切る。

長い主語の後で区切る
主語の直後に長い修飾部分が続く場合、主部と述語動詞を大きく区切る
③ 前置詞の前で区切る
「前置詞+目的語」の「語のカタマリ」を作る
④「動詞+目的語」の「語のカタマリ」
動詞が出てきたら、「動詞+目的語」のカタマリを早く作る。
⑤ 不定詞・分詞・関係詞の前で区切る
句や節を意識してカタマリを作る。(不定詞は名詞句・形容詞句・副詞句、分詞の後置修飾は形容詞句、分詞構文は副詞節、関係詞は形容詞節。)
⑥ 慣用表現・熟語を早く見つける

単語と並行して慣用表現・熟語の学習が前提。
以上を実践すると、次のような読み方ができるようになります。
Climate change has become a serious global   

issue, / affecting millions of people / and causing
   分詞構文    熟語
extreme
weather conditions / such as
                  熟語
hurricanes, droughts,
and heatwaves. / Many
                   
scientists believe
/ that human activities,
           
/ including the burning
/ of fossil fuels / and
前置詞+目的語      前置詞+目的語
deforestation, // are the main causes
/ of this
      主部の後        前置詞+目的語
problem. Governments / around the world
前置詞+目的語        
// have started to take action / by implementing
熟語   熟語     前置詞+目的語
policies / to reduce carbon emissions / and
     不定詞             
promote renewable energy sources / such as
動詞+目的語             熟語  
wind and solar power. // However, / individuals
          論理マーカー      
also need
to contribute / by using less plastic,
             前置詞+目的語
conserving energy, and supporting eco-friendly
   慣用表現(A, B, and C)      
products. / If we work together, // we can slow
       主語の前の区切り
     
down global warming /and protect our planet
           動詞+目的語
/ for future generations.
前置詞+目的語      


2. スキャニングとは?
スキャニング(Scanning)とは、特定の情報(数字・名前・キーワード)を素早く探すテクニックです。試験の長文問題では、設問の答えを探すときに役立ちます。
“The Great Wall of China stretches over 13,000 miles and was originally built to protect Chinese states from invasions.”
問題:
How long is the Great Wall of China?
解き方:
①「長さ」に関する情報を探すため、「miles」や「数字」に着目。
② 13,000 miles という数字を発見。
③ 周辺を読んで「The Great Wall of China」に関する記述であることを確認。
答え: 13,000 miles

スキャニングのメリット:
素早く特定の情報を見つけられる
試験時間を節約できる

3. スキミングとは?
スキミング(Skimming)とは、文章全体の要点や主題を素早く把握するために、流し読みをするテクニックです。詳細を読むのではなく、大まかな内容を理解することが目的です。
“The internet has transformed communication. People can now connect instantly through emails, social media, and messaging apps. While this has increased convenience, some experts warn about the negative effects, such as decreased face-to-face interactions.”
問題:
What is the main idea of the passage?
解き方:
① 最初の文を読む → “The internet has transformed communication.”
(インターネットはコミュニケーションを変えた)
② 各段落の最初と最後の文を流し読み → インターネットの利点と欠点について述べていることを把握。
③ 主題をまとめる → 「インターネットがコミュニケーションを変えたこと」
答え: The internet has transformed communication.

スキミングのメリット:
文章の大まかな意味を素早く把握できる
試験の初見長文を読むときに有効

補足:段落の先頭文の活用
長文を効率的に理解するために、各段落の最初と最後の文を読むことにより、全体の要点を素早くつかむことができます。ただし、この方法が常に有効とは限りませんので、状況に応じて使い分けることが大切です。


4. パラグラフリーディングとは?
パラグラフリーディング(Paragraph Reading)とは、1つの段落ごとにその要点を把握しながら読むテクニックです。段落にはトピックセンテンス(主題文)があるため、それを中心に理解すると効果的です。
“Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are becoming increasingly important. They provide a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, reducing carbon emissions and dependence on non-renewable resources. Governments worldwide are investing in these technologies to combat climate change.”
主題:
① トピックセンテンスを探す → 最初の文 “Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are becoming increasingly important.”
② 詳細情報を確認する → 再生可能エネルギーの利点や政府の投資について述べている。
③ 段落全体の要点をまとめる → 「再生可能エネルギーの重要性とその利点」
答え: The importance and benefits of renewable energy.

パラグラフリーディングのメリット:
段落ごとに整理して理解できる
長文の構造が分かりやすくなる

まとめ:テクニックの使い分け
1. フレーズリーディング:かたまりで読む (長文全体のスムーズな読解)
2. スキャニング:特定の情報を探す(数字・名前・データを見つけるとき)
3. スキミング:文章の主題をつかむ(初見の長文を読むとき)
4. パラグラフリーディング:段落ごとの要点を整理(長文の構造を把握するとき)


この4つのテクニックを使い分けることで、英語長文読解のスピードと正確性を向上させることができます。
速読のテクニック(長文問題形式別)
英語の長文読解では、さまざまな形式の問題が出題されます。これらの問題に対応するためには、適切な読解テクニックを組み合わせることが重要です。本記事では、4つのテクニック(フレーズリーディング・スキャニング・スキミング・パラグラフリーディング)を活用しながら、以下の問題形式別の解法を詳しく解説します。
1. 空所補充問題
2. 内容一致問題
3. 下線部説明問題
4. 要約問題
1. 空所補充問題
問題の特徴:
・文の一部が抜けており、適切な語句を補う必要がある。
・文法・語彙・文脈の理解が求められる。
最適なテクニックの組み合わせ:
フレーズリーディング(前後の文脈を把握するため)
パラグラフリーディング(段落全体の意味を理解するため)
例題:
Artificial intelligence (AI) has significantly impacted various industries, including healthcare, finance, and education. In healthcare, AI-powered tools can analyze medical data faster than human doctors, allowing for early disease detection and personalized treatment plans. In finance, AI algorithms help detect fraudulent transactions and optimize investment strategies. Education has also been transformed by AI, with intelligent tutoring systems providing personalized learning experiences. However, some experts worry about the ethical implications of AI, particularly its potential to replace human jobs. While AI can increase productivity and efficiency, it is essential to ensure that its development is guided by ethical considerations and regulations. Many scientists believe that artificial intelligence will __ the way we work, making tasks easier and more efficient.
選択肢:
(A) destroy
(B) transform
(C) confuse
(D) ignore
解き方:
フレーズリーディングを活用し、前後の文脈を確認。「AIは医療、金融、教育に影響を与えている」「仕事の効率が上がる」という文脈から、ポジティブな意味の単語が適切。
パラグラフリーディングを活用し、段落全体の流れを整理。
AIの変革的な影響を述べているため、「破壊する (destroy)」「無視する (ignore)」「混乱させる (confuse)」は不適切。
正解: (B) transform(変革する)
2. 内容一致問題
問題の特徴:
・本文の内容と一致する選択肢を選ぶ。
・細かい情報の理解が求められる。
最適なテクニックの組み合わせ:
スキャニング(該当箇所を素早く見つけるため)
パラグラフリーディング(正確な意味を理解するため)
例題:
The Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth," plays a crucial role in regulating the planet’s climate. Covering over 5.5 million square kilometers, it absorbs large amounts of carbon dioxide, helping to slow down global warming. Additionally, it is home to millions of species, many of which cannot be found anywhere else. However, deforestation poses a severe threat to the rainforest. Each year, vast areas of trees are cleared for agriculture, logging, and infrastructure development. This not only reduces biodiversity but also contributes to increased carbon emissions. Governments and environmental organizations are working to combat deforestation by promoting sustainable land-use practices and reforestation projects. Despite these efforts, illegal logging and economic pressures continue to drive forest destruction.
問題:
What is the main function of the Amazon rainforest?
(A) It produces oxygen for the world.
(B) It absorbs carbon dioxide.
(C) It causes global warming.
(D) It has no effect on the climate.
解き方:
スキャニングを活用し、「Amazon rainforest」や「function」に関連する部分を素早く見つける。
パラグラフリーディングを活用し、詳細を確認。
「吸収する (absorbs)」「二酸化炭素 (carbon dioxide)」「地球温暖化を遅らせる (slow down global warming)」とあるため、(B)が正しいと判断できる。
正解: (B) It absorbs carbon dioxide.
3.下線部説明問題
問題の特徴:
・下線部の意味を説明する選択肢を選ぶ。
・文脈を正しく理解する必要がある。
最適なテクニックの組み合わせ:
フレーズリーディング(下線部を正確に解釈するため)
スキミング(大まかな流れを把握するため)
例題:
In the past few decades, space exploration has advanced significantly, leading to numerous scientific discoveries and technological innovations. Satellites provide essential data for weather forecasting, communication, and global navigation. Missions to Mars and beyond are helping scientists understand the potential for life outside Earth. However, some critics argue that the enormous cost of space programs could be better spent on solving pressing issues on Earth, such as poverty and climate change. On the other hand, proponents believe that investment in space exploration leads to invaluable scientific and economic benefits, including new technologies that improve everyday life. For instance, medical imaging techniques, originally developed for space missions, are now used in hospitals worldwide.
問題:
What does "invaluable" mean in this context?
(A) Not valuable at all
(B) Extremely valuable
(C) Slightly beneficial
(D) Completely unnecessary
解き方:
フレーズリーディングを活用し、「invaluable scientific and economic benefits」の意味を確認。
「経済的・科学的な利益」とあるので、ポジティブな意味が必要。
② スキミングを活用し、全体の流れを確認。
「医療技術への応用」などの例が挙げられており、価値が高いことが示唆されている。
正解: (B) Extremely valuable
4. 要約問題
問題の特徴:
・本文全体の要点をまとめる必要がある。
・主要なポイントを把握する力が求められる。
最適なテクニックの組み合わせ:
スキミング(文章全体の主題を素早く把握するため)
パラグラフリーディング(各段落の要点を整理するため)
例題:
Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, have gained increasing attention as sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. These energy sources produce little to no carbon emissions, making them essential in the fight against climate change. Governments worldwide are investing heavily in renewable energy technologies, aiming to reduce dependence on coal, oil, and natural gas. However, challenges remain. The initial cost of setting up renewable energy infrastructure is high, and energy storage technology is still developing. Additionally, sources like solar and wind power depend on weather conditions, which can be unpredictable. Despite these obstacles, advancements in battery technology and grid management are helping to make renewable energy more reliable. Policymakers and researchers continue to explore innovative solutions to overcome these challenges, ensuring a sustainable energy future.
問題:
Which of the following best summarizes the passage?
(A) Renewable energy is useless.
(B) Renewable energy is important but has challenges.
(C) Governments should stop investing in renewable energy.
(D) Renewable energy sources are replacing fossil fuels entirely.
解き方:
スキミングを活用し、全体の流れを把握。
「再生可能エネルギーの利点と課題」が主題。
パラグラフリーディングを活用し、各段落のポイントを整理。
・最初の部分 → 重要性
・中盤 → 政府の投資
・最後 → 課題
正解: (B) Renewable energy is important but has challenges.
まとめ:問題別の最適な読解テクニック
空所補充問題:フレーズリーディング+パラグラフリーディング (前後の文脈を把握するため)
内容一致問題:スキャニング+パラグラフリーディング (該当箇所を見つけ、正確に理解するため)
下線部説明問題:フレーズリーディング+スキミング (下線部の意味と全体の流れを理解するため)
要約問題:スキミング+パラグラフリーディング (文章全体の要点を整理するため)

各問題に適したテクニックを使い分けることで、効率的に長文読解を攻略できます。

速読と精読の使い分け👈大学入試で最重要
英語の長文を読むとき、すべての文をじっくり読んでいると時間が足りなくなります。そこで、「重要な部分は丁寧に読む(精読)」「補足的な部分はサッと読む(速読)」という読み分けが大切です。この読み分けは以下の3つのレベル(1文内・1段落内・複数段落間)で考えます。

文の中での読み分け
ポイント
・英文の基本は「主語+動詞(主節)」です。ここが筆者の主張や結論になることが多いので、精読します。
・「because」「when」「which」「that」などで始まる部分は、理由や説明が多く、速読でもOKなことが多いです。
・「however」「therefore」「in fact」などは、重要な転換点や強調なので、精読しましょう。
コツ
英語は「追加情報を後ろに置く」ので、前から順に読むと理解しやすく、時間も節約できます。
例文
The experiment was successful because the conditions were ideal.
その実験は成功したなぜなら条件が理想的だったからだ。

読み分けポイント: 「The experiment was successful」が主節 → 精読。「because以下」は理由 → 速読でもOK。

段落の中での読み分け
ポイント
・段落の最初や最後の文は「トピックセンテンス(主題文)」であることが多く、精読します。
・「for example」「however」「in conclusion」などの接続語の後は、重要な情報が来る可能性が高いので注意。
・段落の中の具体例や数字などは、設問に関係なければ速読でOK。
コツ
「主張→根拠」「抽象→具体」「比較」などのパターンを意識すると、読み分けがしやすくなります。
例文
Many researchers argue that sleep plays a crucial role in memory consolidation. In particular, deep sleep stages are believed to help the brain organize and store newly acquired information. For example, a study conducted at Harvard University found that students who took a nap after learning new material performed significantly better on memory tests than those who stayed awake. Additionally, sleep deprivation has been linked to reduced cognitive performance and increased stress levels. Therefore, getting enough sleep is not only beneficial for physical health but also essential for academic success.
(多くの研究者は、睡眠が記憶の定着に重要な役割を果たすと主張している。特に、深い睡眠段階は、新しく得た情報を脳が整理・保存するのに役立つと考えられている。例えば、ハーバード大学で行われた研究では、新しい内容を学んだ後に昼寝をした学生は、起きていた学生よりも記憶テストの成績が大幅に良かったことがわかった。さらに、睡眠不足は認知機能の低下やストレスレベルの上昇と関連している。したがって、十分な睡眠をとることは、身体の健康に良いだけでなく、学業の成功にも不可欠である。)

読み分けポイント
精読すべき文
・段落冒頭の「Many researchers argue…」:主張文(トピックセンテンス)
・段落末尾の「Therefore, getting enough sleep…」:結論文
速読できる文
・「For example」以下の具体例(研究内容)
・「Additionally」以下の補足情報(睡眠不足の影響)

このように、主張と結論を精読し、具体例や補足は設問に関係なければ速読でOKです。


複数段落(文章全体)での読み分け
ポイント
・文章全体の流れ(序論→本論→結論)を意識します。
・序論で問題提起、結論でまとめや教訓があることが多いので、序論と結論は精読。
・中間の段落は、例や説明が多いので、設問に関係なければ速読。
コツ
段落をつなぐ接続語(However, On the other hand, In contrastなど)で、話の流れが変わることがあります。そこは精読ポイントです。
例文
Paragraph 1: In recent years, the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) has grown rapidly due to concerns about climate change and fossil fuel dependency. Governments around the world have introduced incentives to encourage consumers to switch from gasoline-powered cars to EVs.
Paragraph 2: However, despite these efforts, many consumers remain hesitant. One major concern is the limited availability of charging stations, especially in rural areas. In addition, the initial cost of EVs is still higher than that of traditional vehicles, making them less accessible to low-income families.
Paragraph 3: On the other hand, technological advancements are gradually addressing these issues. Battery efficiency has improved, and fast-charging infrastructure is expanding in many countries. As a result, experts predict that EVs will become more affordable and convenient in the near future.
第1段落: 近年、気候変動や化石燃料への依存に対する懸念から、電気自動車(EV)の人気が急速に高まっている。世界中の政府が、ガソリン車からEVへの乗り換えを促すための優遇措置を導入している。
第2段落: しかし、こうした取り組みにもかかわらず、多くの消費者は依然として慎重である。主な懸念点は、特に地方での充電ステーションの不足である。さらに、EVの初期費用は依然として従来の車より高く、低所得層には手が届きにくい。
第3段落: 一方で、技術の進歩によってこれらの問題は徐々に解決されつつある。バッテリーの効率は向上し、急速充電のインフラも多くの国で拡大している。その結果、EVは近い将来、より手頃で便利になると専門家は予測している。)

読み分けポイント
精読すべき箇所
・第1段落の冒頭:「EVの人気が高まっている理由」→ 序論
・第3段落の結論:「EVの将来展望」→ 結論
・接続語「However」「On the other hand」の後→ 論理の転換点
速読できる箇所
・第2段落の具体的な懸念点(充電ステーション、価格
・第3段落の技術的詳細(バッテリー効率、インフラ

このように、文章全体の構成(序論→問題点→解決→結論)を意識し、主張や結論を精読、詳細説明は速読することで効率的に読解できます。


まとめ:速読と精読の切り替えポイント

レベル精読する部分速読する部分
文内主語+動詞(主節/逆接・強調語)理由・例示節(because, whichなど)
段落内最初・最後の文/接続語の後具体例・数字・固有名詞など
全体序論・結論/論理の転換点中間段落の詳細説明など

長文空所補充(標準)
  • 問題
  • 解答
  • Phrase Reading
  • 音読

英語長文 空所補充 (標準:英検2級・日東駒専)

Directions: Read the following passage and choose the best answer (A, B, C, or D) for each blank.

AI and Its Impact on Jobs


 Artificial intelligence, or AI, is changing the way we live and work. In many industries, machines and computers can now do tasks that were once done by humans. For example, in factories, robots can build cars or check products. In offices, AI systems can help with scheduling or answering customer emails. These changes make work faster and sometimes cheaper, but they also create new ( 1 ).
Some people worry that AI will take away jobs. It is true that some jobs, especially simple or repeated ones, may disappear. However, AI also creates new kinds of work. People will be needed to design, control, and fix AI systems. Also, jobs that require human creativity, emotion, or communication skills—such as teachers, artists, or nurses—are ( 2 ) to be replaced by AI.
To prepare for these changes, it is important to learn new skills. Schools and training programs should teach people how to use technology and think in new ways. Governments and businesses should also help workers move to new jobs. If we work together, AI can become a tool that supports us, rather than a ( 3 ).

Questions:

( 1 )
A. dangers
B. rules
C. problems
D. possibilities

( 2 )
A. likely
B. unlikely
C. easy
D. dangerous

( 3 )
A. challenge
B. job
C. threat
D. machine

英語長文 空所補充 (標準) 解答・解説

AI and Its Impact on Jobs

 Artificial intelligence, or AI, is changing the way we live and work. In many industries, machines and computers can now do tasks that were once done by humans. For example, in factories, robots can build cars or check products. In offices, AI systems can help with scheduling or answering customer emails. These changes make work faster and sometimes cheaper, but they also create new ( 1 ).
 Some people worry that AI will take away jobs. It is true that some jobs, especially simple or repeated ones, may disappear. However, AI also creates new kinds of work. People will be needed to design, control, and fix AI systems. Also, jobs that require human creativity, emotion, or communication skills—such as teachers, artists, or nurses—are ( 2 ) to be replaced by AI.
 To prepare for these changes, it is important to learn new skills. Schools and training programs should teach people how to use technology and think in new ways. Governments and businesses should also help workers move to new jobs. If we work together, AI can become a tool that supports us, rather than a ( 3 ).

Question

( 1 ) A. dangers B. rules C. problems D. possibilities
文脈上「仕事が早く・安くなる」変化は、「新たな可能性を生む」という前向きな内容であり、「dangers(危険)」や「problems(問題)」よりもポジティブな語が合う。

( 2 ) A. likely B. unlikely C. easy D. dangerous
AIが代替しにくい仕事の例(教師・看護師など)を挙げているので、「置き換えられる可能性が低い=unlikely」が適切。

( 3 ) A. challenge B. job C. threat D. machine
AIを「支える道具」として使うことが望ましいという文の対比構造から、AIが「脅威」になる可能性を示している。

英語長文 空所補充 (標準) フレーズリーディング用

英語長文 空所補充 (標準) 音読用(英文)

AI and Its Impact on Jobs

 Artificial intelligence, or AI, is changing the way we live and work. In many industries, machines and computers can now do tasks that were once done by humans. For example, in factories, robots can build cars or check products. In offices, AI systems can help with scheduling or answering customer emails. These changes make work faster and sometimes cheaper, but they also create new possibilities.
 Some people worry that AI will take away jobs. It is true that some jobs, especially simple or repeated ones, may disappear. However, AI also creates new kinds of work. People will be needed to design, control, and fix AI systems. Also, jobs that require human creativity, emotion, or communication skills —such as teachers, artists, or nurses— are unlikely to be replaced by AI.
 To prepare for these changes, it is important to learn new skills. Schools and training programs should teach people how to use technology and think in new ways. Governments and businesses should also help workers move to new jobs. If we work together, AI can become a tool that supports us, rather than a threat.

(和文)

AIと雇用への影響


 人工知能、つまりAIは、私たちの生活や働き方を変えつつあります。多くの産業では、機械やコンピューターが、これまで人間が行っていた作業をこなせるようになっています。たとえば、工場ではロボットが自動車を組み立てたり、製品を検査したりできます。オフィスでは、AIシステムがスケジュール管理や顧客のメール対応を助けてくれます。こうした変化により、作業はより速く、時にはより安くなりますが、同時に新しい可能性も生み出されます。
 AIによって仕事が奪われることを心配する人もいます。確かに、一部の仕事、特に単純で繰り返しの多いものはなくなるかもしれません。しかし、AIは新しいタイプの仕事も生み出します。AIシステムを設計したり、管理したり、修理したりする人が必要になります。また、人間の創造性や感情、コミュニケーション能力を必要とする仕事、たとえば教師、芸術家、看護師などは、AIに取って代わられる可能性が低いです。
 こうした変化に備えるためには、新しいスキルを学ぶことが重要です。学校や職業訓練のプログラムは、人々にテクノロジーの使い方や新しい思考法を教えるべきです。政府や企業もまた、労働者が新しい仕事へ移ることを支援するべきです。私たちが協力すれば、AIは私たちを支える道具となり、脅威ではなくなるでしょう。

長文空所補充(応用)
  • 問題
  • 解答
  • 音読

英語長文 空所補充 (応用:英検準1級・GMARCH)

AI and Employment

 In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has begun to transform workplaces across various industries. From automated customer service chatbots to advanced data analysis, AI is streamlining operations and improving efficiency. Many businesses have adopted AI not only to cut costs but also to gain a ( 1 ) edge.
However, the rise of AI has sparked concerns about its impact on employment. Jobs involving repetitive tasks, such as data entry and basic customer support, are especially ( 2 ) to automation. According to a recent study, nearly 40% of workers in developed countries may see their roles replaced or significantly altered by AI within the next two decades.
 Despite these concerns, experts argue that AI will also generate new types of jobs. For instance, there will be greater demand for AI specialists, data analysts, and ethics consultants who can help guide the responsible development of AI technologies. In addition, some believe that by automating routine tasks, AI will allow humans to focus on more ( 3 ) and meaningful work.
 Still, the transition will not be easy. Governments and companies must invest in education and retraining programs to help workers adapt to this rapidly changing job market. Without such efforts, the benefits of AI may come at the cost of social ( 4 ) and widespread unemployment.
 In this context, many policymakers are calling for closer cooperation between the public and private sectors. They emphasize the importance of building inclusive strategies that ensure AI technologies are developed and applied in ways that benefit ( 5 ) , not just a select few. One proposed approach is the introduction of a universal basic income to support individuals who may be temporarily ( 6 ) during the transition period.

Question
(1) (A) competitive (B) financial (C) traditional (D) technical
(2) (A) resistant (B) aware (C) vulnerable (D) useful
(3) (A) creative (B) financial (C) repetitive (D) optional
(4) (A) media (B) inequality (C) security (D) mobility
(5) (A) machines (B) companies (C) everyone (D) managers
(6) (A) exhausted (B) embarrassed (C) unemployed (D) promoted

英語長文 空所補充 (応用) 解答・解説

AI and Employment

 In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has begun to transform workplaces across various industries. From automated customer service chatbots to advanced data analysis, AI is streamlining operations and improving efficiency. Many businesses have adopted AI not only to cut costs but also to gain a ( 1 ) edge.
However, the rise of AI has sparked concerns about its impact on employment. Jobs involving repetitive tasks, such as data entry and basic customer support, are especially ( 2 ) to automation. According to a recent study, nearly 40% of workers in developed countries may see their roles replaced or significantly altered by AI within the next two decades.
 Despite these concerns, experts argue that AI will also generate new types of jobs. For instance, there will be greater demand for AI specialists, data analysts, and ethics consultants who can help guide the responsible development of AI technologies. In addition, some believe that by automating routine tasks, AI will allow humans to focus on more ( 3 ) and meaningful work.
 Still, the transition will not be easy. Governments and companies must invest in education and retraining programs to help workers adapt to this rapidly changing job market. Without such efforts, the benefits of AI may come at the cost of social ( 4 ) and widespread unemployment.
 In this context, many policymakers are calling for closer cooperation between the public and private sectors. They emphasize the importance of building inclusive strategies that ensure AI technologies are developed and applied in ways that benefit ( 5 ) , not just a select few. One proposed approach is the introduction of a universal basic income to support individuals who may be temporarily ( 6 ) during the transition period.


(1) (A) competitive
解説: 「競争上の優位性を得るためにAIを導入する」という文脈から、”competitive edge”(競争上の優位性)が適切です。
(2) (C) vulnerable
解説: 「繰り返しの作業に関わる仕事は特に自動化に対して脆弱である」という意味で、”vulnerable”(脆弱な)が適切です。
(3) (A) creative
解説: 「AIによって人間はより創造的で意味のある仕事に集中できる」という文脈から、”creative”(創造的な)が適切です。
(4) (B) inequality
解説: 「AIの恩恵が社会的不平等や失業を引き起こす可能性がある」という文脈から、”inequality”(不平等)が適切です。
(5) (C) everyone
解説: 「AI技術が一部の人々だけでなく、すべての人々に利益をもたらすようにする」という文脈から、”everyone”(すべての人々)が適切です。
(6) (C) unemployed
解説: 「移行期間中に一時的に失業する可能性のある個人を支援する」という文脈から、”unemployed”(失業した)が適切です。

英語長文 空所補充 (応用)【音読用 英文】

AI and Employment

 In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has begun to transform workplaces across various industries. From automated customer service chatbots to advanced data analysis, AI is streamlining operations and improving efficiency. Many businesses have adopted AI not only to cut costs but also to gain a competitive edge.
 However, the rise of AI has sparked concerns about its impact on employment. Jobs involving repetitive tasks, such as data entry and basic customer support, are especially vulnerable to automation. According to a recent study, nearly 40% of workers in developed countries may see their roles replaced or significantly altered by AI within the next two decades.
 Despite these concerns, experts argue that AI will also generate new types of jobs. For instance, there will be greater demand for AI specialists, data analysts, and ethics consultants who can help guide the responsible development of AI technologies. In addition, some believe that by automating routine tasks, AI will allow humans to focus on more creative and meaningful work.
 Still, the transition will not be easy. Governments and companies must invest in education and retraining programs to help workers adapt to this rapidly changing job market. Without such efforts, the benefits of AI may come at the cost of social inequality and widespread unemployment.
 In this context, many policymakers are calling for closer cooperation between the public and private sectors. They emphasize the importance of building inclusive strategies that ensure AI technologies are developed and applied in ways that benefit everyone, not just a select few. One proposed approach is the introduction of a universal basic income to support individuals who may be temporarily unemployed during the transition period.

Unit01【和文】

AIと雇用

 近年、人工知能(AI)がさまざまな業界の職場を変革し始めている。自動化された顧客サービスのチャットボットから高度なデータ分析まで、AIは業務を合理化し、効率を向上させている。多くの企業がコスト削減のためだけでなく、競争力を得るためにもAIを導入している。
 しかし、AIの台頭は雇用への影響に懸念を呼んでいる。データ入力や基本的なカスタマーサポートなど、反復作業を伴う仕事は特に自動化の影響を受けやすい。最近の調査によると、先進国の労働者の40%近くが、今後20年以内にAIに取って代わられるか、その役割が大きく変わる可能性があるという。
 こうした懸念にもかかわらず、専門家はAIが新しいタイプの仕事も生み出すと主張している。例えば、AIの専門家、データアナリスト、AI技術の責任ある開発を指導できる倫理コンサルタントの需要が高まるだろう。さらに、AIが定型業務を自動化することで、人間はより創造的で意義のある仕事に集中できるようになるという意見もある。
 それでも移行は容易ではない。政府と企業は、労働者がこの急速に変化する雇用市場に適応できるよう、教育や再教育プログラムに投資しなければならない。そのような取り組みがなければ、AIの恩恵は社会的不平等と広範な失業の代償としてもたらされるかもしれない。
 こうした背景から、多くの政策立案者が官民の緊密な協力を求めている。彼らは、AI技術が一部の人たちだけでなく、すべての人に利益をもたらす方法で開発・応用されるよう、包括的な戦略を構築することの重要性を強調している。提案されているアプローチのひとつは、移行期間中に一時的に失業する可能性のある個人を支援するためのユニバーサル・ベーシック・インカムの導入である。

長文内容一致(標準)
  • 問題
  • 解答
  • フレーズリーディング
  • 音読

英語長文 内容一致 (標準:英検2級・日東駒専)

AI and Its Impact on Jobs

 Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the way people work, bringing both opportunities and challenges to the job market. As AI systems become more advanced, they are increasingly capable of performing tasks traditionally carried out by humans. This shift has significant implications for various industries and the future of employment.
 One of the key benefits of AI in the workplace is its ability to automate repetitive tasks. In industries such as manufacturing and logistics, AI-powered robots can handle tasks like assembly, packaging, and inventory management with high efficiency. This allows human workers to focus on more complex and creative responsibilities, potentially leading to greater job satisfaction.
 AI is also making significant contributions in fields like healthcare and education. For example, AI systems can assist doctors in diagnosing diseases or help teachers create personalized learning plans for students. These applications have the potential to improve the quality of services while enabling professionals to work more effectively.
 However, the rise of AI also presents challenges, particularly in terms of job displacement. Many routine and low-skill jobs are at risk of being replaced by AI systems, leading to concerns about unemployment and economic inequality. To address these challenges, governments and organizations are emphasizing the importance of reskilling and upskilling workers so they can adapt to the changing job market.
 Another issue is the ethical considerations surrounding AI in the workplace. Questions about privacy, data security, and decision-making transparency are critical as AI systems take on more responsibilities. Ensuring that AI is used responsibly and equitably will be key to realizing its benefits while minimizing its drawbacks.
 The impact of AI on jobs will depend largely on how societies respond to these changes. By embracing lifelong learning and developing policies that support workers, it is possible to create a future where AI enhances human potential rather than replacing i
t.

Questions

1.What is one benefit of AI in the workplace mentioned in the passage?
(A)
It eliminates all human jobs.
(B) It automates repetitive tasks.
(C) It reduces efficiency in manufacturing.
(D) It makes low-skill jobs more important.

2.How does AI contribute to fields like healthcare and education?
(A) By replacing doctors and teachers entirely.
(B) By assisting professionals and improving services.
(C) By automating all aspects of patient care and teaching.
(D By reducing the need for skilled professionals.

3.What is one challenge associated with the rise of AI?
(A) An increase in repetitive tasks for workers.
(B) Job displacement in routine and low-skill roles.
(C) A decline in the demand for lifelong learning.
(D) Complete elimination of economic inequality.

4.What ethical issue is raised by the use of AI in the workplace?
(A) Concerns about economic growth.
(B) Transparency in decision-making.
(C) Increased reliance on manual labor.
(D) Reduced focus on job satisfaction.

5.What does the passage suggest about the future of AI in the workplace?
(A) Societies must adapt to changes through lifelong learning.
(B) AI will lead to the permanent loss of all jobs.
(C) Governments should avoid policies that support workers.
(D)
AI will only impact manufacturing and logistics.

英語長文 内容一致 (標準) 音読用
(英文)

AI and Its Impact on Jobs


 
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the way people work, bringing both opportunities and challenges to the job market. As AI systems become more advanced, they are increasingly capable of performing tasks traditionally carried out by humans. This shift has significant implications for various industries and the future of employment.
One of the key benefits of AI in the workplace is its ability to automate repetitive tasks. In industries such as manufacturing and logistics, AI-powered robots can handle tasks like assembly, packaging, and inventory management with high efficiency. This allows human workers to focus on more complex and creative responsibilities, potentially leading to greater job satisfaction.
 AI is also making significant contributions in fields like healthcare and education. For example, AI systems can assist doctors in diagnosing diseases or help teachers create personalized learning plans for students. These applications have the potential to improve the quality of services while enabling professionals to work more effectively.
 However, the rise of AI also presents challenges, particularly in terms of job displacement. Many routine and low-skill jobs are at risk of being replaced by AI systems, leading to concerns about unemployment and economic inequality. To address these challenges, governments and organizations are emphasizing the importance of reskilling and upskilling workers so they can adapt to the changing job market.
 Another issue is the ethical considerations surrounding AI in the workplace. Questions
about privacy, data security, and decision-making transparency are critical as AI systems take on more responsibilities. Ensuring that AI is used responsibly and equitably will be key to realizing its benefits while minimizing its drawbacks.
 The impact of AI on jobs will depend largely on how societies respond to these changes. By embracing lifelong learning and developing policies that support workers, it is possible to create a future where AI enhances human potential rather than replacing it.

(和文)

AIと雇用への影響


 
人工知能(AI)は人々の働き方を変革し、雇用市場に機会と課題の両方をもたらしています。AIシステムがより進化するにつれ、これまで人間によって行われていた作業を実行する能力が増しています。この変化は、さまざまな産業と雇用の未来に重要な影響を及ぼします。
 職場でのAIの主な利点の一つは、繰り返し作業を自動化する能力です。製造や物流といった産業において、AI搭載のロボットは組み立て、梱包、在庫管理などの作業を高い効率で処理できます。これにより、人間の労働者がより複雑で創造的な責任に集中できるようになり、結果としてより高い仕事満足度に繋がる可能性があります。
 また、AIは医療や教育といった分野において重要な貢献をしています。例えば、AIシステムは病気の診断において医師を支援したり、教師が学生向けに個別化された学習計画を作成するのを助けたりします。これらの応用により、サービスの質を向上させる可能性があり、専門家がより効果的に働けるようになります。
 しかし、AIの台頭は課題も提示しています。特に、職の置き換えに関してです。多くのルーチン的で低技能の仕事がAIシステムに置き換えられるリスクがあり、失業や経済的不平等に関する懸念を引き起こしています。これらの課題に対応するために、政府や組織は労働者の再教育や技能向上の重要性を強調しています。
 もう一つの問題は、職場におけるAIを取り巻く倫理的配慮です。プライバシーやデータセキュリティ、意思決定の透明性に関する問題は、AIシステムがますます多くの責任を担うようになる中で重要です。AIが責任を持って公平に利用されることを確保することが、その利点を実現しながら欠点を最小限に抑えるために重要です。
 AIが職に与える影響は主に社会がこれらの変化に対応する方法に依存します。生涯学習を受け入れ、労働者を支援するための政策を開発することで、AIが人間の可能性を置き換えるのではなく高める未来を創造することが可能です。

長文内容一致(応用)
  • 問題
  • 解答
  • 音読

英語長文 内容一致 (応用:英検準1級・GMARCH)

Use of AI in the Medical Field

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the healthcare industry. From assisting doctors in making accurate diagnoses to predicting patient outcomes, AI-powered technologies are enhancing the quality and efficiency of medical care. One of the most promising areas is the use of AI in medical imaging. Machine learning algorithms can analyze X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs with remarkable accuracy, sometimes even outperforming experienced radiologists.
 Another important application is in drug discovery. Traditionally, developing a new drug can take over ten years and cost billions of dollars. AI can significantly shorten this process by analyzing massive datasets and identifying potential compounds more efficiently. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, AI tools were used to search for existing drugs that might be effective against the virus, speeding up the early stages of treatment development.
 AI is also being integrated into personalized medicine. By examining an individual’s genetic data, lifestyle, and medical history, AI systems can help doctors tailor treatment plans to meet each patient’s unique needs. This personalized approach has the potential to improve treatment outcomes and reduce side effects.
 However, the use of AI in healthcare also raises concerns. One issue is data privacy. AI systems rely on large amounts of patient data, and protecting this sensitive information is critical. If such data were to be leaked or misused, it could result in serious harm. Another concern is the lack of transparency in how AI algorithms make decisions, often referred to as the “black box” problem. This can make it difficult for doctors and patients to fully trust the recommendations generated by AI.
 Despite these concerns, most experts agree that AI will play an increasingly important role in the future of healthcare. The key is to find a balance between innovation and responsibility, ensuring that AI technologies are used in ways that respect patient rights and support medical professionals.

Q1. What is one benefit of using AI in medical imaging?
(A) It reduces the number of patients needing treatment.
(B) It can sometimes be more accurate than human experts.
(C) It eliminates the need for radiologists entirely.
(D) It prevents the spread of disease.

Q2. How does AI contribute to drug discovery?
(A) By testing drugs directly on patients.
(B) By automatically manufacturing new medicines.
(C) By speeding up the search for effective compounds.
(D) By avoiding the need for clinical trials.

Q3. What does the passage suggest about personalized medicine?
(A) It uses AI to make general treatment plans.
(B) It creates the same treatment for every patient.
(C) It helps doctors create treatments suited to individual needs.
(D) It is still not possible even with AI.

Q4. What is one concern related to using AI in healthcare?
(A) AI systems may be too cheap to maintain quality.
(B) AI might take over all decision-making from doctors.
(C) Patient data could be exposed or misused.
(D) Hospitals do not allow the use of AI systems.

Q5. What is the “black box” problem?
(A) Patients refusing to accept AI in treatment.
(B) AI systems making decisions that are hard to understand.
(C) The loss of physical records in hospitals.
(D) Power failures in AI equipment.

Q6. What is the author’s attitude toward AI in healthcare?
(A) Completely negative due to privacy concerns.
(B) Supportive but cautious about risks.
(C) Uninterested in new technologies.
(D) Neutral and undecided.

Q7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
(A) AI may improve treatment outcomes.
(B) AI helps in analyzing patient data.
(C) AI makes all medical decisions without human input.
(D) AI was used in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

英語長文 内容一致 (応用) 【解答・解説】

Use of AI in the Medical Field

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the healthcare industry. From assisting doctors in making accurate diagnoses to predicting patient outcomes, AI-powered technologies are enhancing the quality and efficiency of medical care. One of the most promising areas is the use of AI in medical imaging. Machine learning algorithms can analyze X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs with remarkable accuracy, sometimes even outperforming experienced radiologists.
 Another important application is in drug discovery. Traditionally, developing a new drug can take over ten years and cost billions of dollars. AI can significantly shorten this process by analyzing massive datasets and identifying potential compounds more efficiently. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, AI tools were used to search for existing drugs that might be effective against the virus, speeding up the early stages of treatment development.
 AI is also being integrated into personalized medicine. By examining an individual’s genetic data, lifestyle, and medical history, AI systems can help doctors tailor treatment plans to meet each patient’s unique needs. This personalized approach has the potential to improve treatment outcomes and reduce side effects.
 However, the use of AI in healthcare also raises concerns. One issue is data privacy. AI systems rely on large amounts of patient data, and protecting this sensitive information is critical. If such data were to be leaked or misused, it could result in serious harm. Another concern is the lack of transparency in how AI algorithms make decisions, often referred to as the “black box” problem. This can make it difficult for doctors and patients to fully trust the recommendations generated by AI.
 Despite these concerns, most experts agree that AI will play an increasingly important role in the future of healthcare. The key is to find a balance between innovation and responsibility, ensuring that AI technologies are used in ways that respect patient rights and support medical professionals.

Q1. What is one benefit of using AI in medical imaging?
(A) It reduces the number of patients needing treatment.
(B) It can sometimes be more accurate than human experts.
(C) It eliminates the need for radiologists entirely.
(D) It prevents the spread of disease.
【解説】医療画像診断でAIは経験豊富な放射線科医を上回る精度を持つことがあると明記されています。
Q2. How does AI contribute to drug discovery?
(A) By testing drugs directly on patients.
(B) By automatically manufacturing new medicines.
(C) By speeding up the search for effective compounds.
(D) By avoiding the need for clinical trials.
【解説】AIは莫大なデータを分析し、候補化合物を効率的に特定することで、薬の開発期間を短縮します。
Q3. What does the passage suggest about personalized medicine?
(A) It uses AI to make general treatment plans.
(B) It creates the same treatment for every patient.
(C) It helps doctors create treatments suited to individual needs.
(D) It is still not possible even with AI.
【解説】遺伝情報や生活習慣などに基づき、個別に適した治療計画を立てられるのがAIの利点。
Q4. What is one concern related to using AI in healthcare?
(A) AI systems may be too cheap to maintain quality.
(B) AI might take over all decision-making from doctors.
(C) Patient data could be exposed or misused.
(D) Hospitals do not allow the use of AI systems.
【解説】個人データがAIに使われることでプライバシー侵害の懸念があります。
Q5. What is the “black box” problem?
(A) Patients refusing to accept AI in treatment.
(B) AI systems making decisions that are hard to understand.
(C) The loss of physical records in hospitals.
(D) Power failures in AI equipment.
【解説】AIがどのように判断を下しているのかが不透明(=ブラックボックス)であることが問題。
Q6. What is the author’s attitude toward AI in healthcare?
(A) Completely negative due to privacy concerns.
(B) Supportive but cautious about risks.
(C) Uninterested in new technologies.
(D) Neutral and undecided.
【解説】イノベーションと責任のバランスが重要だと結論しているため、前向きかつ慎重な態度です。
Q7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
(A) AI may improve treatment outcomes.
(B) AI helps in analyzing patient data.
(C) AI makes all medical decisions without human input.
(D) AI was used in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
【解説】 「AIがすべての医療判断を行う」という内容は記述されていません。

英語長文 内容一致 (応用)【音読用 英文】

Use of AI in the Medical Field

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the healthcare industry. From assisting doctors in making accurate diagnoses to predicting patient outcomes, AI-powered technologies are enhancing the quality and efficiency of medical care. One of the most promising areas is the use of AI in medical imaging. Machine learning algorithms can analyze X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs with remarkable accuracy, sometimes even outperforming experienced radiologists.
 Another important application is in drug discovery. Traditionally, developing a new drug can take over ten years and cost billions of dollars. AI can significantly shorten this process by analyzing massive datasets and identifying potential compounds more efficiently. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, AI tools were used to search for existing drugs that might be effective against the virus, speeding up the early stages of treatment development.
 AI is also being integrated into personalized medicine. By examining an individual’s genetic data, lifestyle, and medical history, AI systems can help doctors tailor treatment plans to meet each patient’s unique needs. This personalized approach has the potential to improve treatment outcomes and reduce side effects.
 However, the use of AI in healthcare also raises concerns. One issue is data privacy. AI systems rely on large amounts of patient data, and protecting this sensitive information is critical. If such data were to be leaked or misused, it could result in serious harm. Another concern is the lack of transparency in how AI algorithms make decisions, often referred to as the “black box” problem. This can make it difficult for doctors and patients to fully trust the recommendations generated by AI.
 Despite these concerns, most experts agree that AI will play an increasingly important role in the future of healthcare. The key is to find a balance between innovation and responsibility, ensuring that AI technologies are used in ways that respect patient rights and support medical professionals.

英語長文 内容一致 (応用)【和文】

医療分野におけるAIの活用

 人工知能(AI)は、医療業界を急速に変革しています。医師の診断支援から患者の予後予測まで、AI技術は医療の質と効率を高めています。特に注目されているのが、医療画像への応用です。機械学習アルゴリズムは、X線、CTスキャン、MRIを非常に高い精度で分析でき、時には経験豊富な放射線科医を上回ることさえあります。
 もう一つ重要な応用例は、新薬の開発です。従来、新薬の開発には10年以上の歳月と数十億ドルのコストがかかります。AIは膨大なデータを分析して、有望な化合物を効率的に  特定することで、このプロセスを大幅に短縮できます。例えばCOVID-19のパンデミック時には、既存の薬の中から有効なものを見つけるためにAIが活用され、治療開発の初期段階を加速させました。
 AIは、個別化医療にも組み込まれています。遺伝情報、生活習慣、病歴などをもとにAIが解析し、各患者に適した治療計画を医師が立てる手助けをします。このような個別対応は、治療効果の向上や副作用の軽減につながる可能性があります。
 しかし、医療分野でのAIの活用には懸念もあります。一つはデータのプライバシー問題です。AIは膨大な患者データを必要とするため、情報の保護が極めて重要です。もしデータが流出したり悪用されたりすれば、深刻な被害が生じる可能性があります。また、AIの判断プロセスが不透明である「ブラックボックス問題」もあります。これにより、医師や患者がAIの提案を完全に信頼することが難しくなるのです。
 それでも、多くの専門家は、AIが医療の未来においてますます重要な役割を果たすと考えています。重要なのは、革新と責任のバランスを取りながら、AIが患者の権利を尊重し、医療従事者を支援する形で活用されるようにすることです。

和文要約

和文要約の学習ポイント

  1. まず、「最初は必ずノーヒントで自力で要約を書く」ことが大切です。辞書や解答に頼らず、英文を自分の力で読み取りながら、各段落で重要だと思う語句に下線を引きます。そのうえで、下線部をもとに各段落の要点をまとめ、最後に一つの段落に統合します。その後で模範解答の要約と見比べます。このとき、要約が一字一句同じである必要はありません。
  2. 模範解答と自分の要約を比較し、共通する要素と、自分の要約に欠けている要素を確認します。そのうえで、削りすぎた部分や不要な部分を見直すことで、どの情報が「要約に必要か」を判断する力が養われます。
  3. 文字数を気にして少なく書くよりも、最初はオーバー気味に書いておくのがおすすめです。短く書こうとすると、同じ内容を言い換えたり繰り返したりして、内容が薄くなりがちです。むしろ、幅広く要素を盛り込んだうえで、重複や重要度の低い部分を削って文字数を調整する方が、内容が充実し、要約力の上達も早くなります。

和文要約における論理構成と情報の取捨選択のコツ

段落ごとの論理展開を見抜く
英文は多くの場合、三段構成(導入・展開・結論)で書かれています。
まずは各段落の「役割」と「中心文(topic sentence)」を見つけましょう。

段落よくある構成着目ポイント
第1段落テーマ提示・問題提起筆者が「何について述べたいのか」。最初か2文目にテーマ文(主題)がある。
第2段落具体例・理由・背景「なぜ」「どのように」という説明が中心。主張の根拠や例示が多い。
第3段落まとめ・主張・提言筆者の結論や意見、今後の見通しなどが述べられる。最後の1~2文が要点。

段落ごとに以下を1行でメモするのがおすすめです:①何を述べているか ②どんな関係で前段落とつながっているか(例:理由、対比、結果など)

段落同士の関係を理解する
要約では、段落の「つながり(論理関係)」を理解することが重要です。段落間の関係は次のようなパターンで表せます。

構成パターン段落のつながり要約に入れるべき情報
①「問題 → 理由 → 解決策」1段落=問題提起/2段落=原因説明/3段落=提案問題の概要+筆者の主張(解決策)を中心に。原因は簡潔に。
②「主張 → 例 → 再主張」1段落=主張/2段落=事例/3段落=再確認主張と事例の関係を1文でまとめる。事例は簡潔に。
③「現状 → 対立意見 → 筆者の立場」1段落=現状説明/2段落=反対意見/3段落=筆者の見解筆者の最終的立場を中心に、前提として現状・対立の概要を一文で添える。

段落を読んだら、「この段落は筆者の主張を支えるためにどんな役割を果たしているか」を一言で説明できるようにします。
→ 例:「第2段落は主張を裏づける理由を述べている」など。

要約に盛り込む情報の範囲
要約に入れるべき情報は、「筆者の主張に直結する要素」に限ります。以下のように考えると整理しやすいです。

情報の種類要約に含めるか判断基準
全体のテーマ(話題)✅ 必ず含める「何について書かれているか」を最初の一文で示す。
筆者の最終的主張✅ 必ず含める最後の段落の結論部分。要約の核になる。
主張を支える主要理由・要素✅ 簡潔に含める「なぜそう言えるか」を1~2文で要約。
具体例・データ・固有名詞❌ 基本は削除主張理解に不可欠でない限り省く。
比喩・背景説明・補足情報❌ 省略内容を薄める原因になりやすい。

目安
200~250語の英文を150~180字でまとめる場合、各段落から最も重要な1点ずつ(計3点)を抜き出し、それらを「テーマ提示 → 理由や背景 → 主張や提案」の順に1段落で整理する。

情報の取捨選択の実践手順

  1. 各段落で重要語句に下線を引く(topic sentence と supporting ideas)
  2. 下線部のうち、「筆者の立場を支える内容」に印をつける
  3. 例や数字、補足説明などを削除する
  4. 残った内容を「テーマ → 理由 → 主張」の流れで日本語に並べる
  5. 全体を150~180字に収まるように削りながら、意味の流れを滑らかに整える

まとめ(学習のコツ)

  • 各段落の「主題文」と「役割」を意識する。
  • 筆者の立場(どちら側か)と主張(何を言いたいか)を最優先で押さえる。
  • 具体例や数字は原則カット。ただし、筆者の主張を支える“象徴的な例”であれば短く残してもよい。
  • 最後に、要約を読んだときに「この英文のテーマと筆者の結論がわかるか」を確認する。
和文要約(実践)


英検(2級・準1級)

精聴と多聴
英語を聞き取れるようになるためには 精聴多聴の2つの方法があります。

精聴
精聴とは、英語をじっくり理解しながら何度も繰り返し聞くことです。
※ これに対して「多聴」は、大まかな意味をつかみながらたくさん聞くことを指します。

精聴のポイント
短時間でも意味のわかる英語を聞く!
スクリプトと解説がある教材を使う!
中学レベルの簡単な英語から始める!
一語一句を暗記するくらい繰り返す!

精聴を続けると…
✅ 聞こえる音と実際の英語が一致する
✅ カタカナ英語の発音から抜け出せる
✅ 音の変化(リエゾン)を感覚で理解できる
例えば…
💬like it は 『ライク イット』 ではなく 『ライキッ』

精聴のコツ
簡単な会話集(1スキット30秒)を選ぶ!
「理解したら終わり」ではなく聞き込む!
音変化・イントネーション・文法に注意!
シャドーイングやディクテーション活用!
📌 シャドーイング
  聞こえた英語の音をそのままマネして発音
📌 ディクテーション
  聞こえた英語を一語一句書き取る練習


多聴
多聴とは、一語一句を完璧に聞き取るのではなく、大まかに意味をつかむ練習です。
例えば…
💬「あ~、これは旅行の話だな」
💬「だいたい仕事の話をしているっぽい」

多聴のポイント
すべての単語を聞き取る必要はない!
「何の話なのか」をつかむことが大事!
少しレベルが高めの英語を使う!

多聴のステップ
1️⃣ まずはスクリプトなしで一度聞いてみる
 (どのくらい理解できるかチェック!)
2️⃣ 3~5回くり返し聞く
 (少しずつ細かい部分を聞き取る)
3️⃣ スクリプトを見て答え合わせ
 (聞き取れなかった単語を確認!)
4️⃣ もう一度スクリプトなしで聞く
 (理解できるかチェック!)
5️⃣ 重要な単語やフレーズをメモする
 (ノートや単語帳に書き出すのもOK!)

多聴のコツ
聞き取れない音があっても落ち込まない!
「何の話か」をつかむことを優先する!
学習した音源は「ながら聞き」で復習!


まとめ
📌 リスニングの基本は「精聴」と「多聴」!
📌 初心者は「精聴」からスタート!
📌 英語の音を理解をマスター➡「多聴」へ!
📌 既習音源➡「ながら聞き」で何度も復習!
リスニング実践
  • Dialogue
  • Monologue

共通テストレベル

(音声:音読さん)

男女が箱について話しています。
Why is she asking him to help her move the boxes?
① The boxes are heavy.
② There are too many boxes.
③ The members are busy.
④ She is tired.

  • 正解
  • スクリプト・訳

<be動詞の現在形>
Woman: Kelly, can you help me?
Man: OK. What can I do for you?
W: Please help me carry these boxes to the third floor.
M: Sure. Are the boxes heavy?
W: No, they are all light. There are just too many.
M: I see. We need more help. Let’s ask the members of the sales department for help.
W: OK. They’re not busy today.
M: That’s good news.

女:ケリー、ちょっと手伝ってもらえる?
男:オーケー。何をすればいい?
女:これらの箱を3階まで運ぶのを手伝って。
男:いいよ。箱は重いの?
女:いいえ、全部軽いわ。ただ、たくさんありすぎて。
男:そうか。もっと手伝いが必要だね。営業部のメンバーに手伝いを頼んでみよう。
女:そうね。今日はあの人たち、忙しくないもの。
男:それは良かった。

英検2級レベル

(音声:音読さん)

Where is the central train station located according to the conversation?
Two blocks straight, then left at the intersection.
② Two blocks straight, then right at the intersection.
③ Five blocks straight, then right at the intersection.
④ Five blocks straight, then left at the intersection.

  • 正解
  • スクリプト・訳

道案内
A: Excuse me, can you help me? I’m trying to get to the central train station.
B: Sure! Walk straight for two blocks and then turn right at the big intersection.
A: Is it far from here?
B: Not really. It should take about five minutes on foot.
A: Thank you very much for your help!
B: You’re welcome. Have a nice day!

A: すみません、助けてもらえますか?中央駅に行こうとしているんですが。
B: もちろん!2ブロックまっすぐ進んで、大きな交差点で右に曲がってください。
A: ここから遠いですか?
B: いや、徒歩で約5分くらいですよ。
A: ご親切にありがとうございます!
B: どういたしまして。よい一日を!

英検準1級レベル

(音声:音読さん)

What does the man suggest in response to the issue of single-use plastics?
Encouraging the use of more sustainable alternatives.
② Banning all plastic products.
③ Stopping recycling programs.
④ Ignoring the problem.

  • 正解
  • スクリプト・訳

環境問題
M: Have you considered the detrimental effects of single-use plastics on marine ecosystems?
W: I have, and it’s alarming how these plastics disrupt the food chain and harm wildlife.
M: We really need to advocate for sustainable alternatives and stricter recycling measures.
W: Absolutely, both individuals and governments must take responsibility.
M: I hope our efforts will eventually lead to a healthier environment.
W: Collective action is indeed our best hope.

M: 使い捨てプラスチックが海洋生態系に与える悪影響について考えたことはありますか?
W: はい、これらのプラスチ用プラスチックが食物連鎖を乱し、野生動物に害を及ぼしているのは衝撃的です。
M: 持続可能な代替品と、より厳格なリサイクル措置を推進する必要がありますね。
W: 全くその通りです。個人も政府も責任を持つべきです。
M: 私たちの努力がやがてより健全な環境につながることを願っています。
W: 集合的な行動こそが最良の希望です。

スピーキングの学習方法
スピーキングにおいてもリスニング同様に「英語を英語のまま理解する」ことが重要です。
リスニングの場合
英語を聞いて、そのままイメージを思い浮かべられることが理想です。例えば、 "He is a good tennis player."(彼はテニスが上手です) この文を聞いたときに、次の2つの方法で理解できます。

日本語を経由する方法(初心者向け)
英語を聞く 日本語で理解 ⇒ 様子を思い浮かべる

直接イメージする方法(理想的な形)
英語を聞く ⇒ 様子を思い浮かべる

初心者のうちは①の方法になりますが、最終的には②の方法で英語を理解できるようになるのが目標です。
スピーキングの場合
英語を話すときも次の2つの方法があります。

イメージで直接英語を話す(理想的な形)
様子を思い浮かべる ⇒ イメージをそのまま英語ヘ

 

日本語を考えてから英語ヘ(初心者向け)
様子を思い浮かべる ⇒ 日本語で考える ⇒ 英語に変換

英語をスムーズに話せるようになるには、②の段階から①に移行することが大切です。そのトレーニングには瞬間英作文が有効です。
瞬間英作文
瞬間英作文は、日本語の文章をすぐに英語に変えて口に出すトレーニングです。この練習を続けることで、英語をスムーズに話せるようになります。
瞬間英作文のコツ
初心者のうちは、日本語を一語ずつ英語に変換しがちです。
悪い例
1. 彼は → He
2. 〜です → is
3. 上手な → good
4. テニスをする人 → a tennis player
このやり方だと、話すのに時間がかかってしまいます。
 良い例
1.「彼はテニスが上手だ」とイメージする
2. "He is a good tennis player." と英語へ
つまり、英語を話すときも 「イメージ → 英語」 の流れが重要です。
「日本語 → イメージ → 英語」の習慣をつける
瞬間英作文をするときは、日本語を単なる翻訳のツールにしないことが大切です。
日本語を一語ずつ訳すのではなく、イメージを英語にする意識を持ちましょう。
例えば:
彼はテニスが上手だ」 という文章を見たら、テニスをしている彼の姿をイメージする
そのイメージを英語で表現する → "He is a good tennis player."
このように、英語を「絵」として思い浮かべながら話すこと を意識すると、日本語を介さずに英語が口から出るようになります。
瞬間英作文が効果的な理由
このトレーニングを続けると、さまざまなシチュエーションに対応できるようになります。
いろんな場面を想像しながら英語にすることで、表現の幅が広がります。
まとめ
英語を「イメージ」で理解する習慣付け
一語ずつ訳さず全体のイメージで英語
「日本語 → イメージ → 英語」の習得

上記により日本語を介さずに英語が話せるようになる
初心者でも、毎日少しずつ瞬間英作文を続けることで、英語をスムーズに話せるようになります!マスターすれば、英検などのスピーキングスコアも向上します。
瞬間英作文練習

(標準:英検2級スピーキングQ3&4形式)

●●●は英文

1 AIがいつもあなたの仕事に役立つとは限らない。人間の感情が必要な仕事もあり、AIにはそのような感情はない。 ●●●
2 プラスチックごみは環境に良くない。リサイクルのためにプラスチック製品を燃やすと、地球温暖化の原因となるCO2を排出する。 ●●●
3 ファーストフードをよく食べるのは健康に良くない。毎日昼にハンバーガーを食べると栄養不足になる。 ●●●
4 プラスチックゴミは環境に良くない。店は買い物袋を持参させるべきだ。 ●●●
5 買いたいものがあるとき、スマートフォンで簡単に注文できる。お店に行かなくていいので、時間の節約にもなる。 ●●●
6 人には好きなものを着る権利がある。男性が女性の服を着るのは自由だと思う。 ●●●
7 日本は海外から多くの製品を輸入し、それに頼っている。外国からの支援がなければ、日本人は生きていけないと思う。 ●●●
8 AI翻訳は読んだり書いたりするのには役に立つ。しかし、対面でのリアルタイムのコミュニケーションにおけるリスニングやスピーキングには役立たない。 ●●●
9 日本は核兵器を持つことを許されていない。他国が核兵器を持つのはフェアではない。 ●●●
10 オンラインゲームは幼い子供が友達を作るのに適している。学校では内気な子どもでも、家ではゲームで友情を育むことができる。 ●●●
11 タブレットで電子書籍を読むのは目に良くない。特に小さい子どもは目を守るために紙の本を読むべきだ。 ●●●
12 SNS(ソーシャル・ネットワーキング・サイト)では無記名でメッセージを送ることができる。自分が攻撃されないので他人を攻撃しやすい。 ●●●
13 スマートフォンがあれば、買い物や勉強、ゲームなど、やりたいことが何でもできる。もはやスマートフォンなしでは生きていけない。 ●●●
14 インターネットができるスマートフォンを持っていれば、ビデオアプリを通して他の国の人とコミュニケーションができる。わざわざその国に行かなくてもいい。 ●●●
15 火星には水があると言われている。もしそうなら、そこに生物がいる可能性が高い。 ●●●
16 日本では自分の身を守るために銃を持つというルールはない。もしルールが変わって銃を持つようになったら、犯罪も増えると思う。 ●●●
17 食品に含まれる化学物質は健康に良くない。もし体内に入れれば、ガンのリスクを高めるかもしれない。 ●●●
18 地球温暖化は環境にとって大きな問題である。プラスチックごみを増やし、CO2を排出し続ければ、地球は生きていけなくなる。 ●●●
19 英語で正しくエッセイが書けるということは、英文法をよく理解しているということです。また、論理的思考ができるということでもある。 ●●●
20 田舎に住んだ方が子供にとって健康的だと思う。車や工場からの汚染が少ない。 ●●●
21 日本はほとんどの種類の食品を海外から輸入することができる。また、そのような食品は通常、日本で栽培されたものよりも安い。 ●●●
22 健康食品は高価なものが多い。新鮮な野菜を食べた方が安くて健康的だと思う。 ●●●
23 ペットと遊ぶとリラックスできる。ペットは寂しさを和らげてくれる。 ●●●
24 多くの教育用コンピューターゲームが学校で使われている。生徒は楽しいゲームをしながら学ぶことができる。 ●●●
25 スーパーマーケットはコンビニエンスストアより値段が安い。また、野菜や果物の種類も多い。 ●●●
26 他人を攻撃するネット犯罪はたくさんある。攻撃された人にとって、ソーシャルメディアは有害である。 ●●●
27 今の社会はますます忙しくなり、電話に出られなくなっている。ネットでメッセージを送るのは、電話するよりもずっと効率的だ。 ●●●
28 英語をマスターするには何年もかかる。できるだけ早くから学ぶべきだ。 ●●●
29 多くのスーパーマーケットが食品廃棄を減らす努力をしている。賞味期限が近づいた食品の販売価格を下げるところもある。 ●●●
30 人々は環境保護のためにもっと行動を起こす必要があることに気づいている。これは子供たちの未来のために重要である。 ●●●
31 スマートフォンにはたくさんの教育アプリケーションがある。生徒が各教科をより深く理解するのに役立つ。 ●●●
32 その国に住んでいる人に直接会った方が文化を理解できる。教科書やネットには載っていない話が聞ける。 ●●●
33 今ではインターネットを使って自宅で仕事ができる。また、オフィスに行く時間を無駄にしなくてすむ。 ●●●
34 スマートフォンでいつでも簡単に好きなものを注文できる。また、実店舗に行く時間も節約できる。 ●●●
35 オンラインレッスンはスクールに通う時間が節約できる。また、他の声に邪魔されずにレッスンが受けられる。 ●●●
36 スマートフォンでは好きな曲をいつでも簡単にダウンロードできる。また、ショップに行く手間も省ける。 ●●●
37 テレビよりユーチューブの方が情報が早い。また、より面白い様々な番組を見ることができる。 ●●●
38 最近はAIの技術が進歩している。天気予報や地震予報の精度やスピードも上がっている。 ●●●
39 無料の教育アプリがたくさんあり、勉強にかかるお金を節約できる。また、語学や芸術など、学びたいことをいつでも学ぶことができる。 ●●●
40 障がい者も行きたいところに行くべきだということを、人々は理解している。多くの公共の場所を改善することは、そのような人々にとって平等な社会のために重要である。 ●●●
41 日本にはまだ高品質の製品がたくさんある。他の国の人は簡単に技術を真似できない。 ●●●
42 24時間営業をやめれば夜中の犯罪が減る。また、労働者の残業も減る。 ●●●
43 人々は、化学薬品で作られた食品が健康に良くないことに気づいている。化学薬品を使っていない新鮮な果物や野菜を買う傾向がある。 ●●●
44 セキュリティーシステムが完全に確立されているわけではない。仮想通貨を使うことを怖がる人がまだ多い。 ●●●
45 学生はアルバイトをせずに授業に集中すべきだ。学校卒業後に実務経験を積むことができる。 ●●●
46 クレジットカードでお金を使いすぎるのは簡単だ。多くの人がクレジットカードの支払いに苦労している。 ●●●
47 親が子供に携帯電話を使わせることで、子どもの安全を守ることができる。いつでも子供の様子を見ることができる。 ●●●
48 英語は国際語だと言われている。もっと多くの場所で英語のアナウンスがあってもいいと思う。 ●●●
49 若い人が一人で家を借りるのは高すぎる。また、一緒に住むことはコミュニケーションのいい経験になる。 ●●●
50 子供に見せたくない。暴力的になるかもしれない。 ●●●

英文要約(標準)
  • 問題
  • 模範解答
  • ポイント

 英文要約(標準:英検2級)

●以下の英文を読んで、その内容を45~55語の英語で要約し、解答欄に記入しなさい。
●解答は、解答用紙のB面にある英文要約解答欄に書きなさい。なお、解答欄の外に書かれたものは採点されません。
●解答が英文の要約になっていないと判断された場合は、0点と採点されることがあります。英文をよく読んでから答えてください。

Online learning has become more popular in recent years, especially after the global pandemic. Many schools and universities started offering classes over the internet so that students could continue studying from home. This trend is expected to continue even after the pandemic ends.
 One of the main advantages of online learning is its flexibility. Students can attend classes from anywhere and often watch recorded lectures at any time. This makes it easier for people who work part-time or have family responsibilities to continue their education. In addition, schools can reach more students, even those living in remote areas.
 However, online learning also has some drawbacks. It can be difficult for students to stay motivated and focused without face-to-face interaction. Some students may also lack access to stable internet or devices. Furthermore, teachers might struggle to keep students engaged during online lessons.

Online learning has become common since the pandemic. It offers flexibility and wider access to education, helping busy students and those in remote areas. However, it also causes problems such as low motivation, poor internet access, and difficulties for teachers to keep students engaged.
(パンデミック以降、オンライン学習が一般的になった。多忙な学生や遠隔地の学生にとって、柔軟で幅広い教育へのアクセスを提供する。しかし、モチベーションの低下、インターネットへのアクセスの悪さ、教師が生徒を飽きさせないことの難しさといった問題も生じている。。)

要約のポイント
以下の点を元の英文から「言い換え」て「短く」することに尽きます。
1.背景(背景情報の把握)
 なぜそのトピックが重要なのか、いつから起こったのかを一文でまとめる。
2.メリット(良い点)
 具体的な例を列挙せず、「何が良いのか」を大まかにまとめる。
3.デメリット(課題点)
 複数の欠点が挙げられている場合、共通点や主要な問題に要約する。
4.文法と語彙は基礎レベルで
 中学〜高校初級で学ぶ語彙・構文を使いながら、自然で読みやすくする。

言い換え

元の英文要約での英文
Online learning has become more popular in recent years, especially after the global pandemic.
(オンライン学習は近年、特に世界的なパンデミック以降、より一般的になってきました。)
Online learning has become common since the pandemic.
(パンデミック以降、オンライン学習は一般的になっています。)
This trend is expected to continue even after the pandemic ends.
(この傾向は、パンデミックが終わった後も続くと予想されています。)
(「一般的になっている“has become common since the pandemic.”」という表現の中に暗示的に含まれています。)
One of the main advantages of online learning is its flexibility.
(オンライン学習の主な利点のひとつは柔軟性です。)
It offers flexibility and wider access to education…
(それは柔軟性と、より広い教育へのアクセスを提供します。)
Students can attend classes from anywhere and often watch recorded lectures at any time.
(学生はどこからでも授業に参加でき、多くの場合、録画された講義をいつでも見ることができます。)
(「柔軟性を提供する“offers flexibility”」に要約されています。)
This makes it easier for people who work part-time or have family responsibilities to continue their education.
(アルバイトをしている人や家庭の責任がある人にとって、学び続けやすくなります。)
…helping busy students…
(忙しい学生を助ける)
In addition, schools can reach more students, even those living in remote areas.
(さらに、学校はより多くの学生、特に遠隔地に住む人々にも届けることができます。)
…and those in remote areas.
(遠隔地に住む人々にも)
It can be difficult for students to stay motivated and focused without face-to-face interaction.
(対面の交流がないと、学生がやる気を保ったり集中したりするのが難しくなります。)
…low motivation…
(やる気の低下)
Some students may also lack access to stable internet or devices.
(一部の学生は安定したインターネットやデバイスを利用できないこともあります。)
…poor internet access…
(インターネット環境の悪さ)
Furthermore, teachers might struggle to keep students engaged during online lessons.
(さらに、教師はオンライン授業中に生徒を引きつけ続けるのに苦労するかもしれません。)
…difficulties for teachers to keep students engaged.
(生徒の集中を保たせることが教師にとって困難)
自由英作文(80~150字:序論・本論:論拠・結論)


共通テスト(リーディング・リスニング)


過去問演習(早慶・GMARCH・成成明学・日東駒専)


難関私大に合格するための英語の一般試験・共通テスト・推薦試験・外部試験利用対策はお任せください。是非、お気軽にお問い合わせください。

お問い合わせ

英文ビジネスライティング

ビジネスライティングで使用する英語は、形式的で、ありふれた表現になりがちです。このような表現は時として情報や意図を正確に伝えることができないばかりでなく、自然なコミュニケーションの流れを妨げてしまうことがあります。人間的な暖かみのある本当のビジネスコミュニケーションを達成するための書き方をお伝えいたします。次の基本ルールを踏まえて進めていきます。

  • 明確で、簡潔であること
  • 相手を思いやること
  • 自然な英語を使用すること

下記のカテゴリーに分類して、課題添削形式で進めていきます。特に、相手に落ち度がある場合に怒りが込み上げてきた場合、あるいは、自分に落ち度があった場合にその事実を認めながらも相手に理解を求める書き方をお伝えいたします。

添削例 照会および照会への返答
添削例
🔺相手に落ち度(例:質問に対する回答が不十分)

✖️ You didn’t answer my question clearly.

✔️ I appreciate your response; however, I would be grateful if you could clarify point #3, as it remains a bit unclear.

ポイント:"however" を用いたクッション表現+ "a bit unclear" で角が立たない。強い感情を抑えて冷静に促す表現。
添削例
🔻 自分に落ち度(例:不十分な情報を渡してしまった)

✖️ We are sorry we didn’t explain well.
✔️ We apologize for the lack of clarity in our previous message. We hope the following explanation addresses your concern.

ポイント:"apologize for the lack of clarity" という丁寧な言い回しで非を認めつつ、前向きに補足説明。
添削例 注文および注文の確認・返答
添削例
🔺 相手に落ち度(例:注文内容の誤送信)

✖️ You sent the wrong order again.
✔️ Unfortunately, once again, it appears the items we received do not match our original order. Could you kindly look into this matter at your earliest convenience?

ポイント:"Unfortunately, it appears…" で冷静な指摘。相手に非があっても "kindly" などの丁寧語を添える。
添削例
🔻 自分に落ち度(例:注文書のミス)

✖️ We are sorry for the mistake.
✔️ We sincerely apologize for the error in our order form. We have corrected it and appreciate your patience and understanding.

ポイント:"appreciate your patience" で相手の理解を求める姿勢を表すのがビジネス的に好印象。
添削例 ルーチン内容
添削例
🔺 相手に落ち度(例:何度も資料を再送させられる)

✖️ You asked for the file again and again.
✔️ Just to clarify, we have attached the file once more in case the previous email didn’t reach you. Please let us know if there are any issues accessing it.

ポイント:"Just to clarify"+"in case…" という穏やかな前置きで、相手の非に触れつつも責めないトーン。
添削例
🔻 自分に落ち度(例:リマインド漏れ)

✖️ We forgot to inform you.
✔️ Please accept our sincere apologies for not sharing the update earlier. Thank you for your understanding and we will make sure to keep you informed going forward.

ポイント:"not sharing the update earlier" という表現で過失を認め、今後の対応策を約束。
添削例 案内・お知らせ
添削例
🔺 相手に落ち度(例:変更の連絡が遅い)

✖️ You should have told us earlier.
✔️ We would have appreciated receiving this update earlier, as it impacts our internal scheduling. We would be grateful if you could keep us informed promptly going forward.

ポイント:"would have appreciated" という過去仮定+"going forward" で今後への要望を冷静に伝える。
添削例
🔻 自分に落ち度(例:イベント日程の誤案内)

✖️ We are sorry for the confusion.
✔️ Please accept our apologies for the confusion regarding the schedule. We have corrected the date and attached the revised notice below.

ポイント:"Please accept our apologies" で丁寧に謝罪し、"corrected the date" で対応を示す。
添削例 苦情およびお詫び
添削例
🔺 相手に落ち度(例:納期遅延の繰り返し)

✖️ This is the third time your delivery was delayed.
✔️ We have noticed repeated delays in delivery, which have impacted our operations. We would appreciate it if you could review your internal process and advise how this can be prevented.

ポイント:"noticed"・"impacted"・"appreciate it if…" のコンビで、穏やかにしつつ、はっきりと不満を伝える。
添削例
🔻 自分に落ち度(例:納品ミス)

✖️ We are sorry, it won’t happen again.
✔️ We deeply regret the mistake and are taking steps to prevent a recurrence. We truly value your continued support.

ポイント:"taking steps to prevent a recurrence" で再発防止の具体性を伝え、"value your support" で関係維持に配慮。
添削例 支払いについて
添削例
🔺 相手に落ち度(例:支払いの遅延)

✖️ You haven’t paid yet.
✔️ Our records indicate that the payment due on April 30 is still outstanding. We would appreciate it if you could confirm the status at your earliest convenience.

ポイント:"indicate that…" + "still outstanding" という受け身・事実の提示型で冷静に催促。
添削例
🔻 自分に落ち度(例:こちらの支払いが遅れた)

✖️ We are sorry we forgot to pay.
✔️ We sincerely apologize for the delay in payment. Due to internal processing issues, the remittance was delayed, but the transfer has now been completed.

ポイント:"due to internal processing issues" で事情を丁寧に説明、"has now been completed" で責任を果たしたことを明示。

添削もしくは生成AIプロンプトをご希望の場合も、是非、お気軽にお問い合わせください。

お問い合わせ